In 1368, Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew the Yuan Dynasty established by Kublai Khan. Tuo, a descendant of Kublai Khan, was driven back to Mongolia for fear of Timur, and died in Yingchang on the banks of the Salamulun River on May 23, 1370. After expelling Tuozhen Temür from the country, Han people also entered Mongolia.
Tuohor Timur's son Aiyou Shili Dara proclaimed himself khan in Harahalin, and looked forward to regaining the throne of China. However, not only was he unable to realize this wish, he also faced attacks from the Chinese who penetrated deep into the Mongolian region.
1372, Ming Dynasty famous general Xu Da led his army to attack Hara and Forest, but was blocked by the Tula River. In 1378, Aiyou Shili Dara died, and his son Togusi Timur succeeded to the throne. At this time, the Mongolian Empire had been reduced to its original size. In 1388, the Ming Dynasty sent 100,000 Ming troops into Mongolia and defeated Togusi's army on the south bank of Lake Bell between the Helka River and the Kherulun River. Togusi was assassinated by his relatives. This failure not only destroyed the prestige of Kublai Khan's family, but also directly led to the split of Mongolia. Many Mongolian tribes declared autonomy.
Among these rebellious Mongolian tribes, Guilichi was the prince leader of the Qilghis tribe, the main tribe descended from Kublai Khan. He denied the suzerainty of Elbek Khan, a descendant of Kublai Khan, and raised an army to kill him in 1399, thereby gaining hegemony over all Mongolian tribes.
Ming Dynasty Yongle Emperor was very happy to see this ending, which increased the internal disputes in Mongolia. Since there was no fear of the Mongols coming back, Emperor Yongle recognized Guilichi's rule. Soon, Guilichi was defeated by the leaders of two rebel tribes. They were the Alan people leader of the Asut tribe Arutai and the Walat tribe leader Mahamu . In order to win the support of the Beijing court, the two expressed their surrender to Emperor Yongle.
In fact, the Oara tribe wants to take the opportunity to expand its hegemony from the west bank of Lake Baikal to the entire Mongolia in the upper reaches of the Irtysh River, and plans to expand to Ili. However, central and eastern Mongolia were still in a chaotic situation of leaderless and independent affairs. Guilichi's son Eseku was competing with Arutai and Mahamu for the highest position of Khan until his death.
However, from 1403 to 1404, the Kublai Khan family, represented by Elbek's son Eldzu Temur, was restored. Subsequently, Arutai was won over to his side, and Mahamu had a harmonious relationship with the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty was deeply worried about the restoration of Kublai Khan's family. After his request to Eldzu Temur to recognize Ming Dynasty suzerainty was rejected, Emperor Yongle sent a large army to invade Mongolia. The Ming army defeated Arutai and Elezui Temur in the plains upstream of the Onan River. This failure was a fatal blow to Eldril Temur, and the authority of the restorer was gone.
1412, Mahamu, the leader of the Oara tribe, completely defeated the Eldril and regained the hegemony of Mongolia.
Until this time, Mahamu had maintained friendly relations with Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty, because the Oara people needed the support of the Beijing court to deal with the descendants of Kublai Khan and other Mongol chieftains in the east. However, as his power gradually grew stronger, he decisively broke off diplomatic relations with the Ming Dynasty, which had always supported him. In 1414, Emperor Yongle once again sent troops to invade Mongolia. Although the Ming army suffered heavy casualties, Mahamu still failed to prevent the Ming army from entering the Mongolian grassland .
1422, Arutai once again
supported Elcon Temur as the Great Khan. He sacked the Gansu border and reached Ningxia. When Emperor Yongle rushed to fight back, he retreated northward through the Gobi and fled. Soon, Arutai killed the king and established himself as the Great Khan. In 1424 and 1425, Emperor Yongle launched two campaigns, both with no results. Under the control of the Ming army, Mahamu's son Tuohuan defeated Arutai, and the Oara people once again stood with the Ming Dynasty.
