Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), a dynasty in Chinese history, Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang established. In the early days, the capital was Nanjing, and during the Ming Dynasty, the capital was moved to Beijing. The sixteen emperors were passed down for a total of 276 years.
Zhu Yuanzhang (October 21, 1328 - June 24, 1398), whose courtesy name was Guorui, was originally named Zhu Chongba and Zhu Xingzong. Born in Guzhuang Village, Taiping Township, Zhongli, Haozhou (now Fengyang, Anhui). The founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty (reigned from 1368 to 1398), his reign title was "Hongwu".
(1) Born in civilian life: Zhu Yuanzhang was born in a poor peasant family. His father is Zhu Shizhen , and his mother is Chen. Zhu Yuanzhang was the fourth in the family, and the eighth brother in the family, so he was named Zhu Chongba.
In the third year of Zhizheng (1343), a drought occurred in Haozhou. In the spring of the following year, serious locust plagues and plagues occurred. Within half a month, Zhu Yuanzhang's father, eldest brother and mother passed away one after another. Only Zhu Yuanzhang and his second brother were left. The family had no money to buy a coffin, and they didn't even have a piece of land to bury their relatives. Their neighbor Liu Jizu gave them a cemetery. The two brothers found some tattered clothes, wrapped the body, and buried their parents on the Liu family's land. In order to survive, Zhu Yuanzhang, his second brother, sister-in-law and nephew were forced to separate and escape separately.
(2) Traveling around the world: When Zhu Yuanzhang was desperate, he went to seek refuge with Monk Gao Bin of Huangjue Temple, ordained and became a monk and a traveling boy. He swept the floor, burned incense, played bells and drums, cooked meals and washed clothes every day in the temple, and was even scolded by the old monk. Soon, there was a famine in the area and there was no alms in the temple, so the abbot had to send the monks to travel around to beg for alms. In this way, Zhu Yuanzhang, who was only 17 years old, had to leave the temple to beg for alms and wander. Zhu Yuanzhang begged while walking. He went south from Haozhou to Hefei, then turned west and entered Henan, arrived at Gushi, Xinyang, and then went north to Ruzhou, Chenzhou and other places, east by Luyi, Bozhou, returned to Huangjue Temple in the eighth year of Zhizheng (1348). During these three years of wandering, he traveled to Dayi, the famous capital of Huaixi , got in touch with the customs and customs of various places, saw the world, broadened his horizons, and accumulated experience in social life. This period of life had a profound influence on Zhu Yuanzhang's life. Had a profound impact. The three years of traveling abroad were also the period when the peasant uprising was raging in the late Yuan Dynasty. There is a widespread saying in society that "King Ming was born to save all sentient beings." The White Lotus Sect in the north is also promoting the same thing. Zhu Yuanzhang was also exposed to such propaganda while wandering.
National conflicts and class conflicts are increasingly intensifying. Coupled with frequent natural disasters, desperate poor farmers have taken desperate measures. In May of the eleventh year of Zhizheng (1351), Han Shantong and Liu Futong rose up in Yingzhou. The soldiers wrapped their heads in red scarves, known as the " Red Scarf Army ", and promoted Han Shantong as the Ming King. Then, Xu Shouhui started in Qizhou, Li Er, Peng Da, and Zhao Junyong started in Xuzhou. Within a few months, many places responded. On the eleventh day of the first lunar month of the next year (1352), Dingyuan County local tycoon Guo Zixing joined forces with Sun Deya and others to raise troops, and tens of thousands of people responded.
Guo Zixing gathered people to burn incense and became the leader of the local White Lotus Society. On February 27, after the rebel army captured Haozhou, Guo Zixing claimed to be marshal. Later, Guo Zixing took control of Haozhou and held on to it, making his orders clear. Zhu Yuanzhang received a letter from his childhood friend Tang He, inviting him to join Guo Zixing's rebel army. At this time, his senior brother secretly told him that someone knew about the letter and wanted to inform him. So Zhu Yuanzhang went to join Guo Zixing's Red Scarf Army. This year, Zhu Yuanzhang was twenty-five years old.
(3) Heroic Generals of the Rebel Army: After Zhu Yuanzhang joined the army, he was brave in combat, witty and fluent in writing. He was quickly appreciated by Guo Zixing, so he transferred Zhu Yuanzhang to the commander's mansion as an errand and appointed him as the ninth captain of the personal soldiers. Zhu Yuanzhang was smart and capable, handled things properly, and took the lead in fighting. Soon, Zhu Yuanzhang's good reputation among the troops spread. Guo Zixing also regarded him as a confidant and always discussed important matters with Zhu Yuanzhang. At that time, Guo Zixing had an adopted daughter, the daughter of his best friend Magong. After Ma Gong died, his youngest daughter was adopted by Guo Zixing.Guo Zixing saw that Zhu Yuanzhang was a talented person, so he married his adopted daughter Ma to Zhu Yuanzhang. From then on, he was called Mr. Zhu in the army. Zhu Yuanzhang changed his official name to Yuanzhang, with the courtesy name Guorui.
In Haozhou City at that time, the Red Scarf Army had five marshals. Guo Zixing is in one faction, and Sun Deya and the other three marshals are in another faction. There are many conflicts between the two factions. In September of this year, Xuzhou Red Scarf Army general Zhizhi Li was killed by the Yuan army. His subordinates Peng Da and Zhao Junyong led their troops to Haozhou. Peng Da had a good relationship with Guo Zixing, while Sun Deya and others wooed Zhao Junyong. Under Sun Deya's instigation, Zhao Junyong kidnapped Guo Zixing and brought Guo Zixing to Sun's house to beat him severely and prepare to kill him. After Zhu Yuanzhang heard the news, with the support of Peng Da, he led his troops to rescue Guo Zixing. Since then, the feud between the two factions has deepened.
Zhu Yuanzhang saw the generals fighting for power in Haozhou City and was determined to rely on his own strength to create a new situation. In mid-June of the thirteenth year of Zhizheng (1353), Zhu Yuanzhang returned to his hometown to recruit troops. His childhood friends Xu Da, Zhou Dexing, Guo Ying, etc. and acquaintances from the same village and neighbors heard that Zhu Yuanzhang had become the leader of the Red Scarf Army, and they all Come and serve. So he quickly recruited more than 700 troops and returned to Haozhou. Guo Zixing was very happy and promoted Zhu Yuanzhang to be the governor.
In the winter of this year, Peng Da's son Peng Zaozhu called himself King of Luhuai, Zhao Junyong called himself King of Yongyi, and Guo Zixing and others were still marshals. Zhu Yuanzhang saw that these people had not left Haozhou City for half a year, so he selected 24 of his confidants Xu Da, Tang He and others from the recruits he had recruited to leave Haozhou and head south to Dingyuan. On the way to Dingyuan in the south, Zhu Yuanzhang first recruited 3,000 militiamen from Zhangjiabao Lupai Village, and then recruited 800 people from the Qin leader with a rough nose. Commanding this team, Zhu Yuanzhang marched eastward and attacked the Yuan army camp at Hengjian Mountain in Dingyuan at night. Marshal Miao Daheng surrendered. Zhu Yuanzhang selected 20,000 strong Han men from the surrendered troops and incorporated them into his own army, and marched south to Chuzhou.
On the way south to Chuzhou, Dingyuan celebrity Li Shanchang asked to see him. Li Shanchang and Zhu Yuanzhang hit it off immediately. Li Shanchang used the example of Liu Bang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, to persuade Zhu Yuanzhang: As long as he follows Liu Bang's example of knowing people well and not killing people randomly, he will soon be able to bring peace to the world. Zhu Yuanzhang thought it was reasonable, so he left Li Shanchang as secretary of the shogunate, and asked Li Shanchang to coordinate the relationship between the generals and create a great cause together.
Zhu Yuanzhang quickly captured Chuzhou, and his nephew Zhu Wenzheng, brother-in-law Li Zhen and their nephew Bao'er (later named Li Wenzhong) came to seek refuge. From their mouths, Zhu Yuanzhang learned that his second brother, third brother, and sister were all dead. At that time, there was Mu Ying, an orphan from Dingyuan, so Zhu Yuanzhang adopted these three children as his adopted sons and changed their surname to Zhu. Later, Zhu Yuanzhang adopted more than twenty adopted sons. When Zhu Yuanzhang attacked Chuzhou, Guo Zixing was squeezed out by Zhao Junyong, Sun Deya and others. Therefore, not long after Zhu Yuanzhang captured Chuzhou City, Guo Zixing also came to Chuzhou. Zhu Yuanzhang immediately handed over his military power. Guo Zixing was very happy to see the 30,000-strong team with strict discipline and neat military appearance.
In the fifteenth year of Zhizheng (1355), Zhu Yuanzhang conquered He County in one fell swoop. Guo Zixing immediately appointed Zhu Yuanzhang as the chief military officer to guard Hezhou. In the middle of this year, Guo Zixing died of illness. Xiao Ming Wang Han Lin'er appointed Guo Zixing's son Guo Tianxu as the capital marshal, his wife's brother Zhang Tianyou as the right deputy marshal, and Zhu Yuanzhang as the left deputy marshal. Nominally, the Du marshal is the leader of the army, and the right deputy marshal has a higher status than the left deputy marshal. However, most of the armies in Chuzhou and Hezhou were recruited by Zhu Yuanzhang, and Zhu Yuanzhang was more courageous and resourceful than Guo Tianxu and Zhang Tianyou, and he had more talents under his command. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang actually became the coach of this team. Zhu Yuanzhang was unwilling to be controlled by King Xiao Ming, but considering that the Han and Song Dynasties were powerful and could use their power, he ordered the army to use the Dragon and Phoenix Annals.
Zhu Yuanzhang was stationed in western Zhejiang for 6 years. He followed the strategy of "building walls high, accumulating grain widely, and becoming king slowly" proposed by Huizhou counselor Zhu Sheng, and quickly and secretly expanded his own strength. These three strategies were the early stages of Zhu Yuanzhang's development. guiding ideology.
(4) Capture of Yingtian: After Zhu Yuanzhang was stationed in Hezhou for several months, food supply became a problem.Opposite Hezhou, Taiping and Wuhu , which are close to the south bank of the Yangtze River, are places rich in rice, but there are no ships. At this time, two Chaohu naval forces of the Red Scarf Army came to join them, and Zhu Yuanzhang personally handled the merger. In July, more than a thousand warships of the Chaohu navy broke through the Yuan army's blockade and arrived in Hezhou. Zhu Yuanzhang's infantry and horse troops boarded the ships of the Chaohu Navy and crossed the Yangtze River east from Hezhou. Arriving at the quarry on the other side, Chang Yuchun led his troops to attack the quarry, conquered the quarry, and obtained a large amount of food. The soldiers wanted to transport the food and loot back to Hezhou to enjoy it slowly. Seeing this, Zhu Yuanzhang decisively ordered people to cut the ship's cable and let the ship go downstream, cutting off the retreat. Seeing that there was no way to retreat, the soldiers worked together to conquer Taiping under the leadership of Zhu Yuanzhang. After entering Taiping, Zhu Yuanzhang reiterated military discipline and strictly prohibited looting. Individual soldiers who violated the prohibition were immediately executed. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang's army was supported by the local people. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Taiping Xingguo Yi Marshal's Mansion, made himself the marshal, and appointed Li Shanchang as the governor of the Marshal's Mansion. In this way, Zhu Yuanzhang began the work of stabilizing the base area.
In March of the 16th year of Zhizheng (1356), Zhang Shicheng launched an offensive in the Yangtze River Delta area to attack the Jiangnan Yuan army. Taking this opportunity, Zhu Yuanzhang personally led the land and sea army to attack Jiqing (later changed to Yingtian, which is now Nanjing) for the third time. On the third day, Chen Zhaoxian's military camp outside the city was breached, and 36,000 of his troops surrendered. However, Zhu Yuanzhang saw that the surrendered army was suspicious and uncertain. So Zhu Yuanzhang selected 500 warriors from the surrendered army as his own soldiers to guard at night, while only one personal soldier, Feng Guoyong, was left beside him. The next day, when Jiangjun learned about this, he was very moved. All doubts were eliminated and he was willing to follow Zhu Yuanzhang. As a result, the war went very smoothly, and in less than ten days, Zhu Yuanzhang captured Jiqing. After Zhu Yuanzhang entered the city, he ordered to appease the people and rename Jiqing to Yingtianfu . After Xiao Ming Wang Han Lin'er received the report, he was promoted to Zhu Yuanzhang as a peer of the Privy Council, and soon he was promoted to Pingzhang of Jiangnan and other places. Zhu Yuanzhang built the Kangyi Grand Marshal's Mansion in Yingtian, with Liao Yong'an as the commanding marshal, and Li Shanchang as the left and right doctor. In the seventeenth year of Zhizheng (1357), Geng Bingwen conquered Changxing, Xu Dake Changzhou, and Zhu Yuanzhang personally led his army to attack Ningguo. Then Zhao Jizuke Jiangyin , Xu Dake Changshu . Hu Dahai defeated Huizhou, Chang Yuchun defeated Chizhou, and Miao Daheng defeated Yangzhou. In the 19th year of Zhengzheng (1359), Zhu Yuanzhang successively captured the remaining places in eastern Zhejiang, often encountering Chun Ke , Quzhou , and Hu Dahai Ke Chuzhou. At this point, Zhu Yuanzhang's ministry controlled the left and right parts of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and was adjacent to Chen Youliang's ministry to the west. . In May of that year, King Xiao Ming promoted Zhu Yuanzhang to the title of Prime Minister Zuo of the Third Division of Yitong, Jiangnan and other places. In the first month of the 21st year of Zhengzheng (1361), he was granted the title of Duke of Wu.
At this time, although Zhu Yuanzhang had a hundred thousand troops, he still occupied very little territory and was surrounded by enemies on all sides. To the east and south were the Yuan troops, to the southeast were Zhang Shicheng, and to the west were Xu Shouhui. Although they were both anti-Yuan armed forces, Zhang and Xu and King Xiao Ming were hostile to each other. However, the main force of the Red Scarf Army led by King Xiao Ming and Liu Futong in the north greatly restrained the Yuan army, and Zhang Shicheng and Xu Shouhui were not strong enough to annex Zhu Yuanzhang. In this way, Zhu Yuanzhang is temporarily facing a good development opportunity.
In the 20th year of Zhizheng (1360), Liu Ji was invited to Yingtian (today's Nanjing) by Zhu Yuanzhang and appointed him as an adviser. In response to the situation at that time, Liu Ji (Liu Bowen) proposed to Zhu Yuanzhang the strategy of avoiding two-front battles and defeating each other, which was adopted. After completing the deployment of "building a high wall", Zhu Yuanzhang began to implement "expanding grain accumulation". In order to solve the food problem, in addition to mobilizing the people for production, Zhu Yuanzhang decided to implement the farming law and vigorously carry out military farming. He appointed Marshal Kang Maocai as the Dushui Camp, responsible for building water conservancy, and assigned generals to cultivate and cultivate fields in various places. In a few years, villages were built everywhere, the treasury was full, and the army was plentiful. In the 20th year of Zhizheng (1360), Zhu Yuanzhang ordered that "village grain" should no longer be collected to reduce the burden on farmers.In order to accumulate food, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered a ban on alcohol. However, Hu Sanshe, the son of his general Hu Dahai, violated the ban with others and made money by making wine privately. When Zhu Yuanzhang found out, he ordered Hu Sanshe to be killed. Someone came forward to advise that Hu Dahai was attacking Shaoxing at this time, hoping that Zhu Yuanzhang would let Hu Sanshe go for Hu Dahai's sake. Zhu Yuanzhang was furious and insisted on strict military discipline, so he killed Hu Sanshe himself.
While winning the hearts and minds of the people, Zhu Yuanzhang also continued to recruit talents, especially intellectuals. Zhu Yuanzhang also built a Lixian Hall in Yingtian to receive them. These people played an important role in Zhu Yuanzhang's unification of the country. Zhu Yuanzhang respected Confucian scholars very much. In the 18th year of Zhizheng (1358), he summoned the Confucian scholar Tang Zhongshi and asked Emperor Gao of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Taizu of the Song Dynasty, and Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty how to pacify the world. This also showed that Zhu Yuanzhang was determined to create a world. A new dynasty.
(5) Defeat Chen and Han: Zhu Yuanzhang established a base centered on Yingtian. There was Chen Youliang in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, Zhang Shicheng in the lower reaches, Fang Guozhen to the southeast, and Chen Youding to the south. Fang Guozhen and Chen Youding's goal was to protect the territory and separate the regime, while Zhang Shicheng did not have much ambition towards the two ends of the Yuan Dynasty; Chen Youliang was the strongest and was the most dangerous enemy Zhu Yuanzhang encountered after he occupied Yingtian.
Chen Youliang was originally a subordinate of Xu Shouhui's general Ni Wenjun. Later, he killed Ni Wenjun, and in the 20th year of Zhizheng (1360), he kidnapped Xu Shouhui and captured Taiping and Quishi. So Chen Youliang thought that Yingtian could be easily obtained, so he killed Xu Shouhui, proclaimed himself emperor in Caishi, named the country Han, and changed the name of Yuan Dynasty.
Then, Chen Youliang asked Zhang Shicheng to attack Yingtian from east to west and divide Zhu Yuanzhang's territory equally. There was a great earthquake in Yingtian. Zhu Yuanzhang had no choice but to summon the generals to discuss countermeasures, and everyone had different opinions. Only Liu Ji remained silent, so Zhu Yuanzhang asked for his opinion. Liu Ji believed that the most dangerous enemy today was Chen Youliang, and he must concentrate his efforts to eliminate him. Although Chen Youliang was powerful, he killed the king and established himself, his tribe was alienated, and the people were exhausted, so it was not difficult to defeat them. As long as they waited for them to penetrate deep and then ambush them, it would not be difficult to win. Zhu Yuanzhang agreed with Liu Ji's judgment, so he designed to lure the enemy deep and create fighter planes. Zhu Yuanzhang's general Kang Maocai and Chen Youliang were old friends, so he wrote a letter and sent someone to Chen Youliang's camp, asking Chen to attack Yingtian, and said he was willing to serve as an internal response at Jiangdong Bridge.
On the morning of June 23, Chen Youliang led the main force of the fleet to Jiangdong Bridge on the outskirts of Yingtian, only to find that the bridge was a stone bridge instead of a wooden bridge, and he knew he had been deceived. But it was too late, Zhu Yuanzhang's ambush troops rose up to attack, and Chen Youliang was defeated. Zhu Yuanzhang conquered Taiping and occupied Xinzhou, and Anqing. Chen Youliang fled to Jiujiang and captured Anqing in August of the next year. So Zhu Yuanzhang led his army to Chen Youliang's hometown of Jiangzhou. Chen Youliang fled to Wuchang, and Zhu Yuanzhang conquered Jiangxi and southeastern Hubei.
At this moment, the Central Plains Red Turban Army split and its strength weakened. In February of the 23rd year of Zhizheng (1363), Zhang Shicheng took advantage of the danger and sent his general Lu Zhen to attack Anfeng. Liu Futong asked Zhu Yuanzhang for help. Zhu Yuanzhang led his army to Anfeng, rescued Xiao Ming Wang Han Lin'er and others, and arranged for them to live in Chuzhou. When Zhu Yuanzhang led the main force to rescue King Xiao Ming, Chen Youliang believed that the time had come for a counterattack, so he led his troops to attack Hongdu. Zhu Yuanzhang's nephew Zhu Wenzheng led his soldiers to hold on for eighty-five days. In July of the 23rd year of Zhizheng (1363), Zhu Yuanzhang commanded 200,000 troops and marched to Hongdu. After Chen Youliang learned of this, he withdrew his troops and faced Zhu Yuanzhang. The two sides launched a decisive battle at Poyang Lake. The Poyang Lake Water Battle lasted for thirty-six days, starting on August 29 and ending on October 3. Zhu Yuanzhang's army took full advantage of the flexibility of the small boats and attacked Chen's army with fire. They finally won. Chen Youliang was shot to death by random arrows.
On New Year's Day in the 24th year of Zhengzheng (1364), Zhu Yuanzhang was elected as the King of Wu by hundreds of officials. He was established as a tributary of hundreds of officials. He still recorded the year with dragons and phoenixes, and issued orders in the name of "Emperor's Imperial Decree, King Wu's Order". Since Zhang Shicheng had already established himself as the King of Wu in the 23rd year of Zhizheng (1363), Zhang Shicheng was called Soochow Wu and Zhu Yuanzhang was called Xiwu in history.
In March of the 24th year of Zhizheng (1364), Zhu Yuanzhang went to Wuchang again to supervise the attack on the city. Chen Li finally left the city and surrendered. After annexing Chen Youliang, Zhu Yuanzhang's next target was Zhang Shicheng.
(6) Unify Jiangnan: After destroyed Chen Youliang, Zhang Shicheng and Fang Guozhen in the east became the next targets for elimination.
Zhang Shicheng made a career selling private salt in his early years. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, he launched a salt uprising. In the 14th year of Zhizheng (1354), he was proclaimed King Cheng in Gaoyou. His founding title was Zhou, Jianyuan Tianyou. In the 16th year of Zhizheng (1356), Pingjiang was established as the capital. After destroying Chen Youliang, Zhu Yuanzhang attacked Zhang Shicheng in October of the 25th year of Zhizheng (1365), and captured Tongzhou, Xinghua, Yancheng, Taizhou, Gaoyou, Huai'an, Xuzhou, Suzhou, and Anfeng counties in one fell swoop. The forces of Soochow were driven out of Jiangbei area.
In May of the 26th year of Zhizheng (1366), Zhu Yuanzhang issued a proclamation to denounce Zhang Shicheng. In November of the same year, Hangzhou and Huzhou surrendered to Zhu Yuanzhang, and Pingjiang became an isolated city. So Zhu Yuanzhang surrounded Pingjiang with heavy troops and launched the Battle of Pingjiang. While besieging the city, Zhu Yuanzhang sent and Liao Yongzhong to Chuzhou to pick up Han Lin'er, the king of Xiaoming, to Yingtian. However, when he was crossing the river, the bottom of the boat was secretly leaked, and the king of Xiaoming sank to the bottom of the river. Then, Zhu Yuanzhang announced that he would no longer use dragons and phoenixes to mark the year, and called the twenty-seventh year of Zhizheng (1367) the "Yuan Nian of Wu".
When the Battle of Pingjiang began, Zhu Yuanzhang built a wall to surround the city, and built a three-story wooden tower higher than the city wall. He used crossbows and muskets to shoot into the city, and also set up Xiangyang artillery to bombard the city day and night. There was panic in the city, and Zhang Shicheng's several breakthroughs ended in failure.
Zhang Shicheng is capricious, greedy for enjoyment, and very indulgent to his subordinates. On the last day of the siege of Pingjiang, Zhang Shicheng's younger brother Zhang Shixin was supervising the battle at the top of the city. He still did not forget to enjoy himself. He sat on a silver chair and drank. The people serving on the left and right handed him peaches. As a result, before the peach could reach his mouth, a cannon hit him on the head. Beaten to pieces. During the attack on Pingjiang, Zhu Yuanzhang sent people many times to persuade him to surrender, but Zhang Shicheng refused all of them.
Zhang Shicheng defended Pingjiang. After the food was exhausted, he ate rats and dead grass. After the arrows were exhausted, he used roof tiles as projectiles to attack. Until the eighth day of September in the twenty-seventh year of Zheng (1367), when Zhu Yuanzhang led his army to attack Pingjiang City, Zhang Shicheng still refused to surrender and launched a street fight to resist. After failing and being captured, Zhang Shicheng hanged himself to death.
In the first year of Wu (1367), Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Tang He to be the general in the southern expedition against Fang Guozhen, who had been separatist in eastern Zhejiang for many years. Later, Hu Tingrui was appointed as the general to conquer the south, and He Wenhui was appointed as the deputy general to attack Fujian. In the same year, Fang Guozhen surrendered.
(7) Establishing the Ming Dynasty: On October 21, the first year of Wu Dynasty (1367), Zhu Yuanzhang appointed Xu Da, the prime minister on the right, as the general to conquer the captives, and Pingzhang Chang Yuchun as the deputy general. He led an army of 250,000 and marched north to the Central Plains. . During the Northern Expedition, the "Edict to the Central Plains" was issued, which proposed the program of "expelling the barbarians, restoring China, establishing principles and discipline, and relieving the people of Sri Lanka", thereby inspiring the people in the north to rise up against the Yuan Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang made another deployment for the Northern Expedition, proposing to take Shandong first to remove the Mongolian and Yuan barriers; march to Henan to cut off its wings, seize Tongguan and occupy its threshold; and then march to Dadu. And take it; then send troops to the west, Shanxi, northern Shaanxi, Guanzhong, and Gansu can sweep down. The Northern Expedition army moved according to plan. Xu Da led his troops to capture Shandong first, then marched westward, captured Bianliang, and then marched to Tongguan. Zhu Yuanzhang went to Bianliang to take command.
On the fourth day of the first lunar month of the first year of Hongwu (1368), Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Nanjing. His country was named Daming and his reign was named Hongwu. Most of the people were granted the title of duke, and some were granted the title of king. At the beginning, he was granted the title of Six Dukes, among whom five generals and one minister were the founding fathers. They are: Han Gong Li Shanchang, Wei Guogong Xu Da, Zheng Guogong Chang Yuchun, Cao Guogong Li Wenzhong, Song Guogong Feng Sheng, Wei Guogong Deng Yu. Later, Hu Dahai was posthumously named Duke of Yue , Ding Dexing, who died in the battle, was granted the title of Duke of Ji, Tang He was granted the title of Duke of Xin, and Feng Guoyong was granted the title of Duke of Ying.The following year, Zhu Yuanzhang established a temple for meritorious officials in Jiming Mountain. Zhu Yuanzhang personally determined the ranking of meritorious officials, with Xu Da as the leader, followed by Chang Yuchun, Li Wenzhong, Deng Yu, Tang He, Mu Ying, Hu Dahai, Feng Guoyong, Zhao Desheng, and Geng Zaicheng. , Hua Gao, Ding Dexing, Yu Tonghai , Zhang Desheng, Wu Liang, Wu Zhen, Cao Liangchen, Kang Maocai, Wu Fu, Mao Cheng, Sun Xingzufan twenty-one. The dead are worshiped as sacrifices, while the living are in vain. In addition, seven people, Liao Yong'an, Yu Tonghai, Zhang Desheng, Sang Shijie, Geng Zaicheng, Hu Dahai and Ding Dexing, were allowed to enjoy the Ancestral Temple.
(8) To pacify the world: In July of the first year of Hongwu (1368), armies from all walks of life went directly to Tianjin along the canal, and occupied Tongzhou on the 27th. In August, the Ming army invaded Dadu. Emperor Shun of Yuan Dynasty led the concubines of the three palaces and the crown prince to escape from Dadu through Jiande Gate and fled to Shangdu via Juyongguan. The Mongol rule in the Central Plains ended, the Ming Dynasty gained control of the area within the Great Wall, and the Sixteen Youyun States that had been lost for four hundred years were also recovered.
In view of the lessons learned from the Yanshan area that was gained and lost within two years at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang decided to conquer and the Northern Yuan in the Northern Expedition. In the first month of the third year of Hongwu (1370), he ordered the right prime minister Xu Da to be the general to conquer the captives, Li Wenzhong to be the left deputy general, and Feng Sheng to be the right deputy general to send troops to attack the Northern Yuan Dynasty. In this northern expedition of the Ming Dynasty, all three routes were victorious. Emperor Zhaozong of the Yuan Dynasty fled to Mobei, and his son Mai Libala and others were captured.
From the first month to November of the fifth year of Hongwu (1372), Zhu Yuanzhang launched a second expedition against Beiyuan. Also known as the Battle of Lingbei. As a result of this battle, Xu Da's main center route army was defeated, Li Wenzhong's east route army had similar gains and losses, and only Feng Sheng's west route army won. However, Feng Sheng gave up Gansu because he was afraid of the eastward advance of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate. The second northern expedition ended in failure.
In the first month of the fourteenth year of Hongwu (1381), Beiyuan Pingzhang Naierbuhua and others invaded the Ming border from the south. Zhu Yuanzhang appointed Wei Guogong Xu Da as the general to conquer the captives, Xin Guogong Tang He as the left deputy general, and Yingchuan Hou Fu Youde as the right deputy general to lead the army to the north. The army crossed the Linqu River (today's Kullen River on the Sino-Mongolian border) and captured Li Xuan of the Northern Yuanzhiyuan and his tribe. At the end of August, the Ming army marched north to conquer the victorious divisions.
In the first month of the 20th year of Hongwu (1387), Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Duke Feng Sheng of the Song Dynasty to be the general to conquer the captives. Fu Youde, the Duke of Ying, and Lan Yu, the Marquis of Yongchang, were the left and right deputy generals. He led 200,000 troops to the north to conquer Naha, the former Yuan Taiwei. The result was a victory over Naha Chu, with more than 240,000 soldiers and civilians, as well as countless sheep, horses, donkeys, camels, and baggage. Finally, the Yuan Dynasty's influence in Liaodong was eliminated. At the end of June, Fu Youde garrisoned Daning with his newly acquired Han soldiers from Liao, and Feng Sheng and other troops were victorious. From then on, Liaodong was completely included in the territory of the Ming Dynasty.
In March of the 21st year of Hongwu (1388), the Ming Dynasty detected that Emperor Tuogusi Timur of Tianyuan was fishing in the sea (today's Bell Lake on the border of China and Mongolia), and decided to march directly to the location of Emperor Yuan. On April 12, the Ming army of Lanyu tribe arrived on the south coast of Yuyuerhai and found out that Togu Si Timur's camp was more than 80 miles northeast of Yuyuerhai, so they launched a surprise attack. Including 64 people including Dibaonu, the second son of Tuogusi Timur, 119 people including Prince Bilitu and his concubine and princess, 2994 people including Wu Wang Duolizhi, Dai Wang Dalima, Pingzhang Balan, etc., as well as Beiyuan Baoxi and books , gold and silver seals, etc.
In the twenty-fourth year of Hongwu (1391), after the Battle of Yuhaihai, a large number of descendants settled in Daningdusi. Because the border generals were trying to do whatever they wanted, they rebelled and left. Therefore, the prime minister Zuo of the Yuan Dynasty lost his family, the prime minister bit him, Taiwei Nai'er Buhua, Zhiyuan Alu Timur, King Aza of Liao lost his family, King Tabin Timur of Huining, etc. successively rebelled against the Ming Dynasty. Taizu of the Ming Dynasty settled in the northeast King Ning (Chifeng), King Liao (Guangning), King Shen (Shenyang), and King Han (Kaiyuan) shocked the Northeast. In the northwest, the king of Qing (Ningxia), the capital Timur (Bayannur), the unknown king of Sai (Dongshengzhou), the king of Zhou ( and Lingeer) and the king of Jin (Taiyuan) guarded the Hetao area. . In March of the twenty-fifth year of Hongwu (1392), with Zhou Xing as the chief military officer, he advanced to attack Yesudie'er and pursued him to Cheche'er Mountain. During this expedition to the northern part of the Great Wall, we hunted down the remnants of the enemy, defeated them, and "annihilated the border troubles." Naturally, those who did not dare to enter the border to herd horses for more than ten years.
In addition to the Northern Expedition, Zhu Yuanzhang also successively pacified other parts of China.At the same time as Xu Da and Chang Yuchun's Northern Expedition, Zhu Yuanzhang sent Hu Mei to enter Fujian by land. The navy led by Tang He and Liao Yongzhong attacked Fujian and Guangdong from the sea, surrendered the separatist forces Chen Youding, He Zhen and others, and then captured Guangxi. In the second year of Hongwu (1369), Xu Da entered Shanxi from the east, defeated Timur, and pacified Shaanxi at the end of the year. In the fourth year of Hongwu (1371), Tang He, Fu Youde and others destroyed Mingxia and took Sichuan. In the fifteenth year of Hongwu (1382), Fu Youde, Lan Yu and others took over Yunnan, eliminated Zarawalmi, the commander of the Yuanliang King, and surrendered to the Duan family in Dali. In the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu (1393), the Ming Dynasty established its rule over the entire Hexi Corridor.
(9) Hongwu rule : During his reign, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered farmers to return to farming and rewarded land reclamation; he launched a large-scale immigration and military settlement; organized farmers from all over the country to build water conservancy projects; he vigorously promoted the planting of mulberry, hemp, cotton and other cash crops and Fruit and tree crops, he also enriched the people and suppressed the powerful; ordered the liberation of slaves; reduced tax burdens, severely punished corrupt officials; sent people to measure land across the country, conduct household registration checks, etc.
Zhu Yuanzhang was well aware of the pain caused by famines to farmers. After taking the throne, he often reduced taxes or provided relief to farmers in areas affected by disasters and wars. Large-scale tax exemptions have been implemented many times across the country. The second year of Hongwu was the first large-scale tax exemption in the early Ming Dynasty. In the following three, four, and nine years, tax exemptions were successively granted in Yingtian, Henan, Beiping, Shandong, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang. By the time of statistics in the 24th year of Hongwu's reign, the total land in the world had reached 3,874,746 hectares. After the efforts of the Hongwu period, social production gradually recovered and developed, which is known as the Hongwu rule in history.
Zhu Yuanzhang also cherished the people's power and advocated frugality. Driven by Zhu Yuanzhang's measures, farmers' enthusiasm for production increased. Agriculture developed rapidly in the early Ming Dynasty, and the dilapidated rural scene in the late Yuan Dynasty was improved. The restoration and development of agricultural production promoted the development of handicrafts and commerce in the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang's recuperation policy consolidated the rule of the new dynasty, stabilized farmers' lives, and promoted the development of production.
Zhu Yuanzhang was born in poverty and was extorted by corrupt officials. In view of the political chaos in the Yuan Dynasty, he governed the country with violence. After taking office, he launched an "anti-corruption" campaign across the country, targeting corrupt officials at all levels from central to local levels.
First of all, kill officials who embezzle more than sixty taels of silver. From local counties and governments to the six ministries of the Central Committee and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, as long as it is corruption, no matter who is involved, we will never be merciful and investigate it to the end. Secondly, in the six departments of Li, Hu, Li, Bing, Xing, and Gong under the Zhongshu Province in the early Ming Dynasty, a large number of old officials from the Yuan Dynasty were retained, as well as some heroes who started their careers in rebellion. They are emboldened to take bribes and bend the law. Zhu Yuanzhang punished these officials. Third, Zhu Yuanzhang used cruel criminal laws to deal with corrupt officials, using torture methods such as "peeling the skin and pulling off the grass", picking tendons, amputating fingers, hands, and knees. This move frightened a group of officials and caused them to significantly restrain their behavior. Fourth, Zhu Yuanzhang would never tolerate the officials he trained. In order to cultivate and promote new forces, Zhu Yuanzhang established the Imperial Academy to train talents and provide promotion opportunities for young scholars who had not entered the officialdom. He had great love for these new scholars and supervisory students, and often taught them to be loyal to the public and not to be moved by selfish interests. Fifth, Zhu Yuanzhang formulated the "Great Edict" and "A Brief Summary of Awakening Corruption" to combat corruption. The book "Da Gao" is a record of the results of some corruption cases that he personally tried and judged. The book also elaborates on his attitude towards corrupt officials, case handling methods and disposal methods. Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the book to be widely publicized throughout the country; he also ordered excerpts to be posted in conspicuous places on the roadside and in pavilions, so that officials could discipline themselves after reading it and the people could learn to deal with corrupt officials. Sixth, allow ordinary people to petition. The Ming Dynasty allowed the people to turn away unjust officials. If officials cheat in collecting taxes and assigning servants, the people can report it to the superior officials, or they can directly send it to them. Not only that, superior officials who should have accepted interviews but failed to do so must also be punished in accordance with the law. In addition, Zhu Yuanzhang set up a "grievance drum" outside the Meridian Gate. If the people had grievances and could not seek justice locally, they could go to Beijing to beat the drum and complain directly to the emperor.
Zhu Yuanzhang was in power for thirty-one years and launched six large-scale corruption eradication campaigns, killing 150,000 corrupt officials. His campaign of "killing all corrupt officials" has not weakened throughout, but the phenomenon of corrupt officials has never been eradicated. In his later years, he could only say: "Government in the morning will lead to crimes in the evening, and governance in the evening will be the same in the morning; the corpses have not been removed, but people continue to follow them, and those who have been cured will still commit crimes." More." lamented.
(10) Strife in his later years: In the thirteenth year of Hongwu (1380), Zhu Yuanzhang killed Prime Minister Hu Weiyong in the name of evil intentions, slaughtered three ethnic groups, and implicated his party members, implicating more than 15,000 people. Later, several large prisons were established, which continued to expand the involvement of "Hu Weiyong Prison". In the 23rd year of Hongwu (1390), the hero Taishi Li Shanchang and others were also sentenced to death for "conspiracy and rebellion" with Hu Weiyong, and more than 70 adult family members were killed. The famous Confucian minister Song Lian was demoted to Sichuan with his whole family because his grandson was implicated, and he also died of illness on the way. The case lasted for ten years, and dozens of princes and nobles, totaling more than 30,000 people, were implicated.
In the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu (1393), the commander of Jinyiwei, Zhanzuo Lanyu, rebelled. Zhu Yuanzhang immediately ordered him to be captured and interrogated by the Ministry of Civil Affairs. Three days later, Zhu Yuanzhang executed Lan Yu, and a large-scale purge and implication followed. After Lan Yu was imprisoned, the prison words claimed that he had conspired with Cao Zhen, the Marquis of Jingchuan, Zhang Yi, the Marquis of Heqing, Zhu Shou, the Marquis of Shunshang, Wang Bi, the Marquis of Dingyuan, He Rong, the Bo of Dongguan, Zhan Hui, the Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, and Fu Youwen, the Minister of the Ministry of Household Affairs. Twenty-five thousand people were implicated in this case and were listed in the "Record of Rebellious Ministers" alone.
After the "Prison of Hu Lan", Ming Taizu's intention was not enough, Yingguo Gong asked for a thousand acres of Huaiyuan field. Not only was he not allowed, but he was sentenced to death. Dingyuan Hou Wang Bi and Song Guogong Feng Sheng were also sentenced to death. A large number of heroes in the early Ming Dynasty were killed, which indirectly led to the imperial court having no generals to send during the Jingnan Campaign after the death of Ming Taizu.
(11) Died from overwork: In the 24th year of Hongwu (1391), Zhu Yuanzhang sent Prince Zhu Biao to inspect Guanzhong to prepare for moving the capital to Xi'an. Zhu Biao inspected Xi'an and Luoyang in detail, compared the topography of the two places, and presented a map of Shaanxi to Zhu Yuanzhang after returning. Zhu Biao fell ill shortly after returning to Beijing from his inspection in Qinzhong. During his illness, he wrote to Taizu about preparing to build the capital. Zhu Biao died of illness the following year, and his posthumous title was Prince Yiwen. This was a heavy blow to Zhu Yuanzhang, who was nearly seventy years old. He no longer had the energy or mood to consider moving the capital. Zhu Yuanzhang saw that Zhu Biao's second son Zhu Yunwen was very filial and liked him very much, and later made him the emperor's grandson.
On the tenth day of the fifth lunar month in the thirty-first year of Hongwu (June 24, 1398), Zhu Yuanzhang passed away in the Yingtian Palace (Nanjing Forbidden City) and left an edict: "I have been destined for thirty-one years, and I have been worried about dangers. Work diligently every day to benefit the people. However, since I was humble, I didn’t have the profound knowledge of the ancients. I can’t understand what is good and what is bad, and I can’t understand the natural principles of all things. The emperor’s grandson Yunwen is a benevolent and filial friend. When the world returns to its heart, it is appropriate to ascend the throne. The civil and military officials at home and abroad work together to assist the government. No gold or jade is used in the funeral rituals. For this reason, the people of the world will mourn for three days. No need to marry. When the kings are in the country, they should not go to the capital. Those who are not in the order will do so. "
Before his death, Zhu Yuanzhang secretly ordered his consort Mei Yin (husband of Princess Ningguo) to assist the new king, and he ordered the emperor's grandson Zhu Yunwen to succeed him. Bit. A few days after Zhu Yuanzhang's death, Zhu Yunwen ascended the throne on the 16th day of the fifth leap month (June 30) in the 31st year of Hongwu. The next year was changed to the first year of Jianwen, and he became Emperor Jianwen.
Zhu Yuanzhang was buried in Xiaoling Mausoleum on Purple Mountain after his death. In the sixth month of the 31st year of Hongwu (1398), the posthumous title was "Emperor Qinming Qiyun's virtuous virtues succeeded in unifying the world, the great filial piety and Gao Gao", and the temple name was Taizu. On June 11, the first year of Yongle (1403), Ding Si was given the posthumous title of "Emperor of the Holy Spirit, Civil and Military Qinming, Qiyun, Virtue, and Successful Dominion of Heaven, Great Filial Piety and Gao Gao." On the first day of November in the seventeenth year of Jiajing's reign (1538), the posthumous title was changed to "The Greatest Saint, Most Divine, Benevolent, Righteous, Wu Junde, Successful and High Emperor".
Jianwen Emperor Zhu Yunwen (December 5, 1377 -?) The second emperor of the Ming Dynasty, the grandson of Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang and the second son of Yiwen Crown Prince Zhu Biao, reigned for four years (1398-1402), reign name Jianwen, known as Emperor Jianwen in history.
In the 25th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1392), his father, the prince Zhu Biao, died of illness, and Zhu Yunwen was established as the emperor's grandson by Zhu Yuanzhang. In May of the 31st year of Hongwu (1398), he became emperor in May, and the following year he was changed to Yuan Jianwen. After Zhu Yunwen came to the throne, he vigorously implemented the policy of reducing vassal vassals and deposed King Zhou, King Dai, King Qi, and King Min one after another for crimes. King Xiang burned himself to death; in July of the first year of Jianwen (1399), King Zhu Di of Yan took the opportunity to launch an army to rebel. It was called the "Battle of Jingnan"; in June of the fourth year of Jianwen, Zhu Di invaded Nanjing, and Zhu Yunwen's whereabouts after the Battle of Jingnan is unknown.
Ming Chengzu Zhu Di (dì) (May 2, 1360 - August 12, 1424), the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty. The fourth son of Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang and the uncle of Jianwen Emperor Zhu Yunwen. He ascended the throne in the fourth year of Jianwen (1402) and reigned for 22 years (1402-1424), with the reign name "Yongle".
(1) Palace life: Zhu Di was born on April 17 in the 20th year of the late Yuan Dynasty (1360) in Yingtianfu (now Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province). In May, Chen Youliang attacked Kou Chizhou. The military situation was urgent, and Zhu Yuanzhang He didn't even have time to take a look at his son before he went to the front line to command operations.
At the end of the lunar calendar in the twenty-seventh year of Zhizheng (1367), Zhu Yuanzhang would proclaim himself emperor the next year. On December 24, he offered sacrifices to the Ancestral Temple and named his seven sons one by one after crossing the river. The fourth son was named As "Di", Zhu Di was already seven years old at this time, and he had his own name just like his brothers. Zhu Yuanzhang not only named his son, but also formulated the rules for naming his descendants. Each branch drafted twenty generations. The characters for Zhu Di's branch are: Gao Zhan Qi Jianyou, Hou Zai Yi Chang You, Ci He Yi Bo Zhong, Jian Jingdi comes first.
In the same year, seven-year-old Zhu Di and his brothers received strict military training. Zhu Yuanzhang believed that his seven sons were "suitable for hard work" and ordered Zhu Di and his brothers to wear hemp shoes, wrap their legs in leggings, and go hiking outside the city like soldiers. , as they grow older, they have to practice their weapons on the martial arts field from time to time. Since Zhu Yuanzhang attached great importance to literature and education, Zhu Di and his brothers entered school at a young age and received orthodox Confucian classic education taught by the great Confucian scholar.
In the third year of Hongwu (1370), Zhu Yuanzhang canonized the princes as kings, and named the ten-year-old Zhu Di as King of Yan. He also established the Dazong Zhengyuan, later the Zongren Mansion, to take charge of the internal affairs of the royal family. Zhu Yuanzhang believed that one important reason for the demise of the Yuan Dynasty was that the emperor was weak and his ministers were strong, and the emperor could not get help from his vassals. Therefore, the purpose of enfeoffing the kings was to let the vassal kings defend the emperor to maintain the rule of the Zhu family dynasty.
In the ninth year of Hongwu (1376), the 16-year-old Zhu Di married the Xu family, the eldest daughter of Wei Guogong Xu Da (namely Queen Renxiao of Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty). Zhu Di was sent to Fengyang three times for permanent residence. While practicing military exercises, he also had to fully understand the people's hardships and folk life, which had a profound impact on his ideology. According to historical records, when Zhu Di was in Fengyang, "minor details among the people, Investigate everything you know." This period of life in Fengyang can be regarded as the internship stage of Zhu Di's court education.
(2) Beiping: In the thirteenth year of Hongwu (1380), Zhu Di established Beiping. Each prince had a small army called a "guard", ranging from 3,000 to 15,000 men. Nominally, the prince is not allowed to interfere in local affairs. However, in emergencies, the prince may dispatch garrison troops at the location of the kingdom. Every time there was a military operation, the kings had to lead their guards to accompany the army. Those generals who were all-powerful on the battlefield, even though they were generals, sometimes had to be controlled by their princes.
Zhu Yuanzhang believed in Buddhism. When the kings first became kings, they would choose a monk to assist them. There was a monk named Daoyan (named Yao Guangxiao by Zhu Di), who was a man of considerable strategy and knowledge. In the fifteenth year of Hongwu (1382), Daoyan followed Zhu Di north to Yandi. Later, he had close contacts with him and became very close to him. , and also recommended a warlock named Yuan Gong (gǒng) to Zhu Di. Both of them became Zhu Di's advisers. Zhu Di also tried to recruit local civil and military officials to cultivate his own strength.
In the first month of the 23rd year of Hongwu (1390), Zhu Yuanzhang appointed Fu Youde as the general, and led the princes Zhao Yong, Cao Xing, Wang Bi, Sun Ke and others to Peiping to train troops and horses and obey the control of King Yan in order to go to Mobei. The army in Shanxi was under the control of the King of Jin.King Yan led Fu Youde and others out of Gubeikou and found out that Beiyuan Taiwei Nai'er Buhua and others were stationed in Muyindu, so he led his troops to advance. It was snowing heavily at this time, and the generals wanted to wait until the snow stopped before marching. However, Zhu Di believed that with heavy snow falling, the enemy must not have expected the Ming army to arrive, and they should take advantage of the snow to advance quickly. The army arrived at Yidu, only separated by a sand moraine from the Yuan army, but was not discovered. Although he used heavy troops to suppress the situation, Zhu Di still wanted to outwit him. Sent the general Guantong to the enemy camp to persuade him to surrender. Guantong and Nai'er Buhua were old acquaintances. When they were trying to persuade him to surrender, the Ming army had defeated the Yuan army. Nai'er Buhua wanted to escape on horseback, but Guantong told him that this was King Yan's army and there was no need to be afraid. He invited Nai'er Buhua to Hua went to the Ming army's camp to ask for surrender, and was indeed entertained with wine. Nai'er Buhua was deeply moved, so she led her tribe, horses, camels, cattle and sheep to surrender to the Ming army. When the news of the victory reached the capital, Zhu Yuanzhang happily said: "The one who cleared the desert is King Yan!" Since then, Zhu Di's reputation has become more and more popular, and he has been repeatedly ordered by Zhu Yuanzhang to participate in the northern military and control the soldiers and horses.
In the twenty-fifth year of Hongwu (1392), Prince Zhu Biao passed away. Zhu Yuanzhang accepted the suggestion of scholar Liu Sanwu and made the emperor's grandson Zhu Yunwen the emperor's grandson to prevent kings from coveting the throne.
In the twenty-eighth year of Hongwu (1395), King Qin passed away. In the thirty-first year of Hongwu (1398), on the eve of Zhu Yuanzhang's death, King Jin passed away, and Zhu Di became the eldest among the kings. At this time, Zhu Di's wings were already full. Not only did he have a bodyguard army that was accustomed to fighting for a long time, but his authority had already exceeded the rule of "the nobles do not come to the people".
More than a month after the death of King Jin, Zhu Yuanzhang has regarded Zhu Di as a pillar in maintaining the Zhu family dynasty and placed great hopes on him. However, Zhu Yuanzhang was extremely shrewd after all. He also considered that King Yan and other kings were too powerful and posed a threat to the successor emperor. Therefore, before his death, Zhu Yuanzhang issued an edict: "Kings are not allowed to come to the capital when they are in the country. The civil and military officials where the kingdom is located, "Listen to the imperial court's moderation", which shows his worries.
(3) Raising troops to appease the enemy: In the leap fifth month of the thirty-first year of Hongwu (1398), Zhu Yuanzhang passed away. The emperor's grandson Zhu Yunwen came to the throne and ordered the kings to stay in the feudal country and not to attend the funeral in the capital. King Zhu Di of Yan went to Nanjing from Peiping, but was stopped due to Zhu Yun's edict. Zhu Yunwen used Qi Tai and Huang Zicheng's proposal to reduce the vassal state. In less than a year, King Zhou, King Min (mín), King Xiang, King Qi, and King Dai were deposed one after another. Zhu Di is stepping up his activities. He selected strong men to enrich his escort army, and recruited strange warlocks in the name of the fleeing army. On the surface, Zhu Di hid his talent and pretended to be ill, but secretly stepped up his military training. He also took advantage of Yan Mansion's Chongshen convenience to make weapons.
Then, Zhu Yunwen ordered Zhang Bing (bǐng) to be the chief envoy of Peiping, and Xie Gui and Zhang Xin were in charge of the Beiping Capital Command and Envoy Department. Troops were stationed in Kaiping, Linqing, and Shanhaiguan areas, and the Yanfu guard sergeants were inspected to strengthen preventive measures against the King of Yan.
Zhu Di's feigned madness was just a delaying tactic. In order to prepare before the arrival of the army, he ordered his trusted escort commanders Zhang Yu and Zhu Neng to lead 800 soldiers into the imperial city. At this time, Xie Gui, the commander of Peiping Capital, had received the order from the imperial court and led the Seven Guards Army and Tuntian sergeants in the city to surround the royal city and use the main gate to cut off the passages such as Duanli Gate. The imperial edict to seize King Zhu Di's title and arrest officials of the Yan government also arrived in Peiping at this time.
In June of the first year of Jianwen (1399), Qi Tai general Yan sent Deng Yong to prison for interrogation. Knowing that General Zhu Di raised troops to rebel, he sent troops to arrest the officials of the Yan government and secretly ordered Zhang Xin to arrest Zhu Di. Zhang Xin was Zhu Di's old subordinate, so he surrendered to Zhu Di at this time, and Zhu Di immediately made preparations. In July, Zhu Di captured and killed Zhang Bing and Xie Gui by pretending to be insane and paralyzing them. He also ordered the Yanfu guards to command Zhang Yu and Zhu Neng to lead troops at night to capture the nine gates of Peiping, and then occupied Peiping. . Later, in the name of respecting the teachings of his ancestors, killing the "treacherous ministers" Qi Tai and Huang Zicheng, and "provoking peace" for the country, he swore to go to war. The Jianwen era name was abolished and it was still called "the 32nd year of Hongwu". He ordered the soldiers and wrote to the court at the same time, claiming that according to the "Ancestral Instructions", "There are no honest ministers in the court, and there are traitors in the court, and troops must be raised to punish them in order to clear the evil of the emperor." From then on, a four-year war began. , known as the "Battle of Jingnan" in history.
At the beginning of the war, because the northern generals had many of Zhu Di's old troops, many of them surrendered to Zhu Di and joined the war. Zhu Di successively went to Juyongguan and Huailai and captured Song Zhong, the general of the Southern Army. Taking advantage of the situation, they captured Zunhua and Yongping surrendered. In August of the first year of Jianwen (1399), Zhu Yunwen took Taizu's old general Geng Bingwen as his general and led an army of 300,000 to attack Zhu Di. The army arrived at Zhending (now Zhengding County, Hebei Province), and the vanguard arrived at Xiong County, where they were attacked by Zhu Di. All 9,000 people died in the battle. They fought again in Zhending and were defeated again. Zhu Yunwen then replaced Geng Bingwen with his honorary relative Li Jinglong. In September, Jiangyin Marquis Wu Gao led Liaodong soldiers and horses to besiege Yongping. Li Jinglong gathered 500,000 troops and marched to the river to camp. In October, Zhu Di personally led his elite cavalry to attack Daning, kidnapped King Zhu Quan of Ning and his concubine the Crown Prince, and obtained three of his Duoyan cavalry (equivalent to mercenaries, all Mongolian cavalry with extremely strong combat effectiveness), which greatly increased the number of troops. Li Jinglong took the opportunity to attack Beiping, but was unable to defeat it (Zhu Di's eldest son, Zhu Gaochi, guarded the city and froze the city wall with ice, preventing Li Jinglong from breaking through the city). After the Yanwang division returned from Daning, they defeated Li Jinglong's army at Zhengcunba. Li Jinglong retreated to Texas. Zhu Di took the opportunity to attack Yuzhou and Datong, and led Li Jinglong to send troops to rescue, but to no avail. Zhu Yunwen was forced to dismiss Qi Tai, Minister of War, and Huang Zicheng, Minister of Taichang Temple, in order to slow down the Yan division.
In April of the second year of Jianwen (1400), the two sides fought again at Baigou River. Li Jinglong was defeated again, and the Yan division took advantage of the victory to besiege Jinan. Tie Xuan, who participated in the political affairs of Shandong Province, stayed in Jinan and waited for work. The Yan army was unable to attack for a long time and was defeated. In September, the imperial court promoted Tie Xuan to be the chief envoy of Shandong, and appointed Sheng Yong to replace Li Jinglong.
In the third year of Jianwen (1401), Emperor Jianwen restored the official positions of Qi and Huang. In February, Yan Division went south again. In March, he defeated Sheng Yong at Hutuo River, and then defeated Wu Jie and others at Gaocheng. In the name of banishing Qi and Huang, Zhu Yunwen sent them out to recruit teachers from King Qin. At that time, although Zhu Di won many victories, he suffered heavy losses, and the imperial army had a wide range of sources. The cities captured by the Yan army in Hebei and Shandong were occupied by the imperial troops after their troops returned.
At the end of the third year of Jianwen (1401), an internal minister reported from the capital. Zhu Di learned that Nanjing was profitable and determined to change his strategy. In the first month of the fourth year of Jianwen (1402), Zhu Di led his troops south. In April, he defeated the armies of He Fu and Ping An. In May, Sizhou and Xuyi were conquered, and the army pointed at Yangzhou. Emperor Jianwen sent Princess Qingcheng to Yanshi to beg for land and peace, but the King of Yan refused.
In June of the fourth year of Jianwen (1402), Chen Xuan, the governor of Jiang defense, sent a boat division to surrender to Yan. The Yan division crossed the river and went down to Zhenjiang, approaching Nanjing. The kings of the Valley, Zhu Su and Li Jinglong, opened the gates of Jinchuan and surrendered. Nanjing city fell, a fire broke out in the palace, and Zhu Yunwen's fate was unknown.
(4) Nanjing accession to the throne: In June of the fourth year of Jianwen (1402), Zhu Di ascended the throne as emperor in the Fengtian Hall of Nanjing, abolished the Jianwen era title, and changed the year to the thirty-fifth year of Hongwu, and the following year to the first year of Yongle ( 1403). Thus began his twenty-two-year reign.
Zhu Di's first task after he ascended the throne was to publicize the legitimacy of his accession to the throne and deal with political opposition. In the fourth year of Jianwen (1402), after Zhu Di captured Nanjing, he compiled a "list of traitorous officials" and killed some of the Jianwen courtiers. For example, Fang Xiaoru and his clan relatives and friends were killed. Eight hundred and seventy-three people were killed. His disciples Lu Yuanzhi, Zheng Gongzhi, Lin Jiayou was martyred; Huang Zicheng, Qi Tai and others were executed and their clans were exterminated. After Lian Zining's death, 151 people abandoned the market, and hundreds of people whose families were confiscated and garrisoned far away; after Chen Di's death, many people garrisoned far away. More than 180 people were killed; when Sizhong was executed, more than 80 people from the in-laws died; when Hu Run died, 270 people from the whole family died; when Dong Yong died, 230 people from the in-laws died. At the same time, Zhu Di did not kill all the people on the "Treacherous Officials List". People such as Zhang Zhen, Wang Dun, Zheng Ci, Huang Fu, Yin Changlong and others were all leniently appointed.
Zhu Di's attitude towards Zhu Biao, Zhu Yunwen and other vassal kings also changed. The king of Wu, Zhu Yunxi, was renamed King Guangze, and King Zhu Yunxi of Heng was named King Huai'en. Emperor Xingzong Xiaokang, whom Zhu Yunwen followed, was still called Prince Yiwen. Regarding the attitude towards the princes, all the kings who were deposed from the You lineage during the Jianwen period were restored to the throne. They all went to the capital to meet the new emperor, and Zhu Di often gave them large rewards. On the surface, this seems to be abiding by the ancestral system to maintain the friendship between relatives, but in fact it means control.When coercing King Ning to form an alliance, Zhu Di once promised King Ning that he would "divide the world if everything is done." However, when Zhu Di became emperor, he refused to admit the old score. Not to mention dividing the world, even King Ning's begging for Suzhou and Qiantang was not allowed, so he finally changed the plan. Seal Nanchang. Zhu Di also secretly deprived the kings of their actual power and military power. The guards of King Dai, King Min, and King Qi were successively eliminated, and the guards of his mother and brother King Zhou were also forced to hand over. It will definitely make it unable to fight against a town.
At the same time, Zhu Di issued an edict to the world: All laws that were changed during the Jianwen period should be restored to the old system. All officials who were demoted during the Jianwen period were reinstated. All laws and regulations enacted during the Jianwen period were abolished if they were contrary to Taizu; and a general amnesty was granted to the world. Except for serious crimes such as treason, treason, and murder of grandparents and parents, all other crimes, no matter how big or small, were forgiven. However, some regulations that were beneficial to people's livelihood were also abolished. For example, in the second year of Jianwen, he ordered to reduce the extremely heavy land tax in western Zhejiang during the Hongwu period. Since then, it has become heavier again.
After Zhu Di ascended the throne, he rewarded the heroes of Jingnan on a large scale. In April of the first year of Yongle (1403), based on the merits of Jingnan, Yuan Rong, the prince-in-law, and three other people were granted the title of marquis, and Chen Hengzi, Chen Mao, and six others were granted the title of uncle. He also sought out talented people and ordered the government to look for talented people who were secluded in the mountains and forests, and promoted them according to their talents.
(5) The prosperous age of Yongle: After the Battle of Jingnan, Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty set out to restore people's livelihood and exempt taxes. He ordered the prefectures and counties in Shandong, Beiping, and Henan that suffered from war to exempt people who were unable to farm for three years from differential taxes. Places that have not been devastated by war are also exempted from taxes and grains in autumn and summer together with Zhili Fengyang, Huai'an, Xuzhou, Chuzhou, and Yangzhou. The other Zhili Fuzhou, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Huguang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Each Yunnan province will be exempted from half of the payment, and the arrears of grain, salt, etc. that were owed before the first day of July in the fourth year of Jianwen (1402) will also be exempted. The people who migrated from Henan, Shandong, Beiping, and Huainan were ordered to return to their hometowns and resume their businesses. The government paid for the seeds, cattle and tools they needed. The northern schools that were abolished during the Jianwen period are still open and will not be allowed to decline.
Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty repeatedly persuaded the people to stay in their fields and tried every means to recruit the refugees and resume their businesses. As soon as Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty came to power, he sent people out to recruit refugees and resume their work, asking them to use their land as much as possible.
During the reign of Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty, the civil service system was improved, and the prototype of the later cabinet system was gradually formed in the court. He used the imperial examination system and compilation of books to win over landlords and scholars, promoted Confucianism, and changed the style of serving Buddhism and Taoism in the early Ming Dynasty. Annan sent Zheng He to the Western Seas and compiled "Yongle Dadian" and other classics, which laid the ideological and organizational foundation for the development of politics, economy, military, culture and other aspects at that time.
Peiping was the place where Zhu Di prospered. Zhu Di had been operating here for many years and his rule was relatively stable. In addition, Peiping was located at the border of the northern agricultural area and pastoral area, with convenient transportation and dangerous situation. It was the center of trade between the Han and Mongolian ethnic groups and the political and military center of the north. The capital here can not only fight against the Mongols invading from the north, but also further control the northeastern region, and command the Central Plains from the south, which is conducive to maintaining the unity of the country. Therefore, after Zhu Di came to the throne, he began to prepare to move the capital.
In the first year of Yongle (1403), the imperial edict was to designate Peiping as Beijing and change Beiping Prefecture to Shuntian Prefecture. In May of the fourth year of Yongle (1406), Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty began to build Beijing. The construction projects in Beijing were mainly divided into the inner city, the imperial city and the Forbidden City. In the ninth year of Yongle (1411), Song Li, Minister of the Ministry of Industry, and others were ordered to build a conservatory to connect the river. In May of the 13th year of Yongle (1415), Pingjiang Bo Chen Xuan and others excavated Qingjiangpu near Huai'an, making the long-abandoned Grand Canal unblocked again. In the fourteenth year of Yongle (1416), Zhu Di ordered the formal construction of Beijing. In the eighteenth year of Yongle (1420), the Beijing Palace was completed. In September of this year, Zhu Di ordered that Beijing be the capital next year and the capital be officially moved to Beijing. In the first month of the 19th year of Yongle (1421), Zhu Di went to the Fengtian Palace in Beijing to pay homage to hundreds of officials, and held a grand ceremony in the southern suburbs. The move of the capital was basically completed.
(6) Expedition to the south and north: In July of the fourth year of Yongle (1406), Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty ordered Zhu Nengpei, the Duke of Chengguo, to conquer the Yi general Yin Chong as the chief military officer. Xiping Hou Mu Sheng was the left deputy general, and Xincheng Hou Zhang Fu was the right deputy general to supervise the south. levy.Entering Annan, the Ming army won a series of battles. The Hu family burned down the palace and sailed into the sea, which was later captured by the Ming army. Emperor Chengzu issued an edict to change Annan to Jiaozhi, and established the Jiaozhi Chief Envoys Department, the Inspection Envoys Department and the Capital Command Envoys Department, with jurisdiction over 15 prefectures, 36 prefectures, and 181 counties. The Chief Secretary was directly under the jurisdiction of five prefectures, divided into It has jurisdiction over twenty-nine counties, and guard posts are set up to control key areas.
In February of the seventh year of Yongle (1409), Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty sent an envoy to Tatar (dá dá), asking for "reconciliation. I rule China, and the Khan rules Shuomo, and we will always live in peace with each other." Unexpectedly, the envoy When he was killed, Zhu Di was furious and claimed that "those who rebel against fate will be annihilated." In July of that year, Zhu Di sent Qiu Fu, Duke of Qi, as the general to conquer the Tatars, leading an army of 100,000 troops to conquer the Tatars. However, Qiu Fuxian led more than a thousand men and horses to the Luqu River. He underestimated the enemy and made improper command. He died in battle together with Wuchenghou Wang Cong, Tong'an Hou Huozhen, Jing'an Hou Wang Zhong, and Anping Hou Li Yuan. The troops he led were also destroyed at the Luqu River. Zhu Di was furious and decided to fight in person.
In February of the eighth year of Yongle (1410), Ming Chengzu led an army of 500,000 troops deep into Mobei to personally conquer the Tatars. In May, Benya Shili's army was defeated by the Onan River. Benya Shili's army only managed to escape with seven horses. The Ming army defeated the Alutai army in the Xing'an Mountains. Arutai's tribe dispersed, Arutai fled far away with his family, and the Ming army won a complete victory. Later, Arutai surrendered and Chengzu named him King Hening. Prior to this, Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty had already named Mahamu, the leader of Wala, as King Shunning, Taiping as King Xianyi, and Tupolo as King Anle. However, Oara's power continued to grow, not only blocking the Ming Dynasty's passage to the northwest, but also attempting to control the Tatars.
In February of the twelfth year of Yongle (1414), Ming Chengzu once again went out to conquer Wǎ là in person. In June, during the Battle of Hulanhu Wenwen, Daliba Khan and the three kings Mahamu, Taiping, and Batusuolo led their cavalry to form three lines on a hilltop more than ten miles away from the Ming army. There were more than 30,000 soldiers. People, each with three or four horses. The Ming army sent troops to challenge Mahamu, and Mahamu sent Mongolian cavalry to rush down the hillside to fight. They were shot back by the Ming army's dense "magic guns" and had to gather on the top of the mountain. After that, the Ming army's east and west wing troops advanced, and both sides suffered casualties. In the evening, Zhu Di commanded hundreds of fine cavalry as the vanguard, and then fired volleys of fire and muskets. Tusuolo escaped and fled to the Tula River. After the Ming army defeated Oala, they announced good news to Arutai, who soon sent envoys to the court. The next year, Walamahamu and other envoys apologized to the Ming Dynasty and restored the tributary relationship with the Ming Dynasty.
In March of the 20th year of Yongle (1422), Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, personally conquered the Tatars. When his main force reached Jiming Mountain in the southeast of Xuanfu (now Xuanhua, Hebei), Arutai learned that the Ming army was attacking and fled Xing at night. and avoid fighting. In July, the Ming army arrived at Shahuyuan and captured the Tatar subordinates. When they learned that Arutai had escaped, they stopped pursuing them. On the way back to the army, Zhu Di led his army to defeat the Uuliangha tribe who had always supported Arutai, and captured and executed them. The crowd was so large that the remaining members of the Uuliangha tribe surrendered at the army gate.
In the autumn and July of the 21st year of Yongle (1423), Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty once again personally conquered Arutai. In September, the Ming army heard that Arutai was defeated by Wala and its tribes collapsed, so they did not send troops to fight. In October, the Tatar prince Xian Tugan also led the tribe to surrender. Zhu Di named him King Zhongyong and named him Jin Zhong. In November, the Ming army returned to the capital.
From the first month to the seventh month of the 22nd year of Yongle (1424), Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty made his last personal expedition against the Tatars. The leader of the Tatar tribe, Arutai, led his army to invade Datong, Kaiping (now northeast of Zhenglan Banner in Inner Mongolia) and other places in Ming Shanxi. Zhu Di then mobilized troops from the five capital divisions of Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, and Liaodong to stand by in the capital (now Beijing) and Xuanfu (now Xuanhua, Hebei). After learning that Arutai had fled to the Dalannamur River (the lower reaches of the Halaha River in present-day Mongolia), Zhu Di ordered the entire army to pursue them quickly. On June 17, the Ming army marched to the Dalannamur River and searched for a radius of 300 miles but found no sign of the Alutai tribe. Because they found little, the Ming army ran out of food, so Zhu Di had to order his troops to return to the court.
(7) Death of illness and return: On July 18, the 22nd year of Yongle (1424), Zhu Di died in Yumuchuan (today's northwest of Duolun, Inner Mongolia, the exact location is disputed) on his way back from the Northern Expedition. At this time, the Sixth Division was out and the capital had no owner. Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty agreed not to leak the news of the emperor's death. The minister Ma Yun discussed with the great scholars Yang Rong and Jin Youzi, and collected the tin utensils in the general's possession and melted them into a coffin to bury Zhu Di. He also put the basket on the chariot and served meals as usual every morning and evening. The army continued to march towards the capital, and at the same time sent people to report to the prince secretly.
Soon after Prince Zhu Gaochi (i.e. Renzong of the Ming Dynasty) came to the throne, Ming Dynasty Emperor Chengzu was buried in the Changling Tomb of Tianshou Mountain in Beijing. He was buried with Empress Xu. He was given the posthumous title of "Emperor of Qi Tian Hong Dao Gao Ming Guang Yun Sheng Wu Shen Gong Chunren Xiaowen", and his temple name was Taizong. During the Jiajing reign of Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty, the Ming court believed that his "reinvention was the same as creation" and changed the name to Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty. The posthumous title is Qitian Hongdao Gaoming Zhaoyun Shengwu Shenggong Chunren Zhixiao Wen Emperor, referred to as Emperor Wen.
Ming Renzong Zhu Gaochi (August 16, 1378 - May 29, 1425), the eldest son of Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, was the fourth emperor of the Ming Dynasty, with the reign name Hongxi (1425).
Zhu Gaochi was born in Fengyang Mansion in the eleventh year of Hongwu (1378). In the twenty-eighth year of Hongwu (1395), he was established as the Crown Prince of Yan. During the period of peace and tranquility, Zhu Di used his son Zhu Gaochi to guard Beiping Mansion. Zhu Gaochi was good at caring for his soldiers, and with only ten thousand people he resisted the siege of the Confederate army of half a million Li Jinglong, and the city relied on it. In the second year of Yongle (1404), he was established as the crown prince. Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, went on several expeditions to the north. Zhu Gaochi always supervised the country as the prince, and there was nothing wrong with the government. His younger brothers, Zhu Gaoxu and Zhu Gaosui, favored Zhu Di and colluded with the eunuchs to conspire to seize the heir. Later, because of the close relationship between his minister Hu Yíng, Chengzu changed his intention to replace the crown prince. He ascended the throne in August of the 22nd year of Yongle (1424). During his reign, he was open-minded in his administration, developed production, and rested with the people. He pardoned many of Emperor Jianwen's old ministers, redressed many injustices, and abolished many harsh regimes. In terms of military affairs, the army was renovated and the large-scale use of troops during the Yongle period was stopped. The people of the world got a rest and laid the foundation for the "Government of Renxuan".
In May of the first year of Hongxi (1425), Zhu Gaochi fell seriously ill and died soon after, at the age of 48. The temple name is Renzong, and the posthumous title is Emperor Jing Tian Ti Dao Chun Cheng Zhi De Hong Wen Qin Wu Zhang Sheng Da Xiao Zhao. He was buried in the Xian Mausoleum of the Ming Tombs and was passed down to his eldest son Zhu Zhanji.
Ming Xuanzong Zhu Zhanji (March 16, 1398 - January 31, 1435), named Changchun Zhenren, the grandson of Ming Chengzu Zhu Di, the eldest son of Ming Renzong Zhu Gaochi, the fifth emperor of the Ming Dynasty (May 29, 1425) Reigned from January 31, 1435), calligrapher and painter, with the reign title "Xuande".
Zhu Zhanji was born in Prince Yan's Mansion in Peking. He was smart when he was young and was loved by his grandfather Zhu Di. In the ninth year of Yongle (1411), he was registered as the emperor's grandson and followed Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, to conquer Mongolia many times. He ascended the throne in the first year of Hongxi (1425). In the first year of Xuande (1426), the rebellion of Han King Zhu Gaoxu was put down. In politics, attention was paid to rectifying the administration and finance, improving the status of the cabinet, appointing "San Yang", Jian Yi, Xia Yuanji, etc.; teaching eunuchs to study and participate in politics. Economically, implement measures to recuperate and ease social conflicts. In terms of foreign relations, the seventh voyage of Zheng He to the West was carried out; the use of troops in Jiaozhi was stopped; the fortress was set out in the third year of Xuande (1428), and the cities of Yongning and Longqing were built. A series of measures taken by Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty led to unprecedented social and economic development, and together with the reign of his father, Emperor Renzong of the Ming Dynasty, it was called the "Rule of Renxuan". At the same time, Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty was very accomplished in calligraphy and painting, and his calligraphy and ink books were extremely exquisite. "Drawing with ink and sketching, he competed with Xuanhe (Song Huizong) for victory." Calligraphy can be more powerful than mature. He specializes in painting, and is good at landscapes, figures, animals, flowers, birds, grass and insects. He has received seals such as "Guangyun Treasure", "Wuying Palace Treasure" and "Yongxi Master".
In the tenth year of Xuande (1435), Ming Xuanzong died at the age of thirty-eight. His temple name was Xuanzong, his posthumous name was Xiantian, Chongdao, Yingmingsheng, Qinwen, Zhaowu, Kuanren, Chunxiaozhang, and he was buried in Jingling. One volume of "Yuefu written by Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty" has been lost to this day, but two poems have been preserved. The throne was passed to the eldest son Zhu Qizhen.
Ming Yingzong Zhu Qizhen (November 29, 1427 - February 23, 1464), male, Han nationality, the sixth (1435-1449) and eighth (1457-1464) emperor of the Ming Dynasty, The eldest son of Zhu Zhanji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty, his mother was Empress Xiaogongzhang, Sun Shi.
Before Zhu Qizhen ascended the throne, there were rumors in the palace that the Empress Dowager Zhang planned to make Prince Xiang Zhu Zhanzhen the emperor. The Empress Dowager summoned the ministers, pointed at the Crown Prince Zhu Qizhen and said, this is the new king, and supported Zhu Qizhen to successfully ascend the throne. The new emperor was only nine years old, and he was in charge of the young country. The ministers asked the Empress Dowager Zhang to listen behind the curtain. The Empress Dowager refused. Even so, state affairs were still in the hands of the Empress Dowager Zhang.
The Zhang family has a respected status, but they do not reuse their own family members and do not even allow their relatives to interfere in state affairs. She also called Wang Zhen to scold her every few days, which effectively dealt a blow to Wang Zhen and made him afraid to do bad things when she was in power. At that time, Wang Zhen was not overly arrogant, which shows that Zhang's vision was far-sighted. She reused old ministers since Renxuan, among whom Yang Shiqi, Yang Rong, and Yang Pu were quite famous, known as the "Three Yangs" in history. During his tenure as an assistant minister in the cabinet, Sanyang stabilized border defenses, rectified official administration, and developed the economy, making the Ming Dynasty's national power flourish.
With the death of San Yang and the death of Empress Dowager Zhang, the eunuch Wang Zhen, who had always been favored by Emperor Zhu Qizhen, began to emerge and make waves. The politics of the Zhengtong Dynasty began to decline. At that time, the emperor grew from a young emperor to a passionate young man. He had great ambitions to stabilize the country and worked hard to govern in the early days of his reign.
Civil War Changes: Taizu of the Ming Dynasty campaigned north to expel the Tartars and established the Central Plains. Ming Dynasty Emperor Chengzu moved the capital to Beijing during the Northern Expedition, and the emperor guarded the country. Those who expel and defend are none other than Mongolia in Mobei. Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty fled back to Mobei, and the Northern Yuan Dynasty was divided into two parts: Oara and Tatar. The Oaras and Tatars competed with each other for supremacy. During the Zhengtong period, Wala gradually became stronger and from time to time went south to invade the territory of the Ming Dynasty. In particular, the powerful faction in Wala often defrauded various rewards from the Ming Dynasty in the name of paying tribute. Because the Ming Dynasty prides itself on being a heavenly dynasty, it will always reciprocate courtesy to envoys who pay tribute, regardless of the tribute, and the rewards will be quite generous and distributed on a per capita basis. Under this circumstance, the number of envoys was continuously increased, and finally it reached more than 3,000 people.
Wang Zhen, the eunuch who was in charge of the government at that time, was very dissatisfied with this and ordered the rewards to be reduced. He also used this as a pretext to send troops southward, approaching Datong and threatening Beijing. Emperor Zhu Qizhen was in his twenties at the time, and his grandmother and a group of senior ministers had already passed away. It was a good opportunity for him to show off his talents. He was quite annoyed to see the northern Tatars being so presumptuous. Wang Zhen used this to encourage the emperor and suggested that he lead the expedition himself. The ministers in the court dissuaded him, but the emperor refused to listen. Firstly, he was following the example of his father, Ming Xuanzong, who had personally conquered the Han Dynasty on the suggestion of Yang Rong. Secondly, he wanted to prove himself, not to mention that the Ming Dynasty was at its peak, and only barbarians were afraid of it. Can't he?
At that time, the main force of the imperial army was in other places, and it was difficult to assemble in a hurry. So the emperor temporarily assembled 200,000 people from the vicinity of the capital, known as the 500,000-strong army, and marched in person. In order to persuade his mother, the Empress Dowager Sun, he made the two-year-old prince Zhu Jianshen the crown prince, and asked his half-brother Zhu Qiyu, the king of Cheng, to supervise the country.
The army went out to fight, but who knew that God was not good with it and it rained continuously. When the army arrived near Datong, they found corpses strewn across the fields. In addition, the supply of food and grass at the rear was insufficient, and the morale of the army was shaken. Therefore, the emperor decided to withdraw his troops. In order to save the emperor's face, Wang Zhen returned angrily to the army not long after the expedition. It was too embarrassing, so he suggested a detour to Weizhou. At the same time, Wang Zhen's hometown is in Yuzhou. If the emperor returns to his hometown with him, wouldn't he have time to exhale and raise his eyebrows before returning home in fine clothes?
Yuzhou is very close to Datong, and the Wala army approaching Datong is no joke. The ministers objected, feeling that wasting time would easily lead to danger. Wang Zhen refused to listen, but the emperor felt sorry for Wang Zhen and gave him a chance to show his face. The army is preparing to set off and head to Yuzhou.
Unexpectedly, Wang Zhen had a whim and was worried that the army would trample his own crops, so he suggested withdrawing the army along the original route. When the army arrived near Huailai, the baggage failed to catch up. So Wang Zhen ordered to stay where he was and wait.
In the Tumu Fort just outside Huailai City, the Wala army caught up with the Ming army and trapped the emperor and others in the Tumu Fort. The water source was cut off, the army was in a desperate situation, and the morale of the army was turbulent. So, when Ye pretended to negotiate peace first, the Ming army was fooled. He also took advantage of the Ming army's unpreparedness to launch a general attack and annihilate it in one fell swoop. Emperor Zhu Qizhen was captured, Wang Zhen was killed by Fan Zhong, and British Duke Zhang Fu, Minister of War Kuang Ye (kuàng yě) and other ministers died in the battle. Historically, it was called the "Tumu Fort Change", or the Tumu Change. It was the fourteenth year of Zhengtong (1449).
captured the emperor, and Grand Master Wala was worried and happy at first. He was happy that even the Ming Dynasty emperor had been captured, but he was worried that he didn't know whether to kill or keep him. It was his younger brother Boyan Timur who suggested that he felt that the emperor of the Ming Dynasty was a valuable person, so it was better to keep him so that he could ask for property from the Ming Dynasty. Ye first thought this proposal was good, so he spared the emperor's life.
also wanted to use the emperor's name to cheat, but unfortunately the Ming Dynasty did not agree. The ministers headed by Yu Qian advised Queen Mother Sun that the country cannot be without a king for a day, let alone in this critical time. As a result, Zhu Qiyu, the king of Yi, was proclaimed emperor, and the captured Zhu Qizhen was honored as the supreme emperor. At the same time, he ordered the border generals not to have private contact with Wala. Even if Wala used the name of the emperor, they did not need to pay attention to him.
also became angry and launched an attack on Beijing. But he was defeated by Yu Qian and other Ming Dynasty civil and military officials. In the battle to defend Beijing, the Ming army repulsed Oara. In desperation, Wala retreated into the desert.
The following year, Zhu Qiyu changed Yuan Jingtai. In August of that year, it was nearly a year since the Supreme Emperor Zhu Qizhen was captured. Wala could not benefit from him and was defeated by the Ming army many times, so he sent people south to sue for peace and said he was willing to let Zhu Qizhen go back. He was willing to let him go, but Emperor Jingtai was not happy. Emperor Jingtai sent Yang Shan and others to investigate. Unexpectedly, Yang Shan took the opportunity to welcome the emperor and brought him back. So, after being detained in Saibei for a year, Zhu Qizhen embarked on the road back to his hometown. On the second day of August, he set out from Yexian's station and arrived at Juyongguan on the 14th. On the 15th, two people riding in a sedan quietly entered Andingmen. The emperor, who had been hunting in the north for a year, finally returned.
Regarding the meeting between brothers Zhu Qizhen and Zhu Qiyu, there are different opinions in history. "The Chronicles of the Ming Dynasty" exaggerates that the two exchanged greetings and showed humility to each other. "Records of the Ming Dynasty" only has one sentence: "The emperor greeted him at Dong'anmen, drove into the Nangong Palace, and all civil and military officials paid homage."
Whether it was a greeting or a cold look, the fact is that the emperor who returned to Beijing in the first year of Jingtai was locked up from then on. In Nangong, seven whole years.
In the past seven years, Emperor Jingtai not only locked the gate of Nangong and filled it with lead, but also sent Jinyi guards to closely guard it. Even food could only be passed in through a small hole. Sometimes, there was not enough food and clothing, so the Emperor's first wife, Queen Qian, had to make some female celebrities herself and ask someone to take them out and sell them to support the family. In order to prevent anyone from contacting the Emperor who was under house arrest, Emperor Jingtai even cut down all the trees near Nangong so that no one could hide. In this way, the Supreme Emperor spent seven years of house arrest in panic.
The change of seizing the door: During Zhu Qiyu's reign, he reused minister Yu Qian and others to manage the state affairs in an orderly manner. However, in order to make his own lineage the king for generations, he not only placed Zhu Qizhen under house arrest, but even insisted on deposing the crown prince Zhu Jianshen in the third year of Jingtai and replacing him with his own son Zhu Jianji. Various actions have been criticized by future generations. As a result, Zhu Jianji died young and the position of crown prince was vacant. In the eighth year of Jingtai, Emperor Jingtai suddenly fell seriously ill and was bedridden. For a moment, people were panicked. I don’t know who will take over this huge empire.
At that time, Wuqing Marquis Shi Heng, Governor Zhang Fu, Taichang Qing Xu Bin, Zuo Deputy Censor Xu Youzhen, and former eunuch Cao Jixiang of Wang Zhenmen began to conspire to support the Supreme Emperor. In the early morning of the 17th day of the first lunar month, Shi Heng and Xu Youzhen led thousands of troops and took control of Chang'an Gate and Donghua Gate. The group of people knocked open the gate of Nangong, knelt down in front of the Supreme Emperor Zhu Qizhen, and shouted in unison: "Your Majesty, please ascend the throne." Zhu Qizhen was helped to ascend the throne, and the group immediately rushed to Fengtian Hall. His Highness's guards shouted to stop, and he shouted: "I am the Supreme Emperor." The guards had no choice but to retreat.
In the early morning of the 17th, as usual, all officials waited in the court room outside the Meridian Gate before the fifth watch. Suddenly the bells and drums in the palace rang, the palace doors opened wide, and Xu Youzhen loudly announced that the Supreme Emperor had been restored. The stunned ministers and officials had no choice at this time. Under the urging of Xu Youzhen and others, the whole team joined the officials to congratulate them. Eight years later, Zhu Qizhen finally sat on the throne of Fengtian Palace again and became the Ming Emperor again.
Shi Heng and others broke open the gate of Nangong and welcomed Zhu Qizhen's restoration. This was known in history as the "Change of Seizing the Gate", also known as the Restoration of Nangong.
On the seventeenth day of the first month of the eighth year of Jingtai, Zhu Qi Town was reset, and on the twenty-first day of the first month it was changed to Tianshun.
On the day of his restoration, he issued an order to arrest Yu Qian, the Minister of the Ministry of War, and Wang Wen, the Minister of the Ministry of Personnel. Xiao Weizhen, the imperial censor of the capital, suggested that the two men be executed for treason. The emperor hesitated and said that Yu Qian had contributed a lot to resisting Oala. Xu Youzhen said, if you don't kill Yu Qian, you will be reinstated as unknown. The emperor finally agreed. On the 22nd, Qian and Wang Wen were executed for treason and their families were expropriated. Subsequently, all the civil and military officials recommended by Yu Qian were affected.
In a hurry, the emperor had no time to depose Emperor Jingtai. It was not until the end of the first day of February that he thought of deposing Emperor Jingtai as King Yin. Therefore, in just a few days, there were two legitimate emperors in the same court, which can not but be said to be a miracle.
At the end of February, the emperor deposed Zhu Qiyu as King Xi and placed him under house arrest in Xiyuan. Guichou, King Xan passed away at the age of thirty.
On the sixteenth day of the first month of the eighth year of Tianshun (February 23, 1464), Emperor Yingzong died at the age of thirty-seven. He was buried in Yuling, with the temple name Yingzong, and his posthumous title: Fa Tianli, Daoren Mingchengjing, Zhaowen Xianwu, Zhide Guangxiao Emperor Rui.
Zhu Qizhen, Yingzong of Ming Dynasty, reigned twice. Thirty-seven years of life, seven years as prince, fourteen years as emperor, eight years under house arrest, and the last eight years as emperor. The young man does not know the feeling of sorrow, his passion for the northern expedition is coupled with the hesitation of falling from the throne and the fear of no freedom. In the end, he regains what he lost and works diligently. Such a life is not uncomplicated. The imperial edict of Emperor Yingzong abolished the system of burying palace concubines as a sacrifice since the Ming Dynasty. To a certain extent, it may be a flash of inspiration for him after going through many hardships.
Ming Jingdi Zhu Qiyu (September 11, 1428 - March 14, 1457), the seventh emperor of the Ming Dynasty, reigned from September 1449 to the first month of 1457. He reigned for 7 years. His reign name was Jingtai (1450). —1457). Zhu Qiyu was the second son of Zhu Zhanji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty, and the half-brother of Zhu Qizhen, Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty. His mother was Concubine Wu Xian.
Zhu Qiyu was born in the third year of Xuande (1428), only 1 year younger than his eldest brother Zhu Qizhen. After Ming Yingzong ascended the throne, he was named King Yin. In the 14th year of Zhengtong (1449), the Tumubao Incident occurred. Zhu Qizhen, the Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty, was defeated and captured by Wala. In order to avoid the suspicion of being the master of the young country, Yu Qian, Wang Zhi and other ministers reported to the Empress Dowager of the Ming Dynasty and supported Zhu Qiyu, the king of Yin, as the emperor. During his reign, he knew people well, worked hard to govern, and used Qian and others more effectively. He won the victory in the defense of Beijing, repelled the invasion of Oara, rectified and reformed politics, economy, military and other aspects, and promoted the Ming Dynasty's politics from chaos to governance. , gradually opened up Zhongxing, and can be described as a wise master. After Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty returned to China, he was imprisoned in Nangong, and later made his son Zhu Jianji the crown prince. In the first month of the eighth year of Jingtai (1457), the rebellion broke out, and Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty was restored. He was placed under house arrest in Xiyuan and changed to Tianshun in the Yuan Dynasty.
The Battle of Beijing , also known as the Battle of Defense of the Capital, the Battle of the Ming Dynasty, the Battle of Beijing, and the Battle of the Ming Dynasty to Defend the Capital, refers to the war in 1449 when the leader of Oara also attacked Beijing, the capital of the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty started under the leadership of Yu Qian, the Minister of War. A battle to defend the capital.
On August 16, the 14th year of Zhengtong (1449), the leader of Wala also kidnapped the captured Ming Yingzong and left Xinbaoan (near today's Hebei), Xuanhua and Datong in Shanxi to rest. In September, under the instigation of the eunuch Xi Ning who was captured together with Ming Yingzong, he wanted to take advantage of the situation and invade Beijing in the name of returning Ming Yingzong.
After the news of the Tumu Fort incident reached the capital, the whole court was shaken and people in the city were panicked. On August 18, the Empress Dowager ordered the emperor's half-brother, Prince Zhu Qiyu, to supervise the country and convene the courtiers to discuss the war plan.Some ministers headed by Xu Youzhen advocated returning the capital to Nanjing; while Yu Qian, the Minister of War, who advocated resistance, used the story of the Song Dynasty's southward migration as an argument against moving the capital. He also informed the Empress Dowager of the benefits and disadvantages of moving the capital and obtained her support. Wang Zhi, the Minister of Civil Affairs, Chen Xun, the cabinet scholar, and others all agreed with Yu Qian, and the court decided to stick to Beijing.
On August 23, Yu Qian and others took a series of measures in response to the critical situation at that time. First, they eliminated the eunuchs and calmed the public's anger. The Ming court ordered Wang Zhen, the culprit of the Tumubao Incident, to confiscate his family and exterminate his clan, which dampened the arrogance of the eunuchs and initially stabilized the internal affairs. Secondly, on August 29, the civil and military officials asked the Empress Dowager to appoint King Tan as the emperor instead. , known as Ming Dynasty Zong or Jingdi in history. Yao respected the captured Ming Yingzong as the Supreme Emperor. At that time, Ming Yingzong was also used as a political tool to conquer cities and territories. Yu Qian put forward the slogan "the country is more important than the king". Supporting Zhu Qiyu to ascend the throne was for the Ming Dynasty. In this way, even Ye Xian's conspiracy could not succeed. Third, recommend talents, deploy troops and generals, and make proper arrangements. Shi Heng, the former deputy general of Datong, was defeated in the "Battle of Tumu Fort" and escaped alone. He was demoted and imprisoned. Yu Qian believes that there is no victorious general in the world, and the main responsibility for the defeat does not lie with him. So he was released and appointed as the chief military officer of the capital to unified command of the infantry troops of the capital. In the subsequent battle to defend Beijing, Shi Heng commanded well, fought bravely, and achieved remarkable results. "In terms of merit, if there are many prosperous people, they will be the marquis of Jin." At the same time, famous generals were appointed to command the firearms troops and cavalry troops in the capital and to guard important passes such as Datong, Xuanfu, Juyongguan, and Zijingguan. They also severely punished a group of generals who were afraid of death and neglected their duties. In addition, Yu Qian also reformed the military system and changed the traditional "three major battalions" into 10 regiments and battalions to make it more suitable for the needs of defensive operations. After more than a month of military preparations, the Ming army was well-supplied, morale-boosted, and ready for battle.
According to the system of the Ming Dynasty, the Minister of War could not directly command the army. For this reason, Emperor Ming Dynasty issued a special order to grant Yu Qian the important task of "supervising the troops and horses of each battalion", and ordered all battalion generals in Beijing to accept his control. If any generals disobey military orders, Yu Qian has the right to kill them first and report them later. As a result, Yu Qian took on the important task of commanding the defense of Beijing with full authority, and his status was second only to the emperor. It also facilitates the unified deployment and joint fight against the invasion. Yu Qian was promoted to Minister of the Ministry of War and actively prepared for war; Yu Qian paid attention to promoting a group of talented generals. At the same time, troops were mobilized from all over the country and worked day and night to build weapons and equip the army. around Beijing. Arrange troops and strictly control the nine gates. Pay attention to training the army day and night to quickly improve combat effectiveness. Subsequently, troops from King Qin from Beijing, Henan, Shandong and other places also arrived one after another. Yu Qian strictly enforced military discipline, selected new generals to train his troops, and guarded nine cities. He also ordered the border defense troops to step up repairs of the large and small passes along the border.
In this way, a battle deployment based on the city as a camp, war as a defense, reinforcements were dispatched, and internal and external attacks were gradually formed, preparing for a decisive battle with the Olay Army under the walls of Beijing.
Yu Qian believed that the failure in the Battle of Tumu Fort was a taboo among many military strategists, among which failure to provide good logistical support was an important reason. The 200,000 Ming army had been tossed about in the wind and rain for a long time. The army was unprepared with food, weapons and weapons, and transportation was not timely. Even the only source of drinking water was cut off. It was impossible to win the battle when the men were hungry and the horses were thirsty. Therefore, after Yu Qian took office, he first implemented a correct logistics strategy and made logistics preparations in terms of manpower, material resources, financial resources and other aspects.
In terms of manpower preparation, we focused on reorganizing and enriching the Beijing army. After the main force of the Beijing army was destroyed in the Battle of Tumu Fort, only some of the defending troops remained in the capital. In order to prepare for the battle, Yu Qian reorganized the Beijing army. He quickly mobilized the preparation troops from Beijing and Henan, the Japanese preparation troops along the coast, the officials and troops transporting grain from various prefectures in Jiangbei and Beijing, and Zhejiang troops to Beijing, quickly increasing the number of troops in the capital from tens of thousands to more than 220,000. , forming a numerical advantage over the Oara army. Fifteen important officials, including the censor Bai Gui, were sent to Gyeonggi, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan and other places to recruit soldiers and conduct emergency training to prepare for replenishment.
Yu Qian also tried his best to raise weapons and equipment. At that time, only 1/10 of the soldiers in the capital army had armor, and there was a serious shortage of weapons.To this end, on the one hand, he ordered the Ministry of Industry to speed up production, and on the other hand, he transferred 2/3 of Nanjing's inventory of weapons, a total of 1.26 million pieces, to Beijing to supplement the city's defense forces. They also sent personnel to Tumubao to collect more than 9,000 helmets and 5,000 pieces of armor discarded when the Ming army was defeated; more than 11,000 magic guns (muskets), more than 20,000 magic guns (fire guns), and 44 magic arrows (rockets). Ten thousand pieces and more than 800 artillery pieces. And replaced the Ming army's battle uniforms, military flags, etc.
In terms of grain storage and transportation, at that time, millions of stones of grain were stored in Tongzhou in the eastern suburbs of Beijing, which could feed the soldiers and civilians of the capital for a year. Since it cannot be transported to Beijing in the short term, some people are worried about being used by Wala and advocate burning the grain. Yu Qian disagrees. He believed that these grains were valuable wealth and an important material basis for the defense of the capital. If there is no food, the army will collapse without a fight. Therefore, he took all measures to transport grain. In addition to the 500 carts requisitioned by the government to transport grain day and night, the people, family members, relatives and friends of officers and soldiers were also mobilized to bring their own vehicles to Tongzhou to transport grain. He also proposed that those who transported more than 20 shi of grain to Beijing would be given one tael of silver in addition to the freight as an incentive. There are brave men under heavy rewards. Under Yu Qian's supervision, the grain transportation team continued to flow, going back and forth day and night. Within a few days, millions of stones of grain from Tongzhou were transported to the capital and stored in storage, thus boosting military morale and stabilizing the people's morale. On this basis, Yu Qian also ordered that all officers and soldiers receive half a year's salary in advance, and everyone cheered.
In terms of mobilizing the masses to support the frontline, Yu Qian mobilized the entire city's military and civilians to prepare for war and famine. The carpenters, bricklayers, stonemasons, etc. in the city were unified into engineering teams for training. A large amount of masonry, wood, lime, tools, etc. were collected for emergency use in war. Organized efforts to strengthen the 45-mile city wall around Beijing, and built nine additional gates in the capital: Chongwen, Zhengyang, Xuanwu, Dongzhi, Chaoyang, Xizhi, Fucheng, Desheng, and Anding, especially Deshengmen and Andingmen in the north of the city. For Xizhimen and Fuchengmen in the west of the city, the inner side of the city was changed from earth to brick, and the moat was dredged to strengthen the city defense. At the same time, the Ministry of Industry was ordered to organize personnel to set up gates at the battlements of the city wall, and to tie sand railings on the east, west, and south walls of the city. A total of more than 11,000 door leaves were set up, and the sand railings were more than 5,100 feet long, further enhancing the strength of the Beijing city. Defense performance. In order to further mobilize the masses, Yu Qian also sent a message to the people in the prefectures and counties around the capital and in Shanxi, Hebei and other places to take up arms and attack the Oara army according to the situation and cut off their retreat.
On the first day of October in the fourteenth year of Zhengtong (1449), the Oara army took the captured Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty and marched southward. Passing through Xuanfu and attacking Juyongguan, they attracted the Ming army from the front of the capital. He also personally led the main force of 30,000 people to attack Zijingguan via Datong and detour around the capital.
On October 9th, with the help of the surrendered Ming eunuch Xi Ning, they also captured Zijingguan, took Yingzong hostage, passed through Yizhou, Liangxiang, and Marco Polo Bridge, and arrived in the suburbs of Beijing on October 11th. Facing a strong enemy, Shi Heng proposed to withdraw his troops into the city, confine 9 gates, and rely on the city to defend. Yu Qian believes that Wala is powerful and if he shows weakness, the enemy will become even more aggressive. He advocated adopting the strategy of a decisive battle behind the city, arranging 220,000 troops outside the nine gates of the capital, and ambush heavy troops at Desheng Gate, forming a city-based camp, fighting for defense, and dispatching reinforcements from both inside and outside. They prepared for a pincer attack and prepared for a decisive battle with the Ora Army under the walls of Beijing.
On October 11, the Oara army approached Beijing. He also first deployed his army to the west of Xizhimen. Yu Qian sent troops to attack the Wala army at Changyi Gate, defeated the vanguard of Ye Xian's troops, and recaptured more than a thousand prisoners. At the same time, Yu Qian sent troops to attack at night to tire out the enemy.
On October 12, after the main force was arrayed outside Xizhimen, Emperor Yingzong was taken hostage to Tucheng outside Deshengmen. He asked the imperial court to send Yu Qian, Shi Heng and other senior generals to personally greet him, and demanded money and silk. There are countless attempts to capture the Ming army general and force the Ming Dynasty to surrender the city. Yu Qian saw through the enemy's conspiracy. On the one hand, he sent officials to meet with Yingzong. On the other hand, he put forward the idea of "the country is more important than the emperor", unified the thoughts of the officers and soldiers, and prepared for the enemy, and smashed Yexian's deception conspiracy.In terms of troop deployment, Yu Qian assessed the situation and used troops flexibly; in the main direction of the battle, he concealed the main force and waited to annihilate the enemy; in the secondary direction, he avoided the enemy's main force, adopted the strategy of small groups to harass and attack everywhere, to confuse the enemy and create confusion. The military created an illusion. That night, two Ming armies took the initiative to attack and killed hundreds of Wala troops. They returned victorious and greatly boosted their military prestige.
On October 13th, the Oara army took advantage of the strong wind and rain and concentrated all its strength to attack Deshengmen. Yu Qian ordered General Shi Heng to ambush his troops in private houses outside the city, and then sent a small number of cavalry to pretend to be defeated to lure the enemy. As expected, Ye Xian fell into the trap and personally led ten thousand people to pursue him. After Ye Xianjun entered the ambush circle, Yu Qian gave the order and the Ming army began to counterattack. I saw Shenji Camp's firearms firing in unison, and rockets and crossbows shooting at the enemy like locusts. The Ming army attacked from both sides, but the troops were defeated first and returned. Ye Xian's younger brother Bo Luo, Ping Zhang Mao Na Hai and other generals were shot to death, and the Oara army suffered a great blow. He first discovered that the main force of the Ming army was at Deshengmen, so he concentrated his forces to attack Xizhimen. Governor Sun Bor led his army to fight and defeated Ye Xian's vanguard. Because he continued to increase his troops to besiege Sun Bor, Sun Bor was unable to fight and retreated to the city. At this time, the man guarding the city gave Zhong Chengxin a strict order not to open the city. At the same time, the defenders on the city were ordered to fire cannons and rockets to bombard the Oara Army. The Ming army also sent reinforcements from Zhangyimen and Deshengmen, and finally repelled the Oara Army's attack.
On October 14, the Oara army attacked Zhangyimen again. Yu Qian ordered the defenders to block the streets outside the city, ambush sharpshooters and short-range gunners in important areas, and sent troops to fight outside Zhangyi Gate. The front team of the Ming army bombarded the enemy with firearms, and the rear team followed up with bows and crossbows, repelling the Oara army's attack. At this time, the eunuch sent by Emperor Jing to supervise the army led hundreds of cavalry to attack the enemy's formation to seize the glory, causing the Ming army's formation to fall into chaos. The Oara army took advantage of the situation to counterattack and chased them outside Deshengmen. At this critical moment, local residents climbed onto the roofs of their houses and used bricks and stones to fight against the Oara army. The reinforcements sent by Yu Qian also arrived in time and repelled the Oara army's counterattack.
During the Battle of Beijing, the Shenji Battalion, the third largest battalion in the capital, played an important role. In October 1449 AD, there were thousands of soldiers from the Shenji Battalion hidden in the residences outside Deshengmen in Beijing. They were quietly waiting for the arrival of the enemy. When thousands of Wala cavalry arrived in front of the residence, the generals of the Wala army did not think much about it. Launched the attack, they felt that this short distance could be solved with just one charge. When they entered the encirclement, as the Ming army general gave an order, thousands of firearms emitted angry flames, and rockets shot like locusts. After entering the enemy's army, the Ora army was immediately overwhelmed. Round after round of firearm strikes caused the Ora cavalry to suffer heavy losses, leaving thousands of corpses behind and left in anger.
also encountered resistance and constant attacks from the military and civilians everywhere during its attack on Beijing. People in various places organized themselves to fight against the plunder of the Oara army. The guards in the important northern border town also held the determination to live or die with the city and vowed to defend the country to the death. Ye first attacked various gates in Beijing and failed repeatedly. The Central Route Army's attack at Juyongguan was also frustrated, and he learned that reinforcements from various Ming Dynasty were about to arrive. For fear of being cut off, he led a group of troops on the night of the 15th, hijacked Yingzong Zhu Qi Town, Youliang Township (now northeast of Fangshan, Beijing) and retreated to Zijingguan.
Yu Qian discovered that the Yesian army was retreating, and immediately ordered Shi Heng and others to concentrate artillery bombardment on the Yesian military camp, killing more than 10,000 Oara soldiers. On the way back, the Oara army burned, killed, and looted, plundering a lot of supplies and people. The Ming army pursued in different directions; Shi Heng defeated the Oara army in Qingfengdian (now west of Yixian County, Hebei Province); Fan Guang defeated the Oara army in Gu'an. He also fled all the way. On October 17, he withdrew from Zijin Pass and soon retreated outside the pass. The Tuotuo Buhua army on the east road retreated immediately after hearing that the middle and west roads had been defeated. At this point, the Ming army had won the victory in defending Beijing.
also led the army to retreat outside the fortress and went south several times, but failed because of the tight defense of the Ming army. In view of the political inducement to land the ground, the military offensive failed again. In the long war, a large amount of manpower and material resources were lost, and the opportunity to do business with the Ming Dynasty was lost. In desperation, in August of the first year of Jingtai (1450), he unconditionally released Ming Yingzong and restored the vassal relationship with the Ming Dynasty.Later, in the internal struggle between the Mongolian kings, Yexian's power plummeted.
In the eighth year of Jingtai (1457), Emperor Zhu Qiyu of the Ming Dynasty was seriously ill. On Renwu in the first month, Shi Heng, Cao Jixiang, and Xu Youzhen welcomed the Supreme Emperor and restored him to the throne. After announcing the order to the courtiers, they immediately arrested Yu Qian and the scholar Wang Wen and imprisoned them. He framed Yu Qian and others for making unethical remarks with Huang Hong, and planned with eunuchs Wang Cheng, Shu Liang, Zhang Yong, Wang Qin and others to welcome the son of King Celi Xiang. Shi Heng and others decided on this statement and instigated the Taoist officials to report it. Xiao Weizhen, the censor of the capital, tried and convicted him of treason and sentenced him to death. Wang Wen couldn't stand this kind of slander and was eager to argue. Yu Qian smiled and said, "This is just Shi Heng's intention. What's the use of arguing?" After the memorial was submitted, Yingzong still hesitated and said, "Yu Qian has merit. (Humility has merit). "Xu Youzhen said: "If you don't kill Yu Qian, the restoration will become unknown." Ming Yingzong made up his mind. On the 23rd of the first lunar month, Yu Qian was escorted outside Chongwen Gate. In front of the city he had defended with all his life, he received his final outcome - beheading. Historical records: The world is wronged!
In February of the first year of Tianshun (1457), Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty deposed him as King Xi. Soon after, Zhu Qiyu died mysteriously at the age of 30. Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty gave him the posthumous title "Li" and he was buried in the Xishan Mountain of Beijing, namely Jingtai Mausoleum, as a prince. After his nephew Xianzong of the Ming Dynasty came to the throne, he restored Zhu Qiyu to the throne and was posthumously named "Emperor Gongren Kangdingjing". He was also known as Emperor Jing and Emperor Jingtai in history.
Ming Wuzong Zhu Houzhao (October 27, 1491 - April 20, 1521), male, Han nationality, the tenth emperor of the Ming Dynasty, reigned from 1505 to 1521, the eldest son of Ming Xiaozong Zhu Youtang and Queen Zhang . The reign name is Zhengde.
Zhu Houzhao was smart and fond of riding and shooting since he was a child. Not long after he took the throne, he trusted eight eunuchs, including Ma Yongcheng, Qiu Ju, Gu Dayong, and Zhang Yong, headed by Liu Jin, who were called the "Eight Parties" at the time. It was reported that Liu Jin was paid with the World Chapter, and Liu Jin increasingly induced Wu Zong to play for entertainment. A separate palace was built at Xihua Gate, and secret rooms were built on both sides. They were called "Leopard Room" and "New House", and they were played in there every day. The emperor's extravagant playfulness and the eunuchs' wanton behavior caused the already crisis-ridden social economy to continue to deteriorate, class conflicts continued to intensify, and peasant uprisings continued one after another. After Liu Jin was executed, Emperor Wu Zong increasingly favored Jiang Bin. Under Jiang Bin's guidance, Wu Zong went on patrols many times. From August of the twelfth year of Zhengde to February of the fourteenth year of Zhengde, Emperor Wu went on four patrols in a row, regardless of the opposition of his ministers. During his reign, due to the neglect of government affairs, the royal clan Anhua King Zhu Zhixiu and Ning King Zhu Chenhao successively raised armies to seize the throne.
In March of the 16th year of Zhengde (1521), Zhu Houzhao, Emperor Wuzong of the Ming Dynasty, passed away in Baofang at the age of 31. After reigning for 16 years, his temple name was Wuzong and his posthumous name was "Chengtian Da Daoying Su Ruizhe Zhaode Xiande". Hongwensi Xiaoyi Emperor" was buried in Kangling.
Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty Zhu Houxuan (September 16, 1507 - 1566), the fourth son of Emperor Xianzong of the Ming Dynasty Zhu Jianshen, the second son of King Xingxian Zhu Youqi, the nephew of Emperor Xiaozong of the Ming Dynasty Zhu Youtang, and the cousin of Emperor Wuzong of the Ming Dynasty Zhu Houzhao. The eleventh emperor of the Ming Dynasty (reigned from May 27, 1521 to 1566), with the reign name "Jiajing".
In the second year of Zhengde (1507), he was born in Prince Xing's Mansion, Anlu, Hubei. In the sixteenth year of Zhengde (1521), Wu Zong died without heirs. His biological mother, the Empress Dowager Zhang, and the chief minister of the cabinet, Yang Tinghe, decided to give birth to a close relative. Zhu Houcong, the cousin of the royal family and Emperor Wuzong, succeeded to the throne. At the beginning of Zhu Houcong's accession to the throne, he gradually took over the imperial power through great ritual discussions. In the early days of his reign, he was wise and strict, strict in controlling officials, lenient in governing the people, rectifying the government's policies, and reducing taxes and servitude, which is known as the "Jiajing New Deal" in history. In the later period, he believed in Taoism and favored Yan Song and others, which led to corruption in the government. In the "Renyin Palace Rebellion" in the 21st year of Jiajing (1542), he almost died at the hands of a palace maid. After that, he ignored the government affairs for a long time, superstitious the alchemists, wasted people's power, and finally provoked a popular uprising. At the same time, Mongolian Ada Khan invaded the border areas for many years, and even invaded Beijing in the 29th year of Jiajing (1550), which was known as the "Gengxu Incident" in history; Japanese pirates also invaded the southeastern coast. "Southern Japanese and northern captives" have always troubled the Jiajing Dynasty and caused a great negative impact.
In the middle and late Jiajing period, Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty doted on the treacherous minister Yan Song, which had a great negative impact.In the 21st year of Jiajing's reign (1542), Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty promoted Yan Song, who was over 60 years old, to the cabinet, and added him as a young master, the crown prince's grand master, and a bachelor of Jinshen Palace. Later, he was changed to a junior master and a bachelor of Huagaidian Palace. In the twenty-seventh year of Jiajing (1548), Yan Song falsely accused Xia Yan, and Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty allowed him to serve as the chief minister of the cabinet again. Therefore, Yan Song specialized in national affairs for nearly fifteen years. Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty advocated Taoism, fasting, and the pursuit of longevity. In order to please Yan Song, he still went all out to do it, no matter how much manpower, financial and material resources he spent, he did not hesitate. Among them, only construction, Zhai Palace and secret halls were built from time to time, there were twenty or thirty workshops, tens of thousands of craftsmen were employed, the army called them, and the annual fee was two to three hundred. When the funds were insufficient, the subjects were asked to offer help; if they continued to offer help, they would continue to accept it, wasting the people and hurting money, and regarded Wuzong as having done something wrong. At that time, the annual income of Taicang in the Ming Dynasty was only two million taels, but the annual expenses for the construction of Zhai Palace and other secret halls were as high as two to three million. This is an astonishing figure. Yan Song cannot absolve himself of the blame for this.
In the thirty-first year of Jiajing (1552), Yan Song successively eliminated his political enemies Xia Yan and Qiu Luan, and for a while he had no rival in the court. However, he was well aware of Shizong's suspicion of ministers. In order to maintain his power, he fought against all the ministers. The bureaucrats who impeached him were brutally attacked, and those who were punished were killed. In the 32nd year of Jiajing (1553), without establishing a crown prince, Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty arranged the marriage of Yu Wang Zhu Zaijing (later Mu Zong) and Jing Wang Zhu Zaizhen, and ordered weddings to be held in various prefectures.
In the 40th year of Jiajing (1561), a fire broke out in Yongshou Palace where Ming Shizong lived. Ming Shizong temporarily lived in Yuxi Palace, but the place was too small, so Ming Shizong wanted to build a new palace. He asked Yan Song for his opinion, and Yan Song asked him to live in Nangong. Because Nangong was the place where Ming Yingzong lived when he was the Supreme Emperor, Ming Shizong was very unhappy. Then he asked Xu Jie, who asked to rebuild the Yongshou Palace. Later, he presided over the construction of Wanshou Palace, and Ming Shizong moved in. As a result, Xu Jie was granted the title of Young Master and received a ministerial salary, while Yan Song was gradually ignored by the emperor. In the 41st year of Jiajing (1562), Zou Yinglong reported Yan Song and his son. Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty ordered the arrest of Yan Shifan and ordered Yan Song to retire. Xu Jie replaced Yan Song as the chief assistant. In the forty-fourth year of Jiajing (1565), Yan Shifan was killed.
In December of the forty-fifth year of Jiajing (January 1567), Zhu Houcong passed away in the Qianqing Palace. He reigned for forty-five years at the age of sixty. The temple name is Shizong, and the posthumous title is Emperor Qintianludaoyingyishenxuanwenguangwuhongrendaxiaosu. Buried in the Yongling Tombs of the Thirteen Tombs in Beijing.
Ming Shenzong Zhu Yijun (September 4, 1563 - August 18, 1620), the 13th emperor of the Ming Dynasty, the third son of Ming Mu Zong Zhu Zaijing (jì), his biological mother was Xiaoding Empress Dowager Li. On March 11, the second year of Longqing (1568), he was established as the crown prince. In the sixth year of Longqing (1572), Emperor Muzong of the Ming Dynasty passed away, and ten-year-old Zhu Yijun came to the throne with the reign name Wanli. He reigned for 48 years and was the longest reigning emperor in the Ming Dynasty.
In the first ten years of Ming Shenzong's reign, Zhang Juzheng, the chief minister of the cabinet, presided over government affairs. Zhang Juzheng implemented a series of reform measures, which led to great social and economic development and created the "Wanli ZTE" situation. From the 20th to the 28th year of Wanli (1592-1600), he presided over the three major expeditions of Wanli, which consolidated the territory of the Ming Dynasty, but also consumed a lot of money. In the later period of Ming Shenzong's reign, he did not go to court for 28 years, but the dynasty could still run as usual. In the twenty-fourth year of Wanli (1596), eunuchs were sent to serve as mine tax inspectors and went to various places to plunder people's wealth, which repeatedly aroused citizen resistance. In his later years, the establishment of an heir led to party strife, which caused serious troubles. At this time, the Jianzhou Jurchens in the Northeast began to rise. In the forty-seventh year of Wanli (1619), Shenzong mobilized elite troops to Liaodong in an attempt to eliminate Nurhaci in one fell swoop. However, they were defeated in the Battle of Sarhu, and the Ming army turned to the defensive from then on. .
On July 21, the forty-eighth year of Wanli (1620), Ming Shenzong passed away at the age of fifty-eight. His temple name was Shenzong, his posthumous name was Fan Tianhe, Daozhe Sudun Jianguang Wenwu An Renzhi Xiaoxian Emperor, and he was buried in the Ming Tombs. Dingling. After his death, his eldest son Zhu Changluo succeeded him. Only twenty-four years after the death of Ming Shenzong, the Ming Dynasty fell.
Zhu Youjian (February 6, 1611 - April 25, 1644) was the sixteenth emperor of the Ming Dynasty (reigned from October 2, 1627 - April 25, 1644). He was also the leader of the Ming Dynasty. The last emperor of the unified regime, the fifth son of Mingguang Zong Zhu Changluo, the half-brother of Mingxi Zong Zhu Youxiao, his mother was Empress Xiaochun Liu.
He was born in Ciqing Palace in the thirty-ninth year of Wanli (1611). In the second year of Tianqi (1622), he was named King Xin. In the seventh year of Apocalypse (1627), he became emperor and his reign was Chongzhen. At the beginning of his accession to the throne, he vigorously eradicated eunuchs, worked diligently in political affairs, practiced frugality, and redressed injustice. During his reign, there were endless party disputes in the court and constant civil disasters, which led to the outbreak of peasant uprisings in the late Ming Dynasty. The Hou Jin regime took advantage of the situation to rise outside the customs, and the country was in a state of internal and external troubles.
In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), when Li Zicheng conquered Beijing, Zhu Youjian hanged himself in Meishan at the age of thirty-four. After the Qing army entered the customs, he was buried in Siling Mausoleum among the Ming Dynasty Tombs with ceremony. The temple name was Huaizong (later cancelled), and the posthumous name was Emperor Qin Tianshou Dao Min Yi, Dun Frugal, Wen Xiang, Wu Ti Ren Zhi Xiao Zhuang Lie Min. Emperor Hongguang of the Southern Ming Dynasty caught up with Emperor Shaotian Yidao, Gang Ming Ke Jian Kui Wen Fen Wu Dun Ren Mao Xiao Lie, and his temple name was Sizong, which was later changed to Yizong. Emperor Longwu changed the name of the temple to Weizong.
Wang Yangming
(1) Born to be extraordinary: In the eighth year of Chenghua (1472) of Ming Xianzong, Wang Shouren was born into a prominent family in Yuyao County, Shaoxing Prefecture, Zhejiang. His father Wang Hua was the number one scholar in the seventeenth year of Chenghua (1481). , the official went to Nanjing to be the Minister of the Ministry of Personnel.
Wang Shouren was born with a special temperament. His mother did not give birth until she was fourteen months pregnant. Before he was born, his grandmother dreamed that the god of heaven, dressed in scarlet jade, was preaching from the clouds and holding an infant child, who fell from the sky. His grandfather named him "Yun" and gave him the name "Yun". The place where he lived was named "Ruiyun Tower".
Wang Shouren still cannot speak at the age of 5, but he has memorized the books his grandfather read. An eminent monk passed by his house, touched his head and said, "What a good boy, but it's a pity that the truth has been revealed." According to the "Analects of Confucius: Wei Linggong", my grandfather said, "If you know something, benevolence cannot keep it. Even if you gain it, you will lose it." He was renamed "Shouren", and then he began to speak. His father Wang Hua loved the landscape of Shaoxing, so his family left Yuyao and moved to Shaoxing. As a child, Wang Shouren had a good family background and therefore had a very superior learning environment.
(2) Young and Promising: When he was twelve years old, Wang Shouren officially enrolled in a private school. At the age of thirteen, his mother Zheng passed away and he lost his mother at a young age. This was a great setback for him. But he has high aspirations and different thoughts from ordinary people. Once I was discussing with Mr. Shu Shu about what was the most important thing in the world. He was different from the ordinary people and believed that "the imperial examination is not the first priority." The most important thing in the world is to study and become a sage. At that time, the country's government was corrupt and rebels were everywhere. During the Zhengtong period of Yingzong, Yingzong was captured by the Oara tribe of Mongolia. This incident cast a huge shadow on Wang Shouren's young heart. He vowed to learn the art of war well and serve his country. When he was fifteen years old, he wrote to the emperor several times to offer advice to quell the peasant uprising, but to no avail. In the same year, he traveled to Juyongguan and Shanhaiguan for a month. Looking around the outside of the Great Wall, he already had the ambition to explore all directions.
In the first year of Hongzhi (1488), when Wang Shouren was seventeen years old, he went to Nanchang to marry Zhu Yanghe's daughter Zhu, but on the wedding day, no one could find him. It turned out that that day when he was wandering around, he met a Taoist priest meditating there, so he asked the Taoist priest for advice. The Taoist priest taught him some health-preserving techniques, and he sat in meditation opposite the Taoist priest and forgot to return until his father-in-law found him the next day.
In the second year of Hongzhi (1489), when Wang Shouren was eighteen years old, he and his wife Zhu returned to Yuyao. They sailed past Guangxin and Wang Shouren paid a visit to Lou Liang. Wang Shouren was very happy when Lou Liang taught him the theory of "investigating things to gain knowledge". After that, he read Zhu Xi's works and thought about the theory of Song Confucianism that "things have appearance, essence, and essence, and every plant and tree has its own principle." In order to practice Zhu Xi's "studying things to gain knowledge", he once determined to find out the principles of bamboo and "studied" bamboos for seven days and seven nights. He found nothing, but he fell ill because of it. From then on, Wang Shouren had great doubts about the theory of "Ge Wu". This is the famous "Shou Ren Ge Bamboo" in the history of Chinese philosophy.
(3) Entering the official career: In the fifth year of Hongzhi, Wang Shouren took part in the Zhejiang Provincial Examination for the first time and passed the same examination as Hu Shining and Sun Sui. After that, his studies made great progress. But he became more and more fond of talking about military affairs and was good at archery. However, when he failed to pass the imperial examination at the age of twenty-two, Li Dongyang, the chief assistant of the cabinet, smiled and said to him: "Although you did not win the first prize this time, you will definitely win the first prize in the next imperial examination. Try to prepare a top scholar for the next imperial examination." "Wang Shouren picked up the pen and finished it. The elders in the court were amazed at his talent. People who were jealous of him began to say that this young man must be arrogant if he got the first prize. At the age of twenty-five, Wang Shouren took the imperial examination again and failed again. His father, the number one scholar, enlightened him and said that if he failed this time, he would win next time if he tried hard, but he smiled and said: "You are ashamed of not getting the first place, and I am ashamed of not getting the first place but being upset about it."
(4) Being demoted to enlightenment: In the twelfth year of Hongzhi (1499), at the age of 28, he participated in the examination of the Ministry of Rites. Because of his excellent performance in the examination, he was promoted to the second person in Nangong, the seventh person to be awarded the second-class Jinshi, and the Ministry of Guanzheng and Industry . Before leaving for the funeral, Wei Ning Bo Wang Yue returned to the court and discussed eight matters such as the defense of the northwest frontier. Later, he was appointed as the head of the Ministry of Punishments and decided to imprison him in Jiangbei and other places. Later, he asked to return home due to illness. In the seventeenth year of Hongzhi (1504), he was appointed as the head of the Military Selection Department of the Ministry of War.
In the winter of the first year of Zhengde of Emperor Wuzong of the Ming Dynasty (1506), the eunuch Liu Jin was good at governing and arrested more than 20 people including Dai Xian, the censor in Nanjing. Wang Shouren went to Longchang, Guizhou (70 miles northwest of Guiyang, where Xiuwen County is the seat of Xiuwen County), which angered Liu Jin and was punished with a cane of forty. At the same time, his father Wang Hua was also expelled from Beijing and transferred to Nanjing as Minister of Civil Affairs.
On the way, Wang Shouren was chased by Liu Jin's men, so he faked diving and committed suicide to escape. Wang Shouren, who escaped pursuit, secretly went to Nanjing to meet his father Wang Hua. Wang Hua said to him: "Since the imperial court has entrusted you with an order, you have a responsibility. You'd better take office." Then he set out on the road and came to In Longchang, Guizhou, "the mountains are thin and thick, and Miao and Liao people live together." Longchang was still an uncivilized area at that time. Wang Shouren was not discouraged. He taught the local people according to their customs and was loved by the people. During this period, he gained a new understanding of the central idea of "The University". Wang Shouren realized that "the way of the sage is self-sufficient in nature, and it is wrong to seek reasons for things from it." During this period, he wrote "Doctrine Revealing All Lives in Longchang", which is known as "Longchang Enlightenment" in history.
In the leap September of the fourth year of Zhengde (1509), Wang Shouren's exile period expired and he was reinstated as magistrate of Luling County (now Ji'an, Jiangxi). In August of the following year, Liu Jin was eliminated by Yang Yiqing and the eunuch Zhang Yong, and in December he was promoted to head of the Nanjing Criminal Department. In the sixth year of Zhengde (1511), Wang Shouren was immediately summoned to Beijing and served successively as the director of the Department of Certification and Certification of the Ministry of Personnel, the director of the Department of Foreign Languages, and the director of the Department of Cultural Selection of the Ministry of Personnel. In the seventh year of Zhengde (1512), he successively served as a doctor in the examination department of the Ministry of official affairs and a Shaoqing of Taipu Temple in Nanjing. In the ninth year of Zhengde (1514), he was promoted to Nanjing Hongluqing.
(5) The Rebellion in Southern Jiangxi: In August of the eleventh year of Zhengde (1516), Wang Qiong, Minister of the Ministry of War, appreciated Wang Shouren's talents very much. On Wang Qiong's recommendation, Wang Shouren was promoted to the imperial court of the Zuoqian of the Metropolitan Procuratorate. History, governor of Nan (An), Gan (zhou), Ting (zhou), Zhang (zhou) and other places.
At that time, thieves were swarming in the South Central area. Xie Zhishan occupied Hengshui, Zuoxi, and Tonggang, and Chi Zhongrong occupied Hutou, and each declared himself king. They corresponded with Chen Yueneng of Dayu, Gao Kuaima of Lechang, and Gong Fuquan of Chenzhou, and captured and plundered various places. Prefecture and county. The bandit Zhan Shifu and others from Damaoshan, Fujian Province, raised troops again. The former governor Vincento resigned due to illness. Xie Zhishan united with the bandits from Lechang to seize Dayu and attack Nankang and Ganzhou. The chief administrator of Ganxian County died in the battle. After Shouren took office, he knew that many people in the government were the eyes and ears of thieves, so he questioned the old and cunning servants. The servants were trembling and dared not hide anything, so they confessed truthfully. Shouren pardoned their sins and allowed them to spy on the rebels. As a result, Shouren mastered the thieves' movements. Then he sent a message to Fujian and Guangdong to join forces and first attack the bandits in Tai Mo Shan. Wang Shouren's military use was "weird" and arbitrary, and he was known as a "cunning soldier".
In the first month of the twelfth year of Zhengde (1517), Wang Shouren personally led the elite troops to garrison in Shanghang, pretended to retreat, and attacked unexpectedly, breaking through more than 40 villages, killing and capturing more than 7,000 people. He claimed to the court that he had too little power to order the soldiers. Wang Qiong submitted a memorial and gave Wang Shouren a flag so that he could engage in it cheaply. In July, troops marched into Dayu. In October, he conquered Zuoxi and Hengshui, destroyed eighty-four nests, killed and captured more than six thousand people. After the war, Chongyi County was established in Hengshui. Then the division returned to Ganzhou and attacked the sharp-headed thieves, killing more than 2,000 people. Wang Shouren led the scholars and Pian Pi to annihilate the thieves who had been causing trouble for decades. People nearby exclaimed that Shouren was a god.
(6) King Ning's Rebellion: In the fourteenth year of Zhengde (1519), King Ning Zhu Chenhao launched a rebellion. It is said that after the news reached Beijing, the ministers were shocked. Only Wang Qiong said confidently: "Wang Bo'an is in Jiangxi, and he will definitely capture the rebels."
At that time, Wang Shouren was preparing to go to Fujian to quell the rebellion there. Traveling to Fengcheng between Ji'an and Nanchang in Jiangxi Province, Wang Shouren received news of Zhu Chenhao's rebellion and immediately rushed to Ji'an to recruit volunteers, issue a proclamation, and send troops to conquer. At the beginning, Wang Shouren came up with a suspicious plan. He knew very well that if King Ning went eastward along the Yangtze River, Nanjing would definitely not be saved. If Nanjing, as the remaining capital, is lost, the rebels will have a certain initiative in politics, and it will be difficult to suppress the rebellion.
After Wang Shouren pacified the thieves, the military symbols had been handed over to the Ministry of War, but he had no soldiers in his hands. Imperial officials in Jiangxi came to help Shouren, and soldiers from various prefectures and counties were gathered in Yuanzhou (now Yichun, Jiangxi) to recruit military supplies and manufacture weapons and ships.
Wang Shouren pretended to send a message to various places to King Qin of Jiangxi Province, and posted false messages everywhere in Nanchang to confuse Chen Hao. He claimed that the imperial court had sent a total of 80,000 border soldiers and Beijing soldiers, together with his own troops in southern Jiangxi and the troops in Huguang and Guangxi, known as the Sixteenth Wan, prepare to attack Nanchang, King Ning's home base. In order to buy time to assemble the army, he also wrote a wax letter to ask Zhu Chenhao's fake ministers Li Shishi and Liu Yangzheng to persuade Chen Hao to send troops to attack Nanjing, and deliberately leaked it to Chen Hao. At this time, Li and Liu really persuaded Chen Hao to march to Nanjing, but Chen Hao was suspicious and did not move.
King Ning was hesitant. He waited for more than ten days and found out that the imperial court had not sent so many troops at all. Then he went east along the river, captured Jiujiang and Nankang (now Xingzi, Jiangxi), and approached Anqing. While Zhu Chenhao led 60,000 troops down the river from Jiujiang to spy on Nanjing, Wang Shouren had already led a hastily formed 80,000-strong rebel army to attack Prince Ning's home base, Nanchang, forcing Zhu Chenhao to return for reinforcements. At that time, someone suggested that Wang Shouren go to rescue Anqing, but he refused. He analyzed: If we rescue Anqing and fight with King Ning's main force on the river, the enemies of Nankang and Jiujiang will take advantage of the opportunity to attack our back, and we will be attacked from both sides; and we go straight to Nanchang. The defense of Nanchang is empty, and our army is full of energy and will be able to defeat them in one fell swoop. King Ning will definitely come back to rescue us. When the time comes, we will attack head-on, and we will definitely win. What happened later was as Wang Shouren expected.
At this time, Wang Shouren's army has been assembled. Chen Hao's elite troops all went to Anqing, and the troops left behind in Nanchang were empty. Shouren led his troops to conquer Nanchang. After Zhu Chenhao heard the news, he returned to rescue Nanchang and met Wang Shouren's army at Huangjiadu in the northeast of Nanchang. The rebels were defeated and retreated to Bazinao. The Ming army attacked with fire, and Chen Hao was defeated. More than 30,000 soldiers were burned and drowned. Chen Hao, his son, the prince, Li Shishi, Liu Yangzheng, Wang Lun, etc. were all captured. King Ning's rebellion ended after 43 days.
However, Wu Zong did not recognize his great achievements in suppressing the rebellion. The sycophantic ministers around Wu Zong usually had close contacts with King Ning and had extremely complex mentality. Some sycophantic ministers hoped that Wang Shouren would release Zhu Chenhao, and then let Wu Zong, who had already patrolled the south, personally "capture" Zhu Chenhao to satisfy Wu Zong's vanity. Faced with such a complicated situation, Wang Shouren retreated bravely. He handed Zhu Chenhao over to Zhang Yong, an upright eunuch at that time, and then claimed to be ill to avoid getting involved in more political incidents. Therefore, in the final Wuzong dynasty, Wang Shouren's contribution to suppressing the rebellion was not rewarded by the court. It was not until Shizong ascended the throne that Wang Shouren was promoted to a higher official.
(7) Shou Zhi Lecture: In the 16th year of Zhengde (1521), Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty came to the throne, and the vassal king succeeded Emperor Shizong. After a brief appreciation of Wang Shouren, he took action on this very capable minister. An indifferent attitude. When Shizong came to the throne, Wang Shouren was invited back by his father. Shizong said that Wang Shouren had made great achievements in capturing thieves and putting an end to the rebellion. He was going to reward him based on his merits and would not allow him to resign. In July and August of the same year, he was first promoted to Minister of the Ministry of War in Nanjing and was not allowed to refuse. Later, he was allowed to go back to visit his father. Soon, Wang Shouren was granted the title of Xinjian Bo, hereditary.
In the first year of Jiajing (1522), his father Wang Hua passed away, and Wang Shouren returned to his hometown to maintain the system. In the third year of Jiajing's reign (1524), he was invited to give lectures at Jishan Academy. In the fourth year of Jiajing's reign (1525), Yangming Academy was founded in Shaoxing, and his disciples also began to give lectures and spread "Wang Xue". In the same year, his first wife, Mrs. Zhu, passed away. Wang Shouren remarried Mrs. Zhang and gave birth to a son the following year. In September of the sixth year of Jiajing (1527), on the eve of going to Guangxi to quell the rebellion, I paid attention to four sentences of teachings at Tianquan Bridge: there is no good and no disgusting body, there are good and evil actions. Knowing good and evil is liangzhi, doing good and eliminating evil is qingwu.
(8) Governor-General of Guangdong and Guangxi: In the sixth year of Jiajing (1527), Lu Su and Wang Shou, the national leaders of Sien and Tianzhou, rebelled. Governor Yao Rong could not pacify the situation, so he issued an edict to let Shouren take his original official position as censor of Zuodu, and governor of Guangdong and Guangxi as governor. Huang Wan took this opportunity to write a letter to argue for Shouren's achievements, and asked him to be given an iron coupon and a year's salary, and to list the heroes who had contributed to putting down King Ning's rebellion. Emperor Shizong agreed. In December, Shouren's army arrived at Sien. Lu Su and Wang Shou had long heard that Shouren had suppressed bandits and rebellions, and they were very frightened and surrendered to Shouren.
In February of the seventh year of Jiajing (1528), Wang Shouren led Huguang troops to Nanning. Lu Su and Wang Shougang had just surrendered and were willing to redeem themselves by meritorious service. Wang Shouren then sent ministers to discuss the matter, and ordered Huguang Chief Wang Qin, Guangxi deputy envoy Weng Su, Chief Wu Tianting, and general Zhang Jing to command Xie Pei to supervise Huguang local troops to attack and destroy the Tengxia rebels. After that, the governor still divided Yongshun troops to attack Niuchang and other villages, and Baojing troops to attack Liusi and other villages. It was agreed that they would arrive at the destination on the second day of April.
At that time, the rebels heard that the Ming army was calling for the arrival of local soldiers from Huguang, and they all fled and hid in deep danger. They also heard that Lu Su and Wang had surrendered, and Wang Shouren was stationed in Nanning. They thought that Wang Shouren had dispersed the troops to form formations, so they relaxed their defenses. At this point, Huguang soldiers all arrived with their flags down, drums lying down and their horses galloping, and they rushed forward together with the Ming army, attacking from all sides. The rebels were defeated, so they retreated to Baoxianv Mountain and established a stronghold in danger. The officers and soldiers climbed up the wooden edge cliff to attack, and then successively broke through Youzhao, Shibi, Dabei and other places, and directly attacked Duanteng Gorge. Wang Shouren then secretly called on the generals to move troops to suppress the Xiantai and other thieves, and divided the Yongshun soldiers and Baojing soldiers to attack separately, and agreed to arrive at the lair on May 13th. The rebels retreated to Lishan in Yong'an, but were still defeated by Wang Shouren's besieged army. The defeated army was killed by deputy general Shen Xiyi. At this point, the Duanteng Gorge rebels were almost completely gone.
(9) Death of illness and return: After the rebellion, Wang Shouren's lung disease worsened, so he begged the imperial court to retire and return to his hometown. He recommended Lin Fu, the governor of Xunyang, to replace him, and returned without waiting for the imperial court's approval.
Died of illness in a boat at Qinglong Port, Dageng County, Nan'an Prefecture, Jiangxi Province (now Dayu County, Jiangxi Province) at Mao Shi on November 29, the seventh year of Jiajing (8 o'clock on January 9, 1529). When he was dying, his disciples asked him what his last words were, and he said: "My heart is so bright, what else can I say!" When the funeral passed through Jiangxi, soldiers and civilians all wore sackcloth and cried to see Shouren off. Previously, for pacifying the rebellion of King Ning, he was granted the title of Guanglu Doctor, Zhu Guo, and Xinjian Bo. During the Longqing period, he was posthumously awarded the title of Marquis of Xinjian, with the posthumous title of Wencheng. In the twelfth year of Wanli's reign, he was enshrined in the Confucius Temple.
Yangming’s philosophy of mind is the philosophy of mind of Wang Yangming, a famous thinker in the Ming Dynasty. Its spiritual connotations include “there is nothing outside the mind, the mind is reason”, “the unity of knowledge and action”, “leading to conscience”, etc. After the birth of Yangming's theory of mind, Wang Yangming founded Longgang Academy, taught apprentices and gave lectures, and became famous far and wide. Later, he was invited by Xi Shu, deputy envoy of Guizhou Tixue, to give lectures at Guiyang Academy.
Zheng He's early life is unknown. It is speculated that he was captured by the Ming army during the Ming Dynasty's Yunnan Campaign. In 1384 (the seventeenth year of Hongwu), Fu Youde and Lan Yu led the troops to Nanjing. Zheng He should have followed the army to Nanjing and served in the palace.In 1385 (the eighteenth year of Hongwu), Fu Youde and Lan Yu were transferred to guard Beiping Mansion (today's Beijing), while Zheng He went with the army again and was transferred to serve in the residence of Prince Yan.
html In 11399 (the first year of Jianwen), King Zhu Di of Yan launched the Battle of Jingnan. Zheng He made outstanding contributions in the Battle of Jingnan. In 1402 (the fourth year of Jianwen), the Battle of Jingnan ended with Zhu Di's victory. On December 18 of that year (November 24), Zheng He, as a eunuch, was ordered to sacrifice Feng, Zhu Di's wet nurse.
There are many reasons why Zheng He became the official eunuch on his voyages to the West. Zheng He had military talents and gained Zhu Di's trust. When Zhu Di decided to go to the West, Zheng He was in his prime and tall. Zhu Di asked Yuan Zhongche whether it was appropriate for Zheng He to lead the army as an envoy, and Yuan Zhongche thought it was appropriate. In addition, Zheng He's religious background involved both Buddhism and Islam, which was also considered to be conducive to the successful completion of his mission to the West.
The first voyage to the West: June 1, 1405 (May 5, the third year of Yongle, Dragon Boat Festival), Li Zhigang wrote an inscription for the tombstone of Zheng He's father. On July 11 of the same year (June 15), Zhu Di ordered his envoy Zheng He to lead a fleet to the West. Zheng He's fleet sailed across the sea from Liujiahe in Suzhou to Fujian, and then sailed from Wuhumen in Fujian to Champa (today's central and southern Vietnam). During this period, Zhang Fu conquered Ping'an South. After that, Zheng He sailed towards Java. When the fleet arrived in Java, there was a civil war between West Java and East Java, and West Java destroyed East Java. Tribes from Zheng He's fleet landed for trade and were mistaken for the Dongwang's army, and 170 people were killed. Zheng He remained calm and did not rush to retaliate, and the matter was resolved peacefully. Zheng He's fleet later visited Sumatra, Manchuria, Ceylon, Guri and other countries. At the end of the voyage, Guli, Zheng He gave his king a silver seal of imperial edict, built a stele pavilion, and erected a stone tablet. The inscription said that Guli Kingdom "went more than 100,000 miles to China, and the people were salty, and the wind was roaring. The stone was carved here, and it will last forever." Show it to all generations."
Zheng He also passed through the old port of Srivijaya during his trip. At that time, Shi Jinqing, the leader of the Guangdong overseas Chinese in the old port, came to report that the pirate Chen Zuyi was ruthless. Zheng He sent people to advise Chen Zuyi, but Chen Zuyi resorted to a trick of false surrender and plotted to attack Zheng He's fleet. Zheng He saw through his trick of false surrender, so he raised troops to annihilate more than 5,000 thieves and burned the thieves. There were ten ships, seven of which were captured, and three pirate leaders including Chen Zuyi were captured alive.
On October 2, 11407 (September 2, the fifth year of Yongle), Zheng He led his fleet back to China and presented Chen Zuyi and others, who were executed. Shi Jinqing was named the envoy of the old port. Soldiers with meritorious service in capturing thieves in Jiugang were rewarded. Soon, because Zheng He said that Tian Fei had many feelings while sailing to the West, Zhu Di ordered Zhu Zhuo to go to the Longjiang Tian Fei Temple in Xinluocheng to offer sacrifices.
The second voyage to the West: In 1407 (the fifth year of Yongle), Zheng He made his second voyage to the West shortly after returning to China. This time, we mainly visited Champa, Java, Siam (today's Thailand), Managa, South Wuli, Gayle (today's southern tip of India), Ceylon, Kochi (today's Cochin area on the southwest coast of India), and Kuri and other countries. He returned to China in 1409 (the seventh year of Yongle reign).
During this voyage, Zheng He made a special trip to Ceylon, made donations to the Buddhist temple in Ceylon Mountain, and erected a monument to commemorate it forever. The inscriptions are in Chinese, Tamil and Persian. The inscriptions in the three languages express respect for Buddha, Vishnu and Allah respectively. Among them, there are words in the Chinese text: "I would like to use gold and silver to weave gold, spin silk banners, incense burners and vases, exterior and interior lamps and candles, etc., and donate them to Buddhist temples to supplement the offerings, but the World Honored One will appreciate them." This monument was discovered in Sri Lanka in 1911 and is now preserved in the National Museum of Sri Lanka.
The third voyage to the West: In October 1409 (September of the seventh year of Yongle), Zheng He led his fleet to set sail from Liujiagang, Taicang for the third time. Fei Xin, Ma Huan and others went together and arrived in Vietnam, Malaysia, India and other places. During the voyage, the king of Mount Ceylon, Ariel Kunel, "acted disrespectfully and plotted to kill the boat master." Zheng He found out and led his fleet to leave Mount Ceylon for other countries. On the return trip, Zheng He's fleet visited the Ceylon Mountain Kingdom again. Ariel Kunel lured Zheng He to the country, sent 50,000 troops to besiege Zheng He's fleet, and cut down trees to block Zheng He's return.After Zheng He found that his return route was cut off, he said to his subordinates: "The main force of the bandits has been dispatched, and the capital must be empty. Moreover, they will think that we have come from afar, are alone and timid, and cannot do anything. If we attack their capital by surprise, Then victory can be expected." So, Zheng He took advantage of the enemy troops to come out and the country was empty. He led his entourage of 2,000 officers and soldiers to raid the royal city of Ariel Kunel at night, broke into the city, and captured Ariel Kunel and his family alive. .
The Fourth Voyage to the West: On December 18, 1412 (November 15, the 10th year of Yongle), Zheng He was ordered to make his fourth voyage to the West. In 1413 (the eleventh year of Yongle), Zheng He led his fleet to set out. During this voyage, Zheng He's fleet sailed around the Arabian Peninsula and arrived at Malindi in East Africa for the first time. After Zheng He arrived in his country, he read out the imperial edict and granted titles to the king and others. Also during this voyage, Zheng He led the Ming army and local armed forces in Sumatra to defeat and capture Su Ganla, who conspired to usurp the throne and led his troops to intercept Zheng He's fleet. On August 12, 1415 (the eighth day of July in the thirteenth year of Yongle), Zheng He's fleet returned to China.
The fifth voyage to the West: December 28, 1416 (December 10, the 14th year of Yongle), envoys from Guli and other countries returned to China. Zheng He was ordered to lead the fleet to set off for the fifth time, return the envoys and visit various countries. Among the countries, the farthest countries such as Mugudusu, Brawa, and Malin are located in East Africa. According to the "Stele of Zheng He's Incense Walking", Zheng He once performed incense at the Holy Tomb of Lingshan on May 31, 1417 (May 16, the 15th year of Yongle). The fleet should set off from Changle Port after the autumn of the same year. After Zheng He led his fleet back to China, Zhu Di issued an edict to reward the fleet officers on August 8, 1419 (July 17, the 17th year of Yongle).
The sixth voyage to the West: On March 3, 1421 (the 30th day of the first month of the nineteenth year of Yongle), Zheng He was ordered to return Horumus and other envoys from the sixteen countries. During this voyage, Zheng He's fleet officially arrived at Zufar. On September 2, 1422 (August 18, the 20th year of Yongle), Zheng He led his fleet back to China. Siam, Sumatra, Hadan and other countries sent envoys to accompany the fleet to pay tribute.
On February 27, 11424 (the twenty-seventh day of the first month of the twenty-second year of Yongle), Zhu Di ordered Zheng He to go to Jiugang to give Shi Jinqing's son Shi Jisun the official seal and official uniform, so that he could take over the position of his late father. One theory is that Zhu Di died of illness before Zheng He could make his trip. Emperor Renzong of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Gaochi, came to the throne and issued an edict to stop his Western undertakings. The reason was that Renzong cherished the people and believed that Western undertakings cost money, food, manpower, etc.
Zheng He's seventh voyage to the West: On June 29, 1430 (June 9 of the fifth year of Xuande), Zheng He was ordered to make his seventh voyage to the West. On January 19, 1431 (the sixth day of the twelfth lunar month in the fifth year of Xuande), Zheng He’s fleet set sail from Longjiang Pass (now Xiaguan, Nanjing) to Changle, Fujian. Before departure, Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty also ordered Zheng He to advise Siam not to intrude on Manchuria during his mission. The number of people who sailed to the West this time was reported to be 27,550. Records state that in 1433 (the eighth year of Xuande), Zheng He died in Guri (now Calicut, India) on the west coast of India during his return voyage. The fleet should have been led back by the eunuch Wang Jinghong. According to "Qianwen Ji", it returned to Nanjing on July 22, 1433 (the sixth day of July in the eighth year of Xuande's reign).
Jinyiwei is the military and political intelligence collection agency of the Ming Dynasty. It was formerly the "Gongwei Division" established by Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and later renamed the "Pro-Military Duwei Mansion". It governs the Yiluan Division and is in charge of the emperor's guard of honor and bodyguards. In the fifteenth year of Hongwu (1382), the pro-military Duweifu and Yiluan Division were abolished and replaced by Jinyiwei.
As the military institution of the emperor's bodyguard, the main functions of the Jinyiwei are to "directly control the bodyguards, patrol and arrest", and engage in reconnaissance, arrest, interrogation and other activities. They also participated in the work of collecting military intelligence and instigating rebellion against enemy generals. For example, they collected a large amount of Japanese military intelligence during the Wanli Korean War. Its leader is called the Commander of the Imperial Guard, and is generally held by the emperor's trusted generals, who are directly responsible to the emperor. Anyone, including members of the royal family, could be arrested and interrogated in secret.
In the Ming Dynasty, the Jinyiwei continued to exist until 1661, when Emperor Yongli of the Southern Ming Dynasty’s Jinyiwei commander Ma Jixiang and the chief guard Ren Zixin were killed in the Curse Water Disaster, which can be said to have officially ended the 290-year history.
Dongchang , signed by an official in the Ming Dynasty.That is, the Dong Jiji Factory, a privileged supervisory agency, secret service agency and secret police agency in the Ming Dynasty of China. In the 18th year of Yongle (1420), Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty established the Dongjishi Factory (Dongchang for short), with a trusted eunuch as its leader. The location is located in the north of Dong'an Gate (one theory is next to Donghua Gate) in the capital (today's Beijing). In the late mid-Ming Dynasty, Jinyiwei and Dongxi Factory were paralleled, and their activities were intensified. They were often called "factory guards" together. The power of Dongchang was higher than that of Jinyiwei, and he was only responsible to the emperor. He could supervise and arrest subjects at will without the approval of judicial organs, thus opening the door for eunuchs to interfere in politics in the Ming Dynasty.
Xichang is the unique official name of the Ming Dynasty, the full name is "Xijishichang". In order to strengthen the rule of secret agents during the reign of Emperor Xianzong of the Ming Dynasty, in the 13th year of Chenghua (1477), the West Factory was added to the Dongchang. Together with the Dongchang and Jinyiwei, they were collectively called the Factory Guards. The eunuch Wang Zhi was appointed as the admiral, and his power exceeded that of the Dongchang. , the scope of activities extends from the capital to all over the country. It was later canceled due to opposition. It was briefly reopened in the first year of Zhengde and was revoked five years later.
The members of the West Factory were selected from the Jinyi Guards just like the East Factory. Emperor Xianzong ordered that the number of Tiqi (i.e. Jinyiwei Xiaowei) led by the West Factory was twice that of the Dongchang, and the powers of the East Factory and the Jinyiwei were divided. Taken together, its authority is greater than that of Dongchang and Jinyiwei. Xichang's job is to investigate the words and deeds of civilian officials, and can detain and torture suspects. Xichang also combines prisons and courts, and can arrest ministers at will without requesting the emperor. As a short-lived spy agency, Xichang had only two admirals, namely Wang Zhi and Gu Dayong.
The Donglin Party was a bureaucratic class political group dominated by Jiangnan scholar-bureaucrats in the late Ming Dynasty. It lasted for nearly 40 years until the demise of the Ming Dynasty.
In 1604 AD (the thirty-second year of Wanli), Gu Xiancheng and others restored the Donglin Academy where Yang Shi of the Song Dynasty taught, and gave lectures there together with Gao Panlong and Qian Yiyi.
Donglin was giving lectures at a time when social conflicts were intensifying in the late Ming Dynasty. People in Donglin satirized the government and commented on officials. They demanded integrity, revitalized officialdom, opened up channels of speech, eradicated the accumulated abuses of the government and the public, and opposed the corruption and perversion of the law by the powerful. These opinions that criticized current affairs received widespread sympathy and support from the society at that time, and were also fiercely opposed by the eunuchs and their dependent forces. The political differences between the two evolved into a fierce party struggle in the late Ming Dynasty. The opposition collectively refers to Donglin Academy lectures and the government and opposition figures who are related to it or support sympathetic lectures as the "Donglim Party". The Donglin Party has very strong moral standards. They can identify problems in society, but they have never found solutions.
Yuan Chonghuan (June 6, 1584 - September 22, 1630), with the courtesy name Yuan Yuan and the nickname Ziru, was a native of Dongguan County, Guangzhou Prefecture, Guangdong (some say he was a native of Teng County, Guangxi [1]), a famous general who fought against the Qing Dynasty in the late Ming Dynasty. Patriotic general.
Yuan Chonghuan was a Jinshi in the forty-seventh year of Wanli (1619). He was first awarded the magistrate of Shaowu County in Fujian. Later he became the Minister of the Ministry of War and the censor of the right capital. He supervised Ji and Liao, and also supervised the military affairs of Deng, Lai and Tianjin. After being defeated many times, The invasion of the Jin army. In the war against the Qing army (Later Jin Dynasty), he successively achieved great victories in Ningyuan and Ningjin, but Wei Zhongxian resigned and returned to his hometown because he was not happy.
After Zhu Youjian, Emperor Sizong of the Ming Dynasty, came to the throne, Yuan Chonghuan was reactivated. In the second year of Chongzhen (1629), he defeated Huang Taiji and solved the siege of the capital. He impeached Yuan Chonghuan on charges of "discussing peace" and "marketing rice to support the enemy", and Huang Taiji took the opportunity to implement counterintuitive tactics. In August of the third year of Chongzhen (1630), Yuan Chonghuan was executed by Ling Chi because Zhu Youjian thought he had a secret agreement with Hou Jin. His family was moved three thousand miles away and their property was confiscated, leaving them with no money left.
Li Zicheng (September 22, 1606 - May 17, 1645), whose original name was Hongji, also nicknamed Huang Lai'er and Zao'er, was the leader of the peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty. He lived in Li Jiqian Village, Mizhi, Yulin, Shaanxi Province. When he was a child, he worked as a sheep herder for the landlord and worked as a postman in Yinchuan.
The uprising occurred in the second year of Chongzhen (1629). Later, he became a brave and knowledgeable general under Gao Yingxiang, the king of Chuang. At the Xingyang Conference, the plan of "dividing troops into oriented directions and attacking on four fronts" was proposed, which was approved by the leaders of various ministries. After Gao Yingxiang died, he called himself King Chuang.At that time, there was a serious famine in the Central Plains, and social class conflicts were extremely acute. Li Yan put forward slogans such as "Equalizing land and eliminating taxes (Equalizing land and eliminating taxes was one of the main goals of the peasant war when the uprising peasants at the end of the feudal society proposed equalizing land as one of the main goals of the peasant war.)" Winning the popularity of the people, the army grew to one million people and became the main force in the rebel army. In the 16th year of Chongzhen (1643), he proclaimed himself King Xinshun in Xiangyang, annihilated the main force of Sun Chuanting, governor of Shaanxi in the Ming Dynasty, in Ruzhou, Henan, and took advantage of the victory to occupy Xi'an.
In the first month of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), the Dashun regime was established, with the reign name "Yongchang". Soon after, Beijing was captured and the Ming Dynasty was overthrown. When the Dashun Army entered Beijing with less than 20,000 soldiers, Li Zicheng ordered: "Anyone who dares to hurt people or rob women of their property will be killed without mercy." The order in the capital is still good, and shops are operating as usual. But from the 27th, the peasant army began to torture Ming officials and ransack their homes everywhere. Li Zicheng's soldiers looted, the ministers were extravagant, and the soldiers looted people's property.
In 1643 AD (the eighth year of Chongde in the Qing Dynasty and the sixteenth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty), Huang Taiji, Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty, passed away. Fulin, the ancestor of the Qing Dynasty, succeeded to the throne. Because Fulin was young, Dorgon and Jierhalang assisted in the administration. Dorgon understood that the Ming Dynasty had been at war with the peasant army for many years and was on the verge of collapse, and believed that the time had come to take control of the Central Plains.
In the first month of 1644 AD (the first year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty and the 17th year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty), Dorgon wrote to the Dashun Army in the name of the Qing Emperor, proposing a strategy to work together and capture the Central Plains, but Li Zicheng ignored it. On the ninth day of April, Dorgon was ordered to lead the Eight Banners Army of Manchu, Mongolian and Han Dynasties with more than 100,000 people and march westward from Shengjing (today's Shenyang). On the 11th, when I arrived at Liaohe, I heard that Li Zicheng's Dashun army had captured the capital (today's Beijing) on March 19th and that the Ming Dynasty had fallen. So he adopted the suggestion of Ming general Hong Chengchou and decided to lead his troops through Miyun (today's Beijing) and Jizhou. (today's Jinji County) went southward, heading straight to Beijing. From attacking the Ming Dynasty to competing with Li Zicheng for the dominance of the country.
Wu Sangui led 40,000 troops to garrison in Ningyuan (now Xingcheng, Liaoning) to prevent the Qing army from entering Shanhaiguan. When Dashun's army was approaching the capital, Wu Sangui was ordered to lead his troops into the pass and defend the capital. When they arrived at Fengrun (now part of Hebei), they heard that the capital had been defeated and Zhu Youjian, the emperor of Chongzhen, hanged himself, so he turned back to Shanhaiguan. Li Zicheng ordered the Ming surrender general Tang Tong to lead eight thousand troops to Shanhaiguan to recruit surrender. After much thought, Wu Sangui decided to surrender and led his army from Shanhaiguan to Beijing. When he arrived at the Xisha River Post in Yongping (now Lulong), he met his family members who had escaped from Beijing. He learned that his father Wu Xiang was tortured by the peasant army in Beijing and that he loved his concubine. Chen Yuanyuan was captured, so he changed his original intention, refused to surrender Li Zicheng under the banner of revenge for Emperor Chongzhen, returned to Shanhaiguan, and attacked Tang Tong's tribe.
When Li Zicheng heard the news, he immediately summoned the ministers of civil and military affairs to discuss countermeasures and decided to implement both levy and pacification. When Tang Tong repeatedly asked for help, Li Zicheng ordered Quan General Liu Zongmin and others to lead about 100,000 troops to Shanhaiguan on April 13th. In order to win over Wu Sangui, he brought the Ming Dynasty princes Zhu Cixiang and Wu Xiang with him. Wu Sangui was expected to be unable to defeat him, so he sent an envoy to write to Dorgon asking for help. The Qing army met Wu Sangui's envoy at Wenghou (in today's Fuxin, Liaoning), so they changed their route from Lianshan (in today's Huludao City) to Ningyuan, traveling day and night, and rushed to Shanhaiguan. The Qing troops set out on the ninth day of April. On April 20, the Qing troops arrived at Lianshan (today's Lianshan District, Huludao City). Wu Sangui repeatedly urged the troops. The Qing troops knew that Li Zicheng's army was approaching Shanhaiguan, and they marched day and night, with more than 200 troops marching in one day and night. Li, a total of thirteen days of marching.
Li Zicheng had no idea about the situation of the Qing army and was slow to move. He only arrived at Shanhaiguan on April 21 and was in a confrontation with Wu Sangui's troops on the west bank of Shihe River. On the same day, Li Zicheng's Dashun Army fought fiercely with Wu Sangui in Yiyishi and Xilao City. At the beginning of the battle, Wu's army had a small victory over Xiluo City, and then Li Zicheng's army stormed the two cities of Dongluo and Beiyi.
That night, the Qing army marched to the front line 15 miles outside Shanhaiguan to gather. Shanhaiguan is adjacent to Jiaoshan Mountain in the north and Bohai Sea in the south. The city has high walls and strong walls. Luo City and Yicheng are built outside as horns, making it easy to defend but difficult to attack. In addition to Wu Sangui's troops, the defenders also included 10,000 Shanhaiguan General Soldier Gaodi troops and about 30,000 Xiangyong troops.On the day Li Zicheng arrived at the pass, he issued an ultimatum to Wu Sangui to force him to surrender. After being rejected, he ordered nearly 20,000 people from Tang Tong and Bai Guangen's troops to set up a border camp from a stone (today's 9th gate of Suizhong, Liaoning) to cut off Wu Sangui's retreat, while using the main force Sixty thousand troops attacked Xiluo, Beiyi and Dongluo cities respectively. Wu Sangui arrayed his main force on the line west of Shihe River in Xiluo City to prevent Dashun's army from attacking the key point. The two sides fought fiercely near Xilao City. In order to get out of the predicament, the defenders pretended to surrender and lured thousands of Dashun troops to approach the city wall, and fired artillery fire on the city wall. Dashun's army suffered many casualties and was forced to retreat. In the North Wing City, Dashun's army took advantage of the condescending terrain to storm the city wall and fought fiercely until dawn the next day, forcing part of the defenders to surrender. However, because other cities had not yet been conquered, the Dashun army failed to enter Luocheng. On the night of the 21st, Tang Tong's troops were defeated by the Qing army at Yishi, and the remaining troops retreated into the pass. After a day of fierce fighting, Dorgon knew that the Dashun army was weak and weak, so he adopted a cautious strategy of waiting for work and attacking later. He hoped to wait until the Dashun army and Wu Sangui's tribe were exhausted from the continuous battle, and then use surprise troops to win in one fell swoop.
In the early morning of April 22nd on the lunar calendar, the Qing army entered only two miles away from Shanhaiguan City. Seeing the critical situation, Wu Sangui led a few men on his light cavalry to break out of the encirclement and gallop to the Qing army camp at Weiyuan Fort, two miles east of Guancheng. , Kneel down and surrender to Dorgon. Dorgon immediately "sited down and gave tea, and ordered the door to be closed as the first achievement." Wu Sangui said: "If the Qing army is unwilling to help the Ming army in Shanhaiguan, and I am unwilling to return to Shanhaiguan to supervise the war, Li Zicheng's army will definitely attack Shanhaiguan in one go. Attack the Qing army!" Dorgon saw that Wu Sangui's surrender was not a fraud and accepted Wu Sangui's request. Dorgon ordered Wu Sangui to shave his head according to Manchu custom and promised to marry Princess Jianning, the daughter of Huang Taiji, to Wu Zi Wu Yingxiong. Together with Prince Azige of Shuoying County and Prince Duoduo of Doluo County, they led a strong force of 80,000 people and entered the pass through Nanshuimen, Beishuimen and Guanzhongmen respectively. Wu Sangui's tribe was named Baibu as the vanguard.
Before April 23rd of the lunar calendar (8 a.m.), Wu Sangui's army was gradually unable to support itself. A Wu Sangui army guarding the North Yicheng surrendered to Dashun's army. Dorgon watched the battle from Weiyuan Terrace in Huanxi Ridge. The Qing troops were ordered to enter the pass through three routes: Nanshuimen, Beishuimen and Guanzhongmen.
The Dashun Army failed to seize the pass after a day and night of attacking, so they resorted to field battles and deployed all their troops from Jiaoshan to Bohai Sea, forming a long snake formation and forming a decisive battle posture. Dorgon used Wu Sangui's troops as the right wing to fight, and his heavy troops lined up at the weak point at the rear of the Dashun Army's formation on the Bohai Sea, waiting to attack, and warned all troops not to advance too quickly. Dashun's army did not know the intention of the Qing army, but still pressed on Wu Sangui's army according to the original plan, waving their flags left and right, and charging back and forth. Wu Sangui resisted tenaciously because of the pressure of the Qing army.
At this time, strong winds rose and dust covered the sky, which was not conducive to the Dashun Army, which was not familiar with the geography of Shanhaiguan. The two sides started a hand-to-hand fight. The Dashun Army ignored the casualties and surrounded Wu Sangui's troops. The bloody battle lasted until noon. Both sides were exhausted and suffered heavy losses. .
Dorgon saw the situation and urgently ordered Azig and Duduo each to lead 20,000 fine cavalry, ride on the wind and wave the white flag, and fight against Dashun's army. Thousands of horses galloped, flying arrows were like locusts, the strong wind gradually subsided, and the exhausted Dashun army was caught off guard when the Qing army suddenly arrived. Their positions gradually became chaotic and suffered heavy casualties. At the end of the Shenshi period (after 15 o'clock), Li Zicheng's Dashun army was defeated. Liu Zongmin was wounded by an arrow, and tens of thousands of Dashun troops died. Niu Jinxing did not lead the army in Beijing to support Li Zicheng, which was one of the reasons for the defeat of Dashun army.
Seeing that defeat was certain, Li Zicheng urgently ordered the remaining troops to fight and retreat towards Yongping. On the same day, Dorgon named Wu Sangui the King of Pingxi and ordered him to be the leader to pursue and kill all the way to the capital.
When the Qing army chased Fanjiadian, Li Zicheng killed Wu Xiang to vent his anger. After returning to the capital, he killed thirty-eight members of the Wu family, old and young. On April 29 of the lunar calendar, Li Zicheng proclaimed himself emperor in Beijing. The next day, Li Zicheng left Beijing and retreated to Xi'an. Only forty-two days before and after. After the Qing army entered Beijing on June 6, 1644, the capital was moved from Shengjing to Beijing.
In March of the second year of Shunzhi (1645), the Dashun army forced away the Southern Ming general Zuo Liangyu and occupied Wuchang. Li Zicheng planned to sail eastward and seize the southeast as a base to resist the Qing Dynasty. However, Dashun's army was not fully prepared. The Qing army suddenly attacked by land and water. Li Zicheng hurriedly abandoned Wuchang and headed southeast.On May 17, the second year of Shunzhi (1645), he was accidentally killed by villagers in Jiugong Mountain, Tongcheng County, Hubei Province. (Another theory is that Li Zicheng’s death place was Jiugong Mountain, Tongshan County, Xianning City, Hubei Province.)
