Wei Liye
In the west of Wangliao Village, Niudu Town, Linyi County, Shanxi Province, there is an ancient cemetery with a canopy of pines and cypresses, surrounded by flower walls and a central tomb. This was the cemetery that was built more than 2,400 years ago. The resting place of Yidun, a famous businessman of the Jin Dynasty who was revered by later generations as the "ancestor of Chinese industrial business".
Talking about Yidun's business and wealth in the ancient land of Xi and his contribution to Chinese commercial civilization and Hedong farming civilization, there are many legends circulating among the people, and they are also highly praised in historical books. Huan Kuan of the Han Dynasty said in his book "Salt and Iron Theory": "Within the building, the sparrow does not know the height of the sky and the earth; the frog in the well does not know the size of the river and the sea; the poor man is not a wife; he does not know the care of the country; he does not know the burden of the country. The merchants did not know the wealth of Yidun..." "Salt and Iron Theory" had a huge influence in the Han Dynasty and is still an important document for studying ancient Chinese economy. "Salt and Iron Theory" refers to Yidun's wealth as the same as heaven and earth, rivers and seas, and countries. In Chinese history, how many businessmen can be evaluated in this way?
Culture is the soul of our nation and the spiritual home of the people. Although historical records and folk legends are far away from us, the excellent cultural elements they contain have never left us and have long been rooted in our blood.
In order to carry forward Yidun's Shang ancestral culture and inherit Yidun's immortal merits and entrepreneurial spirit, in recent years, the author has traveled through the starry sky of history and conducted a careful search and in-depth excavation and research on the remains of Yidun's wealth creation, so he wrote This is a clumsy article. Today, when the modernization process is getting faster and faster, this article will strengthen some people's shaky humanistic consciousness and call us to return to our hometown and relive the warm, rich and proud hometown of the past!
(1) The Hanshi of Lu
"Kong Congzi" says: "Yi Dun, the Hanshi of Lu." Lu, that is, The name of the country in Zhou Dynasty was Lu. According to the "Hundred Family Surnames" compiled by Qiantang in the early Northern Song Dynasty: "The distant ancestor of Lu began in the Zhou Dynasty. The son of King Zhou Cheng, Boqin, was granted the title of Lu and established the State of Lu (in today's Qufu, Shandong). area), was later destroyed by the Chu State, and his descendants took the original country name. "
Yidun was born in Feicheng, Lu State, about 480 BC. Feicheng is located to the east of the river, at the west foot of Mount Tai, and to the north of Taoshan Mountain. It was known as Feizi Kingdom in ancient times. The land here is fertile and the products are rich. It is also the place where Confucius founded the Confucian school of learning, and the cultural atmosphere is very strong.
The Zhou Dynasty was a very strict hierarchical society. "The king eats tribute, the ministers eat the town, and the scholars eat the fields." Yidun was called "Hanshi" in history, which shows that although he was a commoner, he still belonged to the "scholar" class. The family owns land and has a small number of slaves to cultivate it, so the family is relatively well off.
It is said that both of Yidun's parents died when he was thirteen, and he had not yet married or started a family when he was twenty. He lived a miserable life of "farming means constant hunger, and mulberry leaves always cold".
This "suffering" life was first caused by a fire. Mr. Nan Boyong recorded in his book "Chinese Business Ancestor Tao Zhu Gong" (published by Hainan Publishing House): "Yidun's house suffered a fire, and the fire completely burned all the property accumulated by his ancestors. "It was caused by my father's car accident. Folk rumors: One morning, Yidun's father and his servants hitched up the carriage, took the newly reeled silk and some peaches and went out to trade. Unexpectedly, they encountered Sanhuan's men and horses who were chasing Lu Aigong . Frightened, he ran wildly, but the wheel of the car overturned due to the blockage thrown by the rebels. Unfortunately, his father's legs were broken after being run over, and he passed away soon after.
As the saying goes: "You can only mourn three times." Generally, if one person dies in a loving couple, the other will also die with him within three years. After all, Yidun's mother did not escape these fatal "three years". Before the three years were up, she passed away and went to look for the head of the family who had been with her all her life.
The song "The Book of Songs·Xiaoya·Polygonum" says:
Polygonum belongs to Curcuma, and mugwort belongs to bandits. I feel sorry for my parents, who worked so hard to give birth to me.
Polygonum is E, and I am Yi Wei. I'm sorry for my parents, I'm so exhausted from work.
The bottle is empty, Wei Lei is ashamed. The life of the fresh people is not as long as the death. What kind of father is there without a father? Without a mother, what can you rely on? When you go out, you will hold your shirt, and when you enter, you will be exhausted.
My father gave birth to me, and my mother bowed to me. Caress me, feed me, grow me and nurture me.Take care of me and return to me, enter and exit my belly. Desiring to repay the virtue, Haotian is extremely cruel!
Nanshan is fierce and windy. If the people are all poor, what harm can I do! The rhythm of Nanshan Mountain is fluttering in the wind. The people are all in need of food, but I alone cannot die!
This is a poem in memory of my parents. The main idea is: look at the wormwood growing tall, but it is not wormwood but loose wormwood; pity my father and mother, they have worked too hard to raise me; look at the wormwood clinging to each other, but it is not wormwood but only wormwood; pity my mother. Mom and Dad, it’s too hard to raise me. It’s a shame to fill the bottle with water when the bottle is empty. It’s boring to live alone, it’s better to die early. Without a biological father, who can I rely on? What can I rely on if I don’t have my biological mother? I feel sad when I go out, but I don’t know where to stop when I enter. Daddy, you gave birth to me, and mommy, you fed me. You protected me, loved me, raised me, and nurtured me. You miss me and don’t want to leave me. You embrace me when you go out of the house. To repay my parents for their great kindness, God’s disasters are hard to predict; the Nanshan Mountain is too high to be crossed, and the fierce winds make people tremble; no one is unlucky, so why did I suffer this calamity; the Nanshan Mountain is too high to be crossed, and the strong winds make people tremble; no one is unlucky. Things can't always support me alone.
Yidun has always had deep feelings for his parents, and this poem just expresses his deep and unforgettable feelings at this moment.
Yidun mourned and stayed filial piety to his parents for three years, but filial piety is a filial piety, and life must go on. Just when Yidun had a bleak future and was desperate, he heard the names of "Three Zhi Qianjin" and " Tao Zhu Gong". This was really "there is no way out after mountains and rivers, and there is no way out, and there is a bright future in another village", so he decided to "go and ask." technique".
(2) Asking about skills
Tao Zhugong, whose original name was Fan Li, and whose courtesy name was Shaobo, was a doctor of Yue Kingdom in the late Spring and Autumn Period. When the State of Yue was defeated by Wu, he went to Wu as a hostage for three years with the king of Yue Gou Jian . After returning to Vietnam, he helped the King of Yue to suffer hardships and worked hard to become stronger. After ten years of gathering together, he destroyed the state of Wu with three thousand soldiers and horses. As the number one person who avenged and destroyed Wu, Fan Li had unparalleled achievements and was famous in history. When Gou Jian, the king of Yue, achieved a complete victory, Fan saw that the king of Yue was a man who "can only share the poor and the lowly, but not the rich and the noble", so he retreated bravely, concealed his name, said goodbye, and traveled alone in the rivers and lakes in a small boat. First he arrived in the state of Qi, where he was renamed Yizipi, and then he went to the Tao land of the state of Wei (now northwest of Dingtao, Shandong), where he was renamed Tao Zhugong. Duke Zhu of Tao thought that the land of Tao was located in the middle of the world and was well connected to all the princes, so it was the best place to do business, so he settled here. During the nineteen years, he made three thousand gold, which he could gather and disperse, and he was said to be extremely rich. Later generations wrote a poem praising him: "If you live in an official position, you will become a minister; if you stay at home, you will earn a fortune."
According to the book "Kong Congzi", the place where Yidun "went to ask about the art" was at Dingtao. During the meeting, Tao Zhugong received him warmly and told him: "If you want to get rich quickly, you should use it as an animal." "Pig, sheep, donkey")
Fan Li became rich and famous in Dingtao, Shandong, because he had a relationship with his teacher Ji Ran ("Historical Records" said: He was from Shanxi, "he was also the son of the former Jin Dynasty." ), he once came to Jinnan, Shanxi, and first engaged in business activities in Xiaoyi Village (today's Taifan Village) of the Yi family, and then went to Tao Village, Yuncheng, , to live in seclusion for the elderly. Therefore, regarding the place where Yidun "goes to get rich", there is also a theory among the people of Taifan and Taocun. In the "Reconstruction of the Tomb of Yidun Family of Zhou Yimin" written by Wang Yongling in the 17th year of Daoguang reign of the Qing Dynasty (this stele is now in the Yidun Temple in Wangliao), he said: "Yi Dun, a poor scholar from Lu, asked the rich Tao Zhu family In Xun, he learned the art of three gardens and five knots. ""Hedong Hall of Fame" said when showing Yidun: "Yidun, the founder of business, was originally a scholar in the state of Lu. He heard that Fan Li, the Duke of Tao, abandoned his official position and became rich quickly. After hearing the news, he went to Tao (now Tao Village, Yanhu District, Yuncheng City) to 'ask for advice', and Fan Li told him the best way to get rich."
The author thinks that the above statement seems a bit illogical. Just imagine, Qi State is in the north of Lu State, the distance is only one or two hundred miles, but to the east of Hedong, it is thousands of miles away. Isn't it very clear which one is closer and which one is farther? Of course, when Yidun became successful and Fan Li also came to Hedong, the exchanges between the two of them would definitely become more frequent.For example, Fan Li dealt in jewelry, and Yidun also dealt in jewelry later. If Yidun stopped asking Fan Li for advice, it would be impossible for him to get involved in this field.
(3) Suitable for the Xihe River
"Unification of the Qing Dynasty" quoted from "Kong Congzi" records: "Yi Dun, a poor man of Lu, Tao Zhu Gongjiao suitable for the Xihe River, large livestock cattle and sheep to the south of the Yi family .”
Where is “西河”? The Taiwan version of "Da Dictionary" says: "In ancient times, the north-south section of the western region of the Yellow River was called the Xihe River." "Puzhou Prefectural Chronicles·Evolution of the County" says: "Pudi was the southern boundary of Jizhou . It was first called Xihe and continued to be called Hedong. "With these geographical coordinates, we can definitely say that the place where Yidun settled is of course Hedong Yishi.
When Yidun came here, he saw that the water and grass under the Emei Mountains were lush and the land was fertile. It was indeed a natural livestock farm. He settled down near Duize (to the west of Wangliao Village in Linyi today). The south of the country. "
Yidun's surname was Wang Li. After settling in Yidi, he started a business in Yidi and made a fortune. After his death, he was buried in Yidi, so he was named Yidun.
After Yidun came to Wangliao alone, he made a living by collecting firewood every day. According to villagers, there is a local family named Wang. The old couple and their daughter depend on each other. Yidun comes back from collecting firewood every day. When he passes by, he always leaves some firewood for the family. Over time, the old couple see that he is a decent person and hardworking. He was simple and could read and write. He liked him very much. After being agreed with him, he was made his son-in-law. After Yidun got married, the young couple fell in love with each other, and within a few years they gave birth to three sons, named Liao'er, Jing'er, and Jian'er.
Regarding the fact that Yidun is "suitable for the Xihe River", some experts and scholars in the past often said that it was "south of Anze County". Its main basis is: First, "Chinese Dictionary". "Da Dictionary" records: "Zhi (ancient Chinese characters have two pronunciations, the first pronunciation is yi, which is used for place names. The second pronunciation is qi, which is rugged and uneven) is the name of Han County, which belongs to Shangdang County. Its old city is in today's An, Shanxi Ze County South." The second is " Cihai ". The "Yidun" article in "Cihai" says: "Yidun was a native of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. He was originally a poor man. He later became rich by making salt and raising livestock to make the Yi family prosperous (south of Anze County, Shanxi today), hence the name 'Yidun'. "Dun'." The third is the Chinese textbook for former high school students. The class selected an article "On the Passage of the Qin Dynasty". In the annotation of "Tao Zhu Yidun's Richness", the Yi family was said to be "South of Anze County". According to the theory of "South of Anze County", I also wrote this in the article "Exploring the Way of Life" in "Yidun, the Forefather of Chinese Farmers and Businessmen": Yidun "begged along the way and came to Anze Mountain in Shanxi to make a living by collecting firewood. ." Later, it was verified by "Shanxi Tongzhi" that this was a dictionary error. "Tongzhi" records: "The Han family was mistakenly identified as the Yi family in the "Zhishi County and State Chronicles" of the Former Han Dynasty, and they were mixed up in Yidun's old residence." It can be seen that it is precisely because the "Zhaishi County and State Annals" mistakenly identified the Yi family as the "Hai family" , which led to the errors recorded in various classics for more than a thousand years in later generations, causing various handed down works to misrepresent the Yi family of Yidun's former residence as "the 'Xi family' in the south of Anze County ". This is really It's a big historical joke.
Yidun traveled thousands of miles to Xihe. It also reminds people of the Shandong people's "crossing the Guandong" for more than two thousand years and the Shanxi merchants' "walking to the west entrance" during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are striking similarities between the two. The same farewell to hometown, the same long journey, the same hope, the same coolie foothold. The only difference is that the later "Crossing Guandong" and "Going to the West Entrance" went from Shandong and Shanxi to other places, while Yidun went from Shandong to Shanxi. After Yidun, at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, a large number of Shandong refugees followed Yidun's footsteps and entered the fertile land of the Yi family. It can be seen from the newly revised "Linyi County Chronicle" (1993 edition) that Linyi still has many "Shandong Village" villages composed of Shandong refugees. Yidun's spirit of starting a business in another place is undoubtedly a huge inspiration to the elderly.
(4) Intensive breeding of "Five Yao"
Jin Nong of the Qing Dynasty wrote in his poem "Send the Yi Family to Du Qisun's Yongzhou": "If you don't get the double luan in the sky, how can it be difficult for the five Yao animals in Hedong." Although Hedong Yi land is a special place. It is a good place for the development of animal husbandry, but it is not an easy task to really raise "Wuyou" well.
There are few written records in history books about how Yidun started to engage in animal husbandry. However, the folk stories circulated in Wangliao Village explain some of the situation at that time.
Story 1: Carrying salt and drying brine. Wangliao is very close to Hedong Salt Pond . At the beginning, Yidun went down to the salt pond to carry salt and brine in order to make a living and to realize his ambition. There is a folk poem that goes: "In May, salt flowers and jade are fighting for life, and thousands of people are watching the waves. The boat is holding pearls on the coral shelf, and the crystal is explored in the amber plate. The moon shadow first spreads the two red strands, and the ripples do not hide the light. King Gao I once knew the taste of the soup, but I can know the one-night stand in the pond." It tells the story of the hardships involved. Yidun used the hard-earned money earned through hard work and hard work to start from "small and cheap", first buying hens, then ewes, and then buying back pigs, cows, horses and other female animals. Carefully raised and painstakingly managed. For more than a year, "a cow gives birth to a cow, five cows in three years", and "a ewe gives birth to a ewe, and in three years they are crowded to the wall of the sheep pen." Within a few years, there were thousands of cattle, horses, sheep, and pigs in Yidun. "Chickens ran all over the plain, pigs and sheep ran in dozens of fences, and cows and horses flocked together."
Story 2: Fighting rice and raising chickens. As the saying goes: If a chicken eats live food, its eggs will grow bigger and its meat will increase. Based on this, Yidun invented an advanced method of raising chickens. He cooked a bucket of rice, fermented it, mixed it with water, mixed it with weeds, sealed it with soil, and kept it at a reasonable temperature. In about twenty days, bugs containing a large amount of protein would be produced in it, making it a good feed for chickens. In a short period of time, the chickens have more meat, more eggs, and bigger eggs, which not only reduces costs, but also provides obvious benefits.
Story 3: Male testicle removal. As the saying goes: Two donkeys cannot be tied to one trough. As the herd grows, there is a phenomenon that makes Yidun very worried. It is often the case that male livestock fight each other for the female livestock. Among male horses, you bite and kick, and among male cattle, you push each other. They collided, not only maiming each other, but also disturbing the entire herd. Yidun was helpless and often sighed. Later, a man named Youzhi who drove the cart and fed the animals for Yidun suggested to Yidun: "If the men entering the palace are cut off, their sexual desire can be eliminated, and then letting such men serve the concubines can avoid sexual harassment. Perhaps uniforms These male animals can also use this method." These words were very inspiring to Yidun. However, there was no precedent for castrating livestock before. To be cautious, Yidun first experimented with pigs and finally succeeded. Then experiments were conducted on cattle and horses. All castrated animals have lost their sexual desires and functions. In the group, they show calmness and tranquility. At the same time, they gain weight quickly and have strength, especially the male mules and horses used for pulling carts and running transportation. They are completely less aggressive than before when they were not castrated, but they still maintain the robustness and endurance of male livestock. This is the result of castration. A great discovery. For more than two thousand years, people have used this experience to make livestock serve humans obediently. We should remember in any case that the patent right of this invention belongs to Yidun.
Story 4: Improved livestock breeds. Xu Guangqi, a famous scientist in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1562-1623), wrote the "Encyclopedia of Agricultural Administration", which is known as the encyclopedia of ancient Chinese agriculture. He said in the book: "If you want to get rich quickly, you have to raise five animals. If the wet nurse is good and can be used as seed, the wet nurse will be kept as seed, but the evil one will sell it without losing the capital. If the wet nurse is good, she will buy a foal and a calf." For those who are pregnant, during the first year of their lives, cows, horses, and donkeys will get twice as much, and sheep will get four times as much." This passage is actually a true comment and summary of Yidun's "Five Animals", which can be seen from it. The idea of not being conservative and daring to reform also reflects Yidun's calculating business thinking. In order to select the best and eliminate the inferior, Yidun carefully selects high-grade male livestock in the herd as breeding animals for breeding. In contrast, Yidun also selects the best among the female livestock for mating. This has resulted in the development and expansion of superior livestock, while inferior livestock has been rapidly eliminated. In addition, Yidun also told the Chiyan transport personnel not to forget to buy good stallions from there, whether transporting salt to Qinchuan or to the Western Regions; and whether transporting salt to Qidi or Ludi, Don't forget to choose and buy good and from there.It buys high-quality breeding stock from distant places, selects the best female animals in its own herd, and conducts distant mating, so a new generation of more robust herds appears. The large Shannan oxen and tall donkeys bred by Yidun are still famous today.
Story Five: The Shepherd of Three Valleys. There are three large ditches in Wangliao today, which bear witness to the development of animal husbandry in Yidun. One is the "Chicken House Ditch" located to the west of Yidun Temple. It is said that in order to prevent the harassment and infringement of the chicken farm by foxes, badgers, weasels, Yidun dug many holes on the cliff on the south side of the ditch to serve as chicken coops, and placed traps in front of the chicken coop. Once a thief gets inside the trap, he can't get out again. This is why the villagers call this ditch "Chicken House Ditch"; the second one is Yangdaogou located in the northwest corner of Wangliao Village. This ditch is about one kilometer south and north. Going north, the ditch is shallow and goes uphill. Another thousand meters to the west is Laotan. The county annals said it was called "Duize", but today it is called wetland. There are lush aquatic plants on the marshland, which is especially suitable for grazing. Every morning, Yidun drove the sheep to the Wangjingtan grassland in the north, and in the evening he drove the sheep to the Sushui River in the south. Over the years, a deep ditch about five kilometers long was excavated. Until now, people still call this ditch "Yangdaogou"; the third one is Yaotou ditch. Yaotou, whose real name is Yao Xi, is a descendant of Shun. He is an upright and bold man. He is a close friend whom Yidun met on his way to escape. He is also the leader in charge of Yidun's five industries. Yaotougou was originally a gathering place for Yidun to raise cattle, horses and other large livestock. Yao Xi lived in this ditch all year round for the convenience of work, so it was called "Yaotougou" by later generations.
Story 6: The theory of "Three Villages". With the continuous development of animal husbandry, more and more poor people from near and far are attracted to seek refuge in Yidun. In order to rationally utilize this large amount of manpower and according to the needs of division of labor, Yidun carefully planned and rationally arranged many livestock points in a radius of dozens of miles. Each livestock point naturally formed a village. Yidun sent his sons Wang Liao, Wang Jing, and Wang Jian to live in three livestock farms and work with others to manage livestock. Later, these three livestock farms were named after his three sons.
(5) Establishing the "Three Gardens"
While vigorously developing animal husbandry, Yidun saw that in the ancient Xi country, in addition to the lush water and grass that could be used to "livestock", there was also a large amount of barren land that was idle. If it can be developed and utilized, it can not only solve people's food problem, but also resettle the refugees and receive economic and social benefits. Therefore, Yidun, who began to become rich through animal husbandry, organized the people to open up wasteland to grow grain, and established the "Three Gardens" ".
Yidun has built "three gardens" of peach, apricot and mulberry on the east, west and south sides of Wangliao Village. There is an old saying in the village, which is "East Peach, West Apricot and South Mulberry Garden".
East Peach - The peach orchard built by Yidun in the east of the village is the largest among the "three gardens", covering an area of 17 hectares. It cultivates as many as 200 varieties of peach trees, each with its own unique shape, color and taste. There are "May fresh" that ripen early enough to catch up with the Dragon Boat Festival, late-ripening "August peach", common white and rosy "Beauty Zui", and pure jade-white Ginkgo peach with tender, juicy and sweet flesh. The crisp "red in the snow" is now mostly lost, leaving only the Taoyuan ruins of more than 400 acres.
Since ancient times, people have used peach blossoms to symbolize spring and express love. They also call peaches "longevity peaches". According to legend, this longevity peach comes from Feicheng, Yidun's hometown. is a member of the Fei tribe. They transplanted the peaches to Feiziyuan from the East China Sea Shuo Mountain. The huge peach on the palm of the longevity Antarctic Xianweng is the "Fat Peach" ; The peach tree is also known as the "immortal tree" and the "hero tree". A secretary of " Taiping Yulan " said: "Peach is the essence of the five trees. In ancient times, it suppressed evil spirits. This fairy tree is also. The essence of peach wood is in the gate of ghosts and can control all ghosts. It has been used in ancient and modern times. The Peach Wood Sword is used to suppress evil spirits. This fairy tree is also called the fairy tree and the hero tree. Woolen cloth? It is said to originate from two ancient stories: one is "Guan Yi is afraid of peaches".Guan Yi was originally the leader of all ghosts. He was famous for his good shooting during his lifetime. A man named Pengmeng became a disciple of Guan Yi. After completing his studies, he repaid his kindness by raising a mahogany stick and beating his teacher to death from behind. , because Yi died under the peach tree, he developed a conditioned fear of the peach tree. The second one is "Peach wood is the incarnation of Kuafu". " Shan Hai Jing " contains such a mythical story: "Kuafu chased the sun, died of thirst, abandoned his staff and became Deng Lin." "Denglin" means "Taolin".
Folk rumors After Jin Wugong destroyed Xun, many residents here turned into wronged souls, often wandering around the area, and frightening screams were heard from time to time at night, making Yidun City (the old city of Xun) Very restless. So Yidun placed the location of the peach garden at the south gate of Yidun City in the east of the village. His obvious intention was to use the "immortal tree" and the "heroic tree" here to control the house, suppress evil, and drive away ghosts. , the role of stabilizing one party.
"There are only a few peach blossoms outside the wall, who can predict the warmth of spring?" The traditional cultural factors contained in the peach garden have created a special sacrificial custom in the local area for thousands of years. Every year during the Qingming Festival, when villagers visit Yidun's tomb, they break off peach blossom branches and place them on the ancient tomb to express the memory of future generations.
Xixing - Yidun's first apricot garden built in the west of the village, covering an area of 20 hectares. More than 30 new varieties have been cultivated, which are large in size, smooth in surface, bright in color, thin in skin, thick in flesh, juicy, fragrant, sweet and refreshing. Due to their good varieties, apricot trees in the apricot garden were later widely planted by people from hundreds of miles around, all over Xunxia and surrounding areas, from Emei Mountain in the north to Zhongtiao Mountain in the south and to the Yellow River in the west. Nowadays, Yi Xing of Yongji and Yi Xing of Linyi are both very famous.
Speaking of Taoyuan and Xingyuan, there is another person named Chen Zhi who must be mentioned. Chen Zhiben was a nobleman of the Chen State. Around 450 BC, a great civil strife broke out in the Chen State. Prince Chen Wan led a thousand people to flee to Qilu, and Chen Zhi was one of them. However, Chen Zhi did not follow Chen Wan to Qi State, but lived near Feicheng at the junction of Qi and Lu. Several years of folk life made him interested in growing mulberries, and he became a well-known local expert. Later, he followed Yidun to the Xihe River and became the supervisor of the peach and apricot orchards owned by Yidun. For the convenience of management, they settled in the southwest of Taoyuan. Therefore, people used to call the place where Chen Zhi lived "Chen Family Manor", and the road from the village to the manor was called "Manor Road".
Nansang——The mulberry garden built by Yidun in the south of the village covers an area of more than ten hectares. In ancient times, there was a saying: "A hundred Lu mulberry leaves are rich in brocade and silk." This means that the mulberry leaves produced in Lu are of high quality. As long as more mulberry trees are planted and the silk is good, high-end silk fabrics will be abundant. At the time when Yidun lived, there was no cotton in China. At that time, the poor wore kudzu and the rich wore silk. Zhang Yu " Silkworm Woman " poem goes: "I went to the city yesterday and came back full of tears. Those who are covered with silk clothes are not sericulture farmers!" At that time, the silk industry was very prosperous, and farmers had to raise crops as long as they farmed. Silkworms, the so-called "home of mulberry farming", means farming and raising silkworms simultaneously. Although farmers in southern Shanxi also plant mulberry trees and raise silkworms, the quality of the mulberry trees is poor and the price of silk cannot rise. Therefore, Yidun purchased the best mulberry seedlings from his hometown of Ludi, transported them back to Yidi, cultivated them carefully, and then promoted them, which made the sericulture industry in southern Shanxi flourish. In order to reel out raw silk, Yidun promptly set up a silk reeling processing factory in Mulberry Garden, which is known as the "Embroidery Garden". It is said that the silk produced in Xunxia was once as famous as Lu silk. Later, cotton was introduced to China, and popular spinning and weaving replaced the laborious silk weaving. The sericulture industry gradually declined, and the high-quality Rusang also degraded. However, the name "mulberry garden" But it has become a magical land for future generations to remember the historical achievements of their ancestors.
(6) Yingyan Giant Rich
A person who only makes a living from the land, no matter how rich he is, cannot be called a businessman. The standard for defining a businessman should be whether he is engaged in commercial operations and engages in commodity circulation and exchange. Sima Qian said in "Historical Records·Biography of Huozhi": "Yi Dun is made with salt."This means that Yidun truly became a great businessman, starting from the business of Yu salt.
"Yu salt" refers specifically to Hedong Chi salt. Hedong Chi salt was first called "Yi's salt". More than 2,000 years ago, it The area was much larger than it is now. It was bounded by Xunxiadi in the north and Zhongtiao Mountain in the south. "Book of Mountains and Seas, Volume 3" said: "Jingshan looks to the Yanban River in the south. "Jin people Guo Pu note: "That is Yanchi, now Yishi County, Hedong. ""Shui Jing Zhu·Volume 6" also says: "There is another pool in the west of the pool, called Nvyanze, twenty-five miles from east to west, twenty miles from north to south, south of the Yi family's old city... The local customs split the water and make it fertile. In Sichuan and Ye, the border water is exhausted, and the soil forms salt by itself, which is the so-called salty and alkaline soil. It tastes bitter, so it is called salt field. "Shuowen Jiezi" explains the word "盬" as follows: "盬, Yanchi, Yishi County ." The expanse is fifty-one miles, the width is seven miles, and the circumference is one hundred and sixteen miles. "Until the Tang Dynasty, the salt in the pond in Hedong was still called "Yi salt". Liu Zongyuan said in the article " Jin Wen ": "Yi's salt is the greatest treasure of Jin, and people rely on it with Gu. "
During the Warring States Period, although the development of mountains, forests, rivers and lakes was under the control of the government, it did not operate it directly. Instead, it used a three-tenths tax to let the "people" manage it, but this kind of "people" was by no means Ordinary handicraftsmen are wealthy and powerful people, because this kind of development requires a lot of investment and a certain amount of labor. It benefits. "And Yidun belonged to such a wealthy people at this time, and he had the conditions and strength to develop the salt in Hedongchi.
May and June every year are the busiest seasons for salt workers. "Shui Jing Zhu" said: " In midsummer, when the wind comes out with a roaring sound, it is commonly known as the south wind of salt. The salt flowers bloom like this and turn into salt overnight. It is also the hardest season for salt workers. How bitter is it? The folk poem mentioned above, from the Ming Dynasty When Zhu Shang (1482-1539), the right deputy censor of the capital, was serving as the censor of the salt inspection, he also wrote such a "Poetry for Fishing for Salt" based on his personal experiences:
There are more than ten thousand salt cubes in two states and ten counties. In the sixth month of the Xia Dynasty, I came to the pond and was scorched by the heat. My hands and feet were all peeled off due to the intense heat.
My hands and feet were all peeled off. I was tired, and my hunger and thirst were gone.
I was also sick. The illness has stopped, business is busy, and we miss each other. How dare we quit the hardships? How dare we not quit the hardships without the sun and the moon? The constitution is clear. How dare we leave the army and go to the other side of the mountain to visit our parents. .
Looking at the parents, who is sharing the meal: The weak woman is as worried as drunk!
I am so worried that I am so sad!
It is conceivable that the salt in the future is so hard. What was it like for those who fished for salt more than two thousand years ago? However, whether it was "scorching in the heat", "stripping off every limb", "carrying hunger and thirst", or "not having the sun and the moon", what would it be like for Yidun? For a tough guy who was born as a "salt fisher", he has long been accustomed to it. No matter how hard it is, it is difficult to stop Yidun's ambition to start a business.
One of the characteristics of Hedongchi Salt is its "natural generation". "Biography" notes: "Salt can be used directly without refining. "Dogen said: "The purple clear pavilion of Hedong Salt Pond is muddy and does not flow. The salt in the water is naturally printed. It can be taken in the morning and returned to in the evening without any loss in the end. "Yidun organized labor and went to the pond to fish for salt. After operating for a year, he found that the original production method of "salting in the sun every day and collecting the salt by working together" sounds good, but it is purely dependent on the weather and cycle. It was long and had low yield, so I thought of a way to build a border outside the pond, and then divert the brine from the pond into the border. In this way, the size and depth of the border can be determined by people, and how much brine is poured into it. It was also controlled by people, thus greatly improving production efficiency. This attempt by Yidun was confirmed in the local chronicles compiled by later generations: "At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and the beginning of the Warring States Period, the practice of cultivating the border and watering the sun appeared. To germinate, people build borders in salt ponds to irrigate fields, just like diversion of water in agricultural production, and use the wind and sun to expose them. After the water in the borders evaporates, salt is obtained. "The "artificial salt production method of reclaiming the border and pouring it in the sun" has been continuously explored and perfected, and it was fully formed by the Tang and Song Dynasties. Zhang Shoujie of the Tang Dynasty said in "Historical Records·Zhengyi·Huozhi Biography": "The salt pond in Hedong is border salt." As "Qi", it means planting a row of leek.When it rains, the water in the pond is evenly salty and light. There is a pit about a foot deep on the water bank of the pond. It is blasted in the sun. It will be completed in five or six days. The salt is as white as a vitriol. , then it is called Qi Salt. Liu Zongyuan of the Tang Dynasty gave a wonderful and vivid description in his article "Jin Wen": "But when you get there, you can see the interlaced ravines and borders, like crops and fields, open and even, with scattered scales. There are so many people, and I don’t know its boundaries. Suddenly the source of the stream flows, flowing through each other, like branches and strands, spreading over the branches, the veins are drenched with fluid, the water is wet and slippery, the valleys are getting higher and higher, and the hills are covered with lumps. Arriving at the embankment, the sky is bright and clear, forming an abyss and a river. Those who watch can only see the vast water, but they don’t know what it is... silent and invisible, and the knots are quick and strange. Looking back for a moment, there are hundreds of miles of snow. . "Cui Ao of the Tang Dynasty wrote in his "Preface to the Ode to the Lingqing Gongshen Temple in Yanchi, Hedong": "The five pictures are ridges, and the ridges have canals, and the ten wells are ditches, and the ditches have roads. The knot is the border, and the knot is the gate. It is soaked with muddy currents and filled with special sources. The yin and yang phase is steaming, and the clear and turbid phase is pregnant. "The major improvements in the salt production process of Hedong Pond Salt are the first of their kind in the history of salt production in the world. It is of great significance and can be called a milestone in the reform of the salt industry's production technology.
Pond Salt is exposed, how can it be transported out and sold into money? According to Relevant historical records: Yidun initially chose to use three traditional ancient salt roads, and later built four. However, the most important routes are the following three: one is from Mohe Village in present-day Salt Lake District to Zhongtiao Mountain and passes through Pinglu County. The "Yanban Ancient Road" (also known as the "Yuban Ancient Road") in Yuniuping Village, Zhangdian Town, leads from here to Qinlong in the west, to Fan and Deng in the south, to the Yan Dynasty in the north, and to the Zhou and Song Dynasties in the east. The land was sold to the Central Plains. Classic ancient events in history such as "Bole Xiangma", "Searching for Ji according to the picture", "False Yu cutting Qi", "Dead lips and cold teeth" all happened on this ancient Yuban Road carrying salt. You have to walk on the road, and you have to cross a slope when entering Henan." " Yuban There are blue stones on the plate, and the car traces on the stone are one foot deep." "Under Cynomorium Pass, overlooking the salt pond is like a mirror painting. In front of the Yuban monument, Bole's reputation has been passed down through the ages. "The beautiful poems written by ancient and modern literati on the ancient salt road bear witness to the vicissitudes of Yuban in the Spring and Autumn Period; the second road is known as the "Yanche Road". From the present day to the capital of Yu, , it passed through the ancient land of Xi and the King of Wu The ancient ferry allowed Chi Yan to be transported to cities and rural areas in Qin and , and then sold to the Western Regions through Qin, as well as to Iran, Afghanistan and other places; the third one leads to various places in the north through the Emei Mountains. According to the memories of the elders, it is located in Emei, Linyi County. To the west of Jingshimiao Village on the edge of the ridge, there is a Nipang Car Road, which has been called "Salt Lane" since ancient times. This official road was dedicated to transporting salt. It did not belong to private land until the cooperativeization, and it is still listed on the land contract confirmation certificate. In addition, the land was still marked as "Salt Lane". According to Qianlong's "Linjin County Chronicle·Volume 6", Yidun once tried to change the backward transportation method of land transportation by donkey and cart. Transported by boat, the first artificial canal in Shanxi was also dug. This canal started from the Yanchi River in Hedong, passed through Wuxing Lake, and then entered the Yellow River from Wuxing Lake to Mengming Bridge in Puban (this is a long way of a hundred miles. It was basically the route of the Yongfeng Canal in the Later Wei Dynasty), but it could not be used because of the siltation of the mouth of the Yellow River.
Just imagine, at that time, the princes dominated each other and fought endlessly. In this era of chaos, Yidun's How can the Chiyan transportation team pass safely? According to folklore, Yidun is a "sage" who is protected by gods secretly. No matter what difficulties and obstacles he encounters, he will be able to be charitable and righteous. It provides wages and helps the poor, so it is loved and protected by officials and people everywhere. In addition, salt is a necessity for people's lives. Yidun's Chiyan transportation team can only bring them convenience but not trouble. Therefore, even in troubled times. However, it is unobstructed. Just as Du Fu wrote in the poem "Recalling Xun Xia": "There are no jackals and tigers on the roads of Kyushu, and there is no good luck for a long journey." ”
(7) Concurrently engaged in jewelry
This Chi Salt Transport Team is engaged in transportation, but at the same time, it is a propaganda team for the livestock industry and an acquisition team for the jewelry industry.
This Chi Salt Transport Team Wherever you go, the fat mules and horses are living specimens of Yidi's livestock herd, which attracts people's attention.Naturally, people also asked about the situation of animal husbandry in Yidi, so the information about animal husbandry in Yidi was widely disseminated. People who are short of cattle for farming in various places come to Yidi to buy big cattle; people who are short of mules for transportation and horses for driving, come to Yidi to buy high-quality mules and horses; even those who are short of pigs and sheep in the slaughtering industry come to Yidi. Choose to buy pigs and sheep. Therefore, the rise of the transportation industry has greatly promoted the development of animal husbandry.
The bell of the Jiyan transportation team rang louder and farther away. To the west, it echoes throughout the cities and villages of Qin, and then crosses the border of Qin, leading to the Western Regions. At that time, the Western Regions included not only the current Xinjiang, but also the various ethnic tribes west of Xinjiang. The territory was very vast. The various rare treasures produced there are rare in our mainland; and our pool salt is also a rare thing for them. In this way, every time Chi Yan is transported to the Western Regions, he must exchange for many pearls, agates and jade treasures and bring them to Yi Di. This "back and forth" not only greatly reduced the transportation cost of salt, but also made Yidun's reputation for selling jewelry as high as that of the big salt merchants. Yidun took advantage of the situation and set up more than 50 jewelry stores along the way, forming the current chain stores, franchise stores and subsidiaries. These shops even opened to vassal states such as Qi, Lu, Yan, Chu, etc., greatly expanding the "overseas" market for Yidun jewelry.
I have seen a lot of jewelry, and Yidun has become an authority in appreciating it. Real and fake, good and bad, once Yidun has passed it, he will know the difference.
Shi Jiao, the teacher of Qin Prime Minister Shang Yang and a native of the Wei state, said in his "Zi Zi·Governing the World": "The best way to govern is to rely on the virtuous, such as borrowing Bole to look after horses, and borrow Yi Dun to look after jade." Jiao and Yidun were from the same generation and from the same region, so what he said should be true. Shi Jiao compares Yidun with Bole Xiangma, which shows how brilliant Yidun is in appreciating jewelry.
Liu An of the Western Han Dynasty said in his book "Huainanzi·Si Lun Xun": "The sword craftsman who makes the sword look like Mo Xie, only Ou Ye can be named; the jade craftsman who dazzles the jade looks like Bi Lu, only Yi Dun can't. Lost his love." Here, the author compares Yidun with the famous swordsman Ouye. He said that ordinary jade workers are dazzled and helpless when faced with real and fake jade. They often mistake ordinary jade for real jade, and only Yidun, an authoritative jade expert, can not confuse the difference between them. "Only Yidun never loses his emotion". The "emotion" in this refers to Yidun's real talent and ability to distinguish true and false jade, and his "smart eye for discerning pearls"; on the other hand, it also refers to "sincerity". In terms of "sincerity", it means that only Yidun can be sincere, not tell lies, and truly distinguish between true and false jade.
Ge Hong of the Eastern Jin Dynasty sighed in his book "Baopuzi·Promoting Talents": "The relationship between Xuanli and Xuanli cannot be marketed except by Tao Yi." "Tao" refers to Tao Zhugong and Fan Li, "Yi" refers to Yidun, and "market" refers to buying and selling. The meaning is that these priceless jewelry cannot be sold on the market without the appraisal of Tao Zhugong and Yidun, and no one would dare to ask for them. Jueyuan and Xuanli are the earliest precious jade discovered and used in our country. They first appeared in "Warring States Policy·Qin Ce III": "Fan Zi (Ju) entered Qin because of Wang Ji, and presented a letter to King Zhao saying: I heard that Zhou You The Ti'e and Song dynasties have Jie Lu, Liang has Xuan Li, and the Chu has He Pu (He's Bi). These four treasures were lost due to work." This was later found in Sima Qian's "Historical Records·Fan Ju Biography".
Yidun brings back a steady stream of jewelry from all over the Western Regions, undergoes strict appraisal, separates the types, marks the grade, determines the price, and puts them into the market for trading. As a result, the jewelry industry is really booming.
(8) Yidun Mall
When talking about the relics of Yidun's prosperity, the writer Mr. Han Zhenyuan said something wonderful. He said: "The glory of Shanxi merchants left behind many deep houses and courtyards, while the glory of Yidun left behind an ancient city pool that has stood on the territory of China for more than 860 years - Yidun Mall.
玗Dunshang City was originally the ancient city of Xun Bo. The Yi clan was the kingdom of Xun Bo. It was the fiefdom of Xun Bo, the fifteenth son of King Wen of Zhou (some say seventeen sons). Xun Bo was the leader of the princes because of his merits in governing the princes, and was famous all over the world. "The Book of Songs·Cao·Xiaquan" eulogizes: "There are kings in the four kingdoms, and they are under the control of Xun."The ancient city of Xunbo was originally the capital of ancient Xun. According to historical records such as "Xun County Chronicles", "Yoshi County Chronicles" and "Shanxi Geography General Chronicles" written by Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty, its location was in the city of Yicheng (now Linyi County). ) "Yi's Ancient City" (a national key cultural relics protection unit) in the east of Blacksmith Camp Village in Nanshibali: "The ruins of the ancient city are more than ten miles away, with eight gates in all directions. It is a large-scale capital and is not a county. The system of towns. "The Kingdom of Xi existed for four hundred years in history, and was destroyed by the Kingdom of Jin in 680 BC. "Zuo Zhuan·Huan Ninth Year" records: "Gong Wu of Jin destroyed Xi and gave the official Yuan, who was the uncle of Yuan. . "Xun County belonged to the Jin Dynasty in the Spring and Autumn Period, and to the Wei Dynasty during the Warring States Period.
The ancient city of Xun Bo is only one mile away from Wangliao Village in the southwest of the city. When Yidun started his business and became prosperous, as his industrial activities continued to develop and expand, one was to The ancient city gradually turned into a settlement for herders, farmers and salt workers. Poor people from far and near came to seek refuge with him. Yidun settled these poor people and did whatever they could, such as herding cattle and sheep, planting mulberries and fruits, and raising livestock. There are those who reel silk and make clothes; there are those who dry salt in salt ponds and make salt, and they go out to transport and sell salt. According to the "Old Preface of Yishi County Chronicles": "Yidun was a native of Lu and moved to the country of Xi, although he was engaged in fish and salt production. The industry is also a virtuous person, otherwise there is no way to pass it on from person to person in the city, so it is specially increased to live in exile. "The second is to turn the ancient city into a salt city. "Cihai" (reduced version) says: "The Yi family, an ancient place name, is in the south of Linyi in present-day Shanxi. There are salt ponds. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Yidun of the state of Lu became rich by using a bath here. "Hedong Salt Pool is specifically called "Yu Salt", and before the Tang Dynasty, it was also called "Yi's Salt". As the first person in history to develop salt in Hedong Pool, Yidun was the management center of the salt camp in the ancient city of Xunbo. Yidun's development of Yiyan salt almost made the land of Xunxia the capital of the Jin state. "Zuo Zhuan: The Sixth Year of Lu Chenggong" records: The Jin people wanted to go to Gujiang, and all the officials said: "They must live in Xunxia." The land is fertile and close to Yu. The interests of the country and the people cannot be lost. "At that time, the edible salt of the Jin State and the surrounding Rongdi people were all supplied by Yi salt. The Jin government also used Yi salt to exchange for the tiger, leopard, cattle, sheep, livestock products and leather of the Rongdi people. This shows the importance of Yi salt in the commercial economy of the Jin state. Status. Later, the minister Han Xianzhi said: "No, the Xun Xia family has thin soil and shallow water, and it is easy to gou (gou pronunciation). Easy to look at, people will be worried, and people's worries will lead to narrowness, so there will be a disease of addiction and heavy sickness (zhui, pronounced as falling. It means swollen feet). "Finally, we went to Jinhou Maxintian. Although the land of Xunxia did not become the capital of Jin, its status as a necessary daily necessity in the Central Plains is unmatched. The third is to turn the ancient city into a prosperous commercial city. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the city system was implemented in the ancient land of Xun. Markets were set up in densely populated areas. Product exchange and prosperous trade made the ancient city of Xun gradually prosper as a commercial city. "Book of Changes" says: “Making markets in the middle of the day, gathering people from all over the world, gathering the goods from all over the world, trading and retreating, everyone gets what he wants. "The goods traded on the market, according to relevant literature, mainly include millet, salt, fruits, silk weaving, livestock, slaughter, jewelry, pottery, bronze castings, wooden and iron production tools and other items. With the goods With the increasing prosperity of exchange, currency as a circulation intermediary came into being. At present, archaeologists and ancient coin researchers have identified more than 290 types of coins minted in various parts of the Jin Dynasty from a wide variety of ancient coins. Those with the characters "Zhi" and "Qi" in them were the currency used in the land of Xun.
Due to the above reasons, "Book of Jin·Geography" records: Xunbo's ancient city was also called "Yidun" in history. City". Yang Shuchun, a native of the Qing Dynasty, said in his poem "Ode to Yi's Xun Bo Temple": "The ruins of Xun Yang, Guan Zongshe, why do they follow the name of Yi Dun? "I think that Yidun Mall, which has come all the way from the clouds, is the best answer to this historical question.
(9) After years of painstaking management and development, Neng Ju Neng San
Yidun has finally become a A rich man who "has an uncountable interest and is as rich as a prince" is as famous as Tao Zhu. He is "the richest in the world" and is known in history as "Tao Zhu Yidun's wealth".
After Yidun became rich, he was rich and virtuous, able to gather and disperse. , caring for the world, spreading benevolence and righteousness, showing compassion to the orphans and the poor, dredging water, developing irrigation, and benefiting the people.Tai Shigong praised: "He is good at dancing with long sleeves and good at wealth. He is called Yidun!" He also said that he "has the ability to gather wealth and regain it." He has a way of gathering wealth and a way of dispersing it. It is even more reflected in the word "San".
said that Yidun has a good way of gathering wealth. First of all, he has a persistent pursuit of his career and a spirit of hard work and entrepreneurship. Yidun was originally a poor Confucian, but he was poor but ambitious, and poor wanted to change. When he was desperate, it was Tao Zhugong who gave him guidance. When he started the animal husbandry industry from scratch, he was not afraid of difficulties and resolutely sold himself as a coolie to carry salt in the pond. He used the hard-earned money to buy back hens and ewes, growing from "one hen" to "five hens". It has been developed from "five mothers" to flocks of cows, horses, pigs, sheep and chickens. All this is due to his strong belief and indomitable fighting spirit.
said that Yidun had a good way of gathering wealth because he gave full play to his ingenuity and talents to continuously push his career forward. The prosperity and growth of animal husbandry is a reflection of Yidun's persistent pursuit. Making and selling salt shows his intelligence and intelligence. Due to the war, there was a shortage of salt. Yidun saw that firstly, there were abundant resources of nearby salt, and secondly, there were sufficient transportation conditions and mining power. Therefore, he did not hesitate to seize the opportunity, organize manpower, and export salt, thereby opening up He established an extremely prominent business route and further pushed his career to a peak. The transportation team sent Chi Yan to various places in the Western Region and exchanged it for a large amount of jewelry, which was extremely precious in the mainland. Yidun lost no time in bringing the jewelry to the market and trading it widely, which further demonstrated his intelligence and intelligence.
said that Yidun had a good way of gathering wealth because he was committed to reform and constant innovation. In animal husbandry management, he took measures to select the best, eliminate the worst, cultivate superior breeds, castrate livestock, and distantly mate. He summarized the principles of "fighting rice to raise chickens" and "cows stamp their feet, horses full at night, and fed with salt to make them strong." Experience; in the "Three Gardens" of Guangzhi, he introduced and cultivated dozens of excellent mulberry varieties; when making and selling salt, he improved the original production method of "salt in the sun and harvested by concentrated labor" and changed Instead of using donkeys and carts as a backward land transportation method, they wanted to use boat transportation and dug the first artificial canal in Shanxi.
Yidun operated agriculture and animal husbandry, salt industry, transportation industry, and jewelry industry throughout his life. All of these "four industries" made brilliant achievements. It is said that Yidun wrote a book "Collection of Proverbs" in his later years, which is divided into "Livestock Chapter", "Livestock and Poultry Chapter", "Three Gardens Chapter", "Salt Making Chapter", "Trading Chapter" and "Health Preservation Chapter" Six parts. summed up his experience. Decades ago, some people in Wangliao village had read it, but it was a pity that it was burned down during the "Cultural Revolution".
The right way to gather wealth made Yidun a millionaire, and the right way to disperse wealth was the real essence of his life. Yidun's dispersal of wealth is mainly reflected in four aspects:
First, it provides people with employment and ensures survival. Yidun became rich and famous, and more and more people came to him. In order to give everyone a place to stay, Yidun built a series of dormitory houses in the east of Wangliao Village, set up kitchens and cooking utensils, and prepared rice and noodles. At the same time, he dug three sweet water wells to ensure people's food. Live peacefully. When there was a disaster, he put food in the house and took the lead in disaster relief. To this day, the southwest part of Wangliao Village still retains the name "Fan (Fan) Jiaxiang". It is said to be the ruins of the "Poverty Relief Store" and "Shefanzhuang" that Yidun founded in those days. In order to ensure that everyone in the village has work and food to eat, Yidun treats different situations according to different situations: young and powerful men are responsible for drying and transporting salt; middle-aged men are responsible for feeding cattle and horses; and elderly people are responsible for herding sheep and cutting grass. ; The young woman raises silkworms and reels silk; the old woman raises chickens and hatches chicks. As for castrating pigs and horses, treating livestock, setting fires for cooking, planting melons and beans, etc., suitable people are arranged for them.
The second is to open up wasteland, treat alkali and develop farming. The ancient land of Xun more than 3,000 years ago had a large area of water and swamps and was overgrown with weeds. Yidun limited the livestock areas to saline-alkali swamp areas; classified the fine loess land into farming areas, and implemented reclamation of wasteland to grow grain. He organized manpower to treat alkali and improve the land. Many people were recalled due to famine and war, and houses were built in separate locations to engage in farming and planting. Yidun distributed his cattle, horses and donkeys to various households. According to folklore, each farmer would raise and use them, and each would share them in half after they gave birth. Help purchase farm tools and teach farming techniques.It is said that the farming method of using oxen to pull the plow was invented by Yidun. "The Encyclopedia of Nongzheng·Nongbenjingshi Allusions" records: "I heard that in ancient times, cultivators used rakes and two rakes as a couple to plow, all with human power. In the Spring and Autumn Period, oxen began to plow and plows were used."
The third is to dredge rivers and dredge water to bring benefits and eliminate harms. In ancient Xun, there was a Sushui River, also known as Suchuan, which originated from Miaojia Valley in Jiangxian County, passed through Xiashi and Anyi, went to Yishi and Linjin in the southwest, and flowed into the Yellow River through Puzhou. The Sushui River usually has a very thin flow, but when flash floods occur, it overflows, often destroying fields and villages, and often flooding salt ponds. To this end, Yidun invested a lot of manpower and financial resources to dredge the river, strengthen the embankments, control the source, and redirect the river channels. In this way, it not only ensures irrigation of farmland and drinking water for livestock, but also protects salt ponds, benefiting agriculture, livestock and salt fields.
According to the Records of the Origin of Counties and Counties in Yuncheng Area, during the reign of Marquis Wen of Wei, Yidun once moved north to Sushui, relying on the time and location of the Wei State to control water, promote agriculture, and control salt to strengthen the country. The villagers of Nidu Town still tell this historical story: Back then, when the river was going to pass through the north of Nidu Town, people were worried that Sushui and Emeipo would flood the village, so Yidun deliberately placed a water-controlling stone here. This "water-restraining stone" was called "Woniu Stone" at that time, and the outlet of the canal was called "Woniu Pond". Every time the water came out, I could only hear the sound of water waves hitting the rocks, but it never overflowed. Therefore, Niudu Town was called "Mukeli". To commemorate Yidun, the villagers once built the "Wo Niu Temple" here. Unfortunately, when the Japanese invaded China, they were demolished on the pretext that the narrow road affected traffic.
The fourth is to pay taxes to the public, which is beneficial to the country. Yidun lived in an era characterized by wars and famines, the people were impoverished and the country was depleted. Yidun generously donated his property to the country and sent large numbers of mules and horses to the army many times to prepare for war. Yidun's eagerness to pay the public effectively strengthened the country's power and defended against foreign invasion. At the same time, it also alleviated the people's suffering from tax collection and corvee labor. The existing stone tablet "Reconstruction of the Tomb of Yidun Family of Zhou Yimin" erected in the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty in the Yidun Temple says when describing Yidun's merits: "Sometimes he is eager to pay the public, which will benefit the country; or he shows mercy to the orphans. If you are poor, you can help the people."
(10) Immortal merits
Yidun became rich in the world by asking Tao Zhu Gong. He was rich and thoughtful of his origins, so he naturally respected and appreciated Tao Zhugong very much. The story of "Yi Dun asked for a treasure to thank Duke Zhu" recorded in the book "Chinese Shang Zu Tao Zhu Gong" has long been passed down as a good story.
Yidun and Tao Zhugong have many things in common in terms of getting rich in business, such as extraordinary business strategies and noble business ethics, but they also have different methods and methods of gathering energy and dispersing energy. Tao Zhugong's ability to gather was to apply his ingenious strategies to master the changes in the world and all things in the business. Therefore, in the past nineteen years, he had made three fortunes, and it was easy for him to gather wealth. As a poor scholar, Yidun was penniless when he started his business. His ability was achieved step by step through hard work. Tao Zhugong's Nengsan was mainly reflected in the control of grains. He used abundant capital to buy grains at low prices in normal years; when the grain harvest failed, he sold them at low prices. It not only stabilizes people's lives, but also makes profits. With profits, a large amount of grain and property can be used to help poor victims. Yidun's energy can be found in providing relief to the poor during the war years, in doing everything possible to support bankrupt farmers to resume agricultural production, and in pioneering and innovating to seek benefits for future generations. In this sense, Yidun's contribution to society has more extensive and practical value than Tao Zhugong. Therefore, for thousands of years, people all over the world have always remembered Yidun and been highly respected.
"Reconstruction of Yidun's Tomb of Zhou Yimin" says that in Yidun's life, "there are three immortalities: meritorious service, virtue, and reputation." And Tai Shigong's "Biography of Huo Shi" "is only called rich and Tao Zhu, as for merit, there is absolutely no "Speaking of" is not enough. "It is unknown that people value merit and virtue, so they set up statues to protect tombs and named their counties to praise them."
said "named his counties" and wrote a biography of Yidun.There is an old question in history that is still unresolved, which is: Did the Yi family come first and then the Yi family, or did the Yi family come first and then the Yi family? Regarding the debate on this issue, the author believes that to answer this question correctly, we must first clarify the difference between the two concepts of "district" and "county":
According to "district", of course, there is the Yi family first and then the Yi family. pause. "History of the Road" records: "In the Xia Dynasty, there was the Yi Kingdom, a country with the surname Yi. In the Xia Dynasty, Yi Peng Yao was unjust, and Shaokang destroyed it, so it became the land of Yi." After the Xia Dynasty, the land of Yi gradually evolved into the Yi family, which is the same name as the land of Yi. "Puzhou Fu Zhi" says: "The ancient Yi family was very big!" "Weishu" records: "The Yi family had Jieshantang, so today's Anyi and Wanrong were originally merged with the Yi family!" From this point of view, Later, the ancient Yi clan reached Yanchi in the south and Gushan in the north. Today, Anyi, Yuncheng, Linyi and Wanquan are all the lands of the ancient Yi clan. "The Collection of Kong Congzi" says: "Yidun was a poor scholar of Lu. Tao Zhugong taught him and he adapted to the Xihe River. He kept large cattle and sheep in the south of the Yi family. In ten years, he became a prince in order to prosper the Yi family, so he was called Yidun. "Yidun's surname is Wang, not Yi. He came to Yidi from Shandong and got his name because he made a fortune in Yidi. The so-called Yidun means the place of suddenness. In addition, since the Spring and Autumn Period, most people were named after their place. As a businessman at that time, Yidun would never name a place after a businessman in a social background that emphasized agriculture and suppressed business. Therefore, this is simply a question that cannot be questioned.
As far as "county" is concerned, according to historical records, there should be Yidun first and then the Yi family. During the Qin Dynasty, the social status of merchants had begun to change. Qin Shihuang realized the importance of business and that it would be difficult to achieve hegemony without business. He once set the merchants Wushi Luo and Widow Qing as examples, and gave them high status and privileges to stimulate the enthusiasm of businessmen to serve the Qin Empire. After the Qin Dynasty unified the six kingdoms, when Qin Shi Huang abolished the feudal status and established prefectures and counties, he designated the Yi family as a county for the first time. "Hanshu Geography VIII" records: "Qin established Hedong County and twenty-four counties." Among these twenty-four counties, one of them is Yishi County. After the founding of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, issued the "Edict to Seek Talents", sincerely inviting talents from all walks of life to join and recruit talents for the establishment of a powerful Han Dynasty. The following year, the original city of Yidun was used as a county and Yishi County was established. "Puzhou Prefecture Chronicles" writes in the last part of "Evolution of the Yi Family": "I don't think it has been known since the times, but it is said that Yidun is rich, and the Han Dynasty named its county because of Dun." From then on, Yidun's Shang ancestral culture officially became a culture of naming counties. Hu Sansheng of the Yuan Dynasty also began to say this in his "Zizhi Tongjian Annotation": "Yishi County belongs to Hezhong Prefecture. Song Bai said: 'This is the Xun Garden, Yidun became rich here, so it is called Yishi'." "The stone tablet "Reconstruction of Zhou Yimin's Tomb of Yidun" erected in the 17th year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty also said this: Later generations commemorated Yidun: "The image is worshiped, the tomb is represented, and the county is named, but it is immortal!"
In the autumn of 1959, Comrade Hu Yaobang, then secretary of the Communist Youth League Central Committee, came to Yi County to visit cadres decentralized from the central government. He mentioned the origin of the name of Yi's County. In his speech, he said: The name of Yi's County was established to commemorate the Spring and Autumn Period, Yi Dun. He was a student of Fan Li, a doctor of the Yue State. After the Yue State defeated the Wu State, Fan Li took Xi Shi and fled to Shanxi and Jinnan. Yidun once asked the rich Fan Li, who first vigorously developed animal husbandry in Yidi, and then ran the salt industry in Yuncheng, becoming a wealthy businessman. He respected his master as "Tao Zhugong", so there is a praise saying "Tao Zhuyidun is rich". to date. He encouraged decentralized cadres to follow local customs wherever they go and understand the local culture and history. Asking more and reading more can increase their knowledge (see the article "Yao Bang's kindness will never be forgotten" in "Collected Works of Liu Keshan"). For the above reasons, when Wangliao villagers talk about this historical "controversy", they always say firmly and confidently: "First there was Yidun Tomb, then Wangliao Village, and then there was Yishi County."
talks about "setting up statues to protect tombs", which is a folk custom for worship. In what year and month did Yidun die? This is neither recorded in historical books nor handed down in special articles, so it is difficult to verify. But according to folklore, he died without any illness and died at a healthy age. During his lifetime, he gave a detailed account of his funeral. The location of Yidun's tomb is now at the intersection of the southern end of Yangdaogou and the eastern end of Jishegou. Prince Fuqi of Yidun started here. It is said that this is the place where Yidun never forgets to start his business, and it is intended to let his descendants remember: God will never forget Blessings must be achieved through hard work and hard work.The entrance to the coffin of Yidun's tomb and the gate of the cemetery are not facing south, but east. This means that Yidun never forgets his hometown of Feicheng, Tulu, and misses his hometown.
When did Yidun's tomb become a cemetery? According to word of mouth from villagers, in the first year of Chongzhen (1628), the Yidun Temple fell into disrepair. At the request of the old man who kept the temple, it was repaired again. It is said that Emperor Chongzhen (1628--1644) personally inscribed a plaque for the Yidun Temple. It can be seen that there were cemeteries at least before the Ming Dynasty. "Reconstruction of Zhou Yimin's Tomb of Yidun" clearly records: In the 44th year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (AD 1705), Chen Dingming, a native of Xiangxiang, felt sorry for the owner of his lonely tomb, so he proposed to raise money to build it and build a brick wall to make it an ancient tomb. A very small courtyard was built, and a stone monument was erected beside the road. But soon, the monument collapsed. During the reign of Daoguang (1821--1850), Guo Yucheng, a martial arts student in Wangliao Village, wanted to build it again. After more than ten years of fundraising, the construction finally started. The land in front of the tomb was expanded by seven points, a temple statue was built, and a mountain gate was built.
Regarding Guo Yucheng's rebuilding of Yidun Tomb, there is a stone tablet written by Guo Yucheng on the wall of Yidun Ancient Tomb, which records such a story of "being crazy because of a dream": "Yucheng is a crazy person. When he was young, he was not good at learning, but when he was long, he became crazy." After joining the army, he was trading in Qinchuan. He passed by the ancient tomb of Yidun in the west of the village. He saw that the surrounding walls were collapsed and trampled by woodcutter and herders, and his heart was broken. In April of the twelfth year of Jiaqing, he went to Qin. At dawn, he stayed beside the tomb and slept briefly. , I saw an old man with very old clothes and a bright beard. I didn't know him before. He asked me where he came from and said, "You are sleeping by my house. Do you still want to ask me?" At that time, I arrived home at a loss. When he was asleep, he saw the old man and said, "My house has been in ruins for a long time. Didn't I forget to sleep beside it without paying my respects?" When I woke up, I had an epiphany and worked hard to raise money. I have been running it for more than twenty years and accumulated a lot of money. With more than 200 gold, the villagers are willing to contribute money to help the cause. "
The renovated Yidun tomb has twelve steps from the ground to the top of the tomb. Why twelve steps? There is a lot to pay attention to in this. Its meaning has two meanings: first, "the twelve branches of Zi, Chou, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu, and Hai" are the sequence of time, repeating in a cycle, forever and ever, symbolizing Yidun. His famous name will always be with heaven and earth; secondly, Yidun is a pig, which is the last of the twelve zodiac signs. These twelve zodiac signs include all people in the world, indicating that people all over the world will remember Yidun's famous name.
(11) Eternal Respect
In the last years of the Yuan Dynasty, wars broke out frequently, social unrest, people were poor and suffering, and the world was in decline. In the winter of November of the first year of Zhizheng (1341), Wang Sicheng, the official of Su Zheng Lian Visiting Department of Hedong and Shanxi Province, came to Yishi County for inspection. On the one hand, he saw the outstanding people and the beautiful sights and historical sites in Yishi County, and he greatly appreciated it; on the other hand, he felt that the current social situation was incompatible with the beautiful scenery in front of him, and he was deeply moved. So he composed a poem to express his feelings, and wrote the poem "Passing through the City of Xun": "It is said that this Yidun originally belonged to the ancient Linghu. The villages and ruins in the four borders are remote, and the fortress is isolated for ten years. The Xunxia Xuanfu land is the war zone of the Qin and Jin Dynasties. To Zekong City is here, and Sangquan is the hometown of Wu. There are many fat cattle and sheep, and the fields are rich. . The old temple of Ma Wang is preserved, and the sages are poor and the customs are rough. If the people want to be rich, why don't they ask Tao Zhu? , take advantage of the local superior geographical conditions
to develop agriculture and animal husbandry, and live a healthy and prosperous life as soon as possible.
In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang made Nanjing his capital. Shen Wansan, a business genius and wealthy man from the south of the Yangtze River who had always respected Yidun, once donated money to build one-third of the city wall. Later, because he spoke loudly and wanted to reward the three armies on behalf of the emperor, he offended Zhu Yuanzhang and was sent to Yunnan to be exiled to the army, where he spent the rest of his life in the desolate frontier. The injustice of history made future generations aggrieved, causing many literati and celebrities to have difficulty in official careers and linger on the longing for urban life. Gao Qi, a contemporary, wrote in "Qingqiu Zige": "Don't worry about returning in vain, don't admire Yi's richness, don't be ashamed of being generous, don't envy the beautiful tassel. Don't care about the dragon and tiger fighting hard, don't care about the black rabbit being busy. Running leaning, sitting alone by the water, walking alone in the forest. "The "Yi family" in the song refers to Yidun, and "not admiring" actually expresses people's admiration and worship for Yidun. From this song, we can also see Yidun’s influence across the country.
Wei Liye
In the west of Wangliao Village, Niudu Town, Linyi County, Shanxi Province, there is an ancient cemetery with a canopy of pines and cypresses, surrounded by flower walls and a central tomb. This was the cemetery that was built more than 2,400 years ago. The resting place of Yidun, a famous businessman of the Jin Dynasty who was revered by later generations as the "ancestor of Chinese industrial business".
Talking about Yidun's business and wealth in the ancient land of Xi and his contribution to Chinese commercial civilization and Hedong farming civilization, there are many legends circulating among the people, and they are also highly praised in historical books. Huan Kuan of the Han Dynasty said in his book "Salt and Iron Theory": "Within the building, the sparrow does not know the height of the sky and the earth; the frog in the well does not know the size of the river and the sea; the poor man is not a wife; he does not know the care of the country; he does not know the burden of the country. The merchants did not know the wealth of Yidun..." "Salt and Iron Theory" had a huge influence in the Han Dynasty and is still an important document for studying ancient Chinese economy. "Salt and Iron Theory" refers to Yidun's wealth as the same as heaven and earth, rivers and seas, and countries. In Chinese history, how many businessmen can be evaluated in this way?
Culture is the soul of our nation and the spiritual home of the people. Although historical records and folk legends are far away from us, the excellent cultural elements they contain have never left us and have long been rooted in our blood.
In order to carry forward Yidun's Shang ancestral culture and inherit Yidun's immortal merits and entrepreneurial spirit, in recent years, the author has traveled through the starry sky of history and conducted a careful search and in-depth excavation and research on the remains of Yidun's wealth creation, so he wrote This is a clumsy article. Today, when the modernization process is getting faster and faster, this article will strengthen some people's shaky humanistic consciousness and call us to return to our hometown and relive the warm, rich and proud hometown of the past!
(1) The Hanshi of Lu
"Kong Congzi" says: "Yi Dun, the Hanshi of Lu." Lu, that is, The name of the country in Zhou Dynasty was Lu. According to the "Hundred Family Surnames" compiled by Qiantang in the early Northern Song Dynasty: "The distant ancestor of Lu began in the Zhou Dynasty. The son of King Zhou Cheng, Boqin, was granted the title of Lu and established the State of Lu (in today's Qufu, Shandong). area), was later destroyed by the Chu State, and his descendants took the original country name. "
Yidun was born in Feicheng, Lu State, about 480 BC. Feicheng is located to the east of the river, at the west foot of Mount Tai, and to the north of Taoshan Mountain. It was known as Feizi Kingdom in ancient times. The land here is fertile and the products are rich. It is also the place where Confucius founded the Confucian school of learning, and the cultural atmosphere is very strong.
The Zhou Dynasty was a very strict hierarchical society. "The king eats tribute, the ministers eat the town, and the scholars eat the fields." Yidun was called "Hanshi" in history, which shows that although he was a commoner, he still belonged to the "scholar" class. The family owns land and has a small number of slaves to cultivate it, so the family is relatively well off.
It is said that both of Yidun's parents died when he was thirteen, and he had not yet married or started a family when he was twenty. He lived a miserable life of "farming means constant hunger, and mulberry leaves always cold".
This "suffering" life was first caused by a fire. Mr. Nan Boyong recorded in his book "Chinese Business Ancestor Tao Zhu Gong" (published by Hainan Publishing House): "Yidun's house suffered a fire, and the fire completely burned all the property accumulated by his ancestors. "It was caused by my father's car accident. Folk rumors: One morning, Yidun's father and his servants hitched up the carriage, took the newly reeled silk and some peaches and went out to trade. Unexpectedly, they encountered Sanhuan's men and horses who were chasing Lu Aigong . Frightened, he ran wildly, but the wheel of the car overturned due to the blockage thrown by the rebels. Unfortunately, his father's legs were broken after being run over, and he passed away soon after.
As the saying goes: "You can only mourn three times." Generally, if one person dies in a loving couple, the other will also die with him within three years. After all, Yidun's mother did not escape these fatal "three years". Before the three years were up, she passed away and went to look for the head of the family who had been with her all her life.
The song "The Book of Songs·Xiaoya·Polygonum" says:
Polygonum belongs to Curcuma, and mugwort belongs to bandits. I feel sorry for my parents, who worked so hard to give birth to me.
Polygonum is E, and I am Yi Wei. I'm sorry for my parents, I'm so exhausted from work.
The bottle is empty, Wei Lei is ashamed. The life of the fresh people is not as long as the death. What kind of father is there without a father? Without a mother, what can you rely on? When you go out, you will hold your shirt, and when you enter, you will be exhausted.
My father gave birth to me, and my mother bowed to me. Caress me, feed me, grow me and nurture me.Take care of me and return to me, enter and exit my belly. Desiring to repay the virtue, Haotian is extremely cruel!
Nanshan is fierce and windy. If the people are all poor, what harm can I do! The rhythm of Nanshan Mountain is fluttering in the wind. The people are all in need of food, but I alone cannot die!
This is a poem in memory of my parents. The main idea is: look at the wormwood growing tall, but it is not wormwood but loose wormwood; pity my father and mother, they have worked too hard to raise me; look at the wormwood clinging to each other, but it is not wormwood but only wormwood; pity my mother. Mom and Dad, it’s too hard to raise me. It’s a shame to fill the bottle with water when the bottle is empty. It’s boring to live alone, it’s better to die early. Without a biological father, who can I rely on? What can I rely on if I don’t have my biological mother? I feel sad when I go out, but I don’t know where to stop when I enter. Daddy, you gave birth to me, and mommy, you fed me. You protected me, loved me, raised me, and nurtured me. You miss me and don’t want to leave me. You embrace me when you go out of the house. To repay my parents for their great kindness, God’s disasters are hard to predict; the Nanshan Mountain is too high to be crossed, and the fierce winds make people tremble; no one is unlucky, so why did I suffer this calamity; the Nanshan Mountain is too high to be crossed, and the strong winds make people tremble; no one is unlucky. Things can't always support me alone.
Yidun has always had deep feelings for his parents, and this poem just expresses his deep and unforgettable feelings at this moment.
Yidun mourned and stayed filial piety to his parents for three years, but filial piety is a filial piety, and life must go on. Just when Yidun had a bleak future and was desperate, he heard the names of "Three Zhi Qianjin" and " Tao Zhu Gong". This was really "there is no way out after mountains and rivers, and there is no way out, and there is a bright future in another village", so he decided to "go and ask." technique".
(2) Asking about skills
Tao Zhugong, whose original name was Fan Li, and whose courtesy name was Shaobo, was a doctor of Yue Kingdom in the late Spring and Autumn Period. When the State of Yue was defeated by Wu, he went to Wu as a hostage for three years with the king of Yue Gou Jian . After returning to Vietnam, he helped the King of Yue to suffer hardships and worked hard to become stronger. After ten years of gathering together, he destroyed the state of Wu with three thousand soldiers and horses. As the number one person who avenged and destroyed Wu, Fan Li had unparalleled achievements and was famous in history. When Gou Jian, the king of Yue, achieved a complete victory, Fan saw that the king of Yue was a man who "can only share the poor and the lowly, but not the rich and the noble", so he retreated bravely, concealed his name, said goodbye, and traveled alone in the rivers and lakes in a small boat. First he arrived in the state of Qi, where he was renamed Yizipi, and then he went to the Tao land of the state of Wei (now northwest of Dingtao, Shandong), where he was renamed Tao Zhugong. Duke Zhu of Tao thought that the land of Tao was located in the middle of the world and was well connected to all the princes, so it was the best place to do business, so he settled here. During the nineteen years, he made three thousand gold, which he could gather and disperse, and he was said to be extremely rich. Later generations wrote a poem praising him: "If you live in an official position, you will become a minister; if you stay at home, you will earn a fortune."
According to the book "Kong Congzi", the place where Yidun "went to ask about the art" was at Dingtao. During the meeting, Tao Zhugong received him warmly and told him: "If you want to get rich quickly, you should use it as an animal." "Pig, sheep, donkey")
Fan Li became rich and famous in Dingtao, Shandong, because he had a relationship with his teacher Ji Ran ("Historical Records" said: He was from Shanxi, "he was also the son of the former Jin Dynasty." ), he once came to Jinnan, Shanxi, and first engaged in business activities in Xiaoyi Village (today's Taifan Village) of the Yi family, and then went to Tao Village, Yuncheng, , to live in seclusion for the elderly. Therefore, regarding the place where Yidun "goes to get rich", there is also a theory among the people of Taifan and Taocun. In the "Reconstruction of the Tomb of Yidun Family of Zhou Yimin" written by Wang Yongling in the 17th year of Daoguang reign of the Qing Dynasty (this stele is now in the Yidun Temple in Wangliao), he said: "Yi Dun, a poor scholar from Lu, asked the rich Tao Zhu family In Xun, he learned the art of three gardens and five knots. ""Hedong Hall of Fame" said when showing Yidun: "Yidun, the founder of business, was originally a scholar in the state of Lu. He heard that Fan Li, the Duke of Tao, abandoned his official position and became rich quickly. After hearing the news, he went to Tao (now Tao Village, Yanhu District, Yuncheng City) to 'ask for advice', and Fan Li told him the best way to get rich."
The author thinks that the above statement seems a bit illogical. Just imagine, Qi State is in the north of Lu State, the distance is only one or two hundred miles, but to the east of Hedong, it is thousands of miles away. Isn't it very clear which one is closer and which one is farther? Of course, when Yidun became successful and Fan Li also came to Hedong, the exchanges between the two of them would definitely become more frequent.For example, Fan Li dealt in jewelry, and Yidun also dealt in jewelry later. If Yidun stopped asking Fan Li for advice, it would be impossible for him to get involved in this field.
(3) Suitable for the Xihe River
"Unification of the Qing Dynasty" quoted from "Kong Congzi" records: "Yi Dun, a poor man of Lu, Tao Zhu Gongjiao suitable for the Xihe River, large livestock cattle and sheep to the south of the Yi family .”
Where is “西河”? The Taiwan version of "Da Dictionary" says: "In ancient times, the north-south section of the western region of the Yellow River was called the Xihe River." "Puzhou Prefectural Chronicles·Evolution of the County" says: "Pudi was the southern boundary of Jizhou . It was first called Xihe and continued to be called Hedong. "With these geographical coordinates, we can definitely say that the place where Yidun settled is of course Hedong Yishi.
When Yidun came here, he saw that the water and grass under the Emei Mountains were lush and the land was fertile. It was indeed a natural livestock farm. He settled down near Duize (to the west of Wangliao Village in Linyi today). The south of the country. "
Yidun's surname was Wang Li. After settling in Yidi, he started a business in Yidi and made a fortune. After his death, he was buried in Yidi, so he was named Yidun.
After Yidun came to Wangliao alone, he made a living by collecting firewood every day. According to villagers, there is a local family named Wang. The old couple and their daughter depend on each other. Yidun comes back from collecting firewood every day. When he passes by, he always leaves some firewood for the family. Over time, the old couple see that he is a decent person and hardworking. He was simple and could read and write. He liked him very much. After being agreed with him, he was made his son-in-law. After Yidun got married, the young couple fell in love with each other, and within a few years they gave birth to three sons, named Liao'er, Jing'er, and Jian'er.
Regarding the fact that Yidun is "suitable for the Xihe River", some experts and scholars in the past often said that it was "south of Anze County". Its main basis is: First, "Chinese Dictionary". "Da Dictionary" records: "Zhi (ancient Chinese characters have two pronunciations, the first pronunciation is yi, which is used for place names. The second pronunciation is qi, which is rugged and uneven) is the name of Han County, which belongs to Shangdang County. Its old city is in today's An, Shanxi Ze County South." The second is " Cihai ". The "Yidun" article in "Cihai" says: "Yidun was a native of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. He was originally a poor man. He later became rich by making salt and raising livestock to make the Yi family prosperous (south of Anze County, Shanxi today), hence the name 'Yidun'. "Dun'." The third is the Chinese textbook for former high school students. The class selected an article "On the Passage of the Qin Dynasty". In the annotation of "Tao Zhu Yidun's Richness", the Yi family was said to be "South of Anze County". According to the theory of "South of Anze County", I also wrote this in the article "Exploring the Way of Life" in "Yidun, the Forefather of Chinese Farmers and Businessmen": Yidun "begged along the way and came to Anze Mountain in Shanxi to make a living by collecting firewood. ." Later, it was verified by "Shanxi Tongzhi" that this was a dictionary error. "Tongzhi" records: "The Han family was mistakenly identified as the Yi family in the "Zhishi County and State Chronicles" of the Former Han Dynasty, and they were mixed up in Yidun's old residence." It can be seen that it is precisely because the "Zhaishi County and State Annals" mistakenly identified the Yi family as the "Hai family" , which led to the errors recorded in various classics for more than a thousand years in later generations, causing various handed down works to misrepresent the Yi family of Yidun's former residence as "the 'Xi family' in the south of Anze County ". This is really It's a big historical joke.
Yidun traveled thousands of miles to Xihe. It also reminds people of the Shandong people's "crossing the Guandong" for more than two thousand years and the Shanxi merchants' "walking to the west entrance" during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are striking similarities between the two. The same farewell to hometown, the same long journey, the same hope, the same coolie foothold. The only difference is that the later "Crossing Guandong" and "Going to the West Entrance" went from Shandong and Shanxi to other places, while Yidun went from Shandong to Shanxi. After Yidun, at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, a large number of Shandong refugees followed Yidun's footsteps and entered the fertile land of the Yi family. It can be seen from the newly revised "Linyi County Chronicle" (1993 edition) that Linyi still has many "Shandong Village" villages composed of Shandong refugees. Yidun's spirit of starting a business in another place is undoubtedly a huge inspiration to the elderly.
(4) Intensive breeding of "Five Yao"
Jin Nong of the Qing Dynasty wrote in his poem "Send the Yi Family to Du Qisun's Yongzhou": "If you don't get the double luan in the sky, how can it be difficult for the five Yao animals in Hedong." Although Hedong Yi land is a special place. It is a good place for the development of animal husbandry, but it is not an easy task to really raise "Wuyou" well.
There are few written records in history books about how Yidun started to engage in animal husbandry. However, the folk stories circulated in Wangliao Village explain some of the situation at that time.
Story 1: Carrying salt and drying brine. Wangliao is very close to Hedong Salt Pond . At the beginning, Yidun went down to the salt pond to carry salt and brine in order to make a living and to realize his ambition. There is a folk poem that goes: "In May, salt flowers and jade are fighting for life, and thousands of people are watching the waves. The boat is holding pearls on the coral shelf, and the crystal is explored in the amber plate. The moon shadow first spreads the two red strands, and the ripples do not hide the light. King Gao I once knew the taste of the soup, but I can know the one-night stand in the pond." It tells the story of the hardships involved. Yidun used the hard-earned money earned through hard work and hard work to start from "small and cheap", first buying hens, then ewes, and then buying back pigs, cows, horses and other female animals. Carefully raised and painstakingly managed. For more than a year, "a cow gives birth to a cow, five cows in three years", and "a ewe gives birth to a ewe, and in three years they are crowded to the wall of the sheep pen." Within a few years, there were thousands of cattle, horses, sheep, and pigs in Yidun. "Chickens ran all over the plain, pigs and sheep ran in dozens of fences, and cows and horses flocked together."
Story 2: Fighting rice and raising chickens. As the saying goes: If a chicken eats live food, its eggs will grow bigger and its meat will increase. Based on this, Yidun invented an advanced method of raising chickens. He cooked a bucket of rice, fermented it, mixed it with water, mixed it with weeds, sealed it with soil, and kept it at a reasonable temperature. In about twenty days, bugs containing a large amount of protein would be produced in it, making it a good feed for chickens. In a short period of time, the chickens have more meat, more eggs, and bigger eggs, which not only reduces costs, but also provides obvious benefits.
Story 3: Male testicle removal. As the saying goes: Two donkeys cannot be tied to one trough. As the herd grows, there is a phenomenon that makes Yidun very worried. It is often the case that male livestock fight each other for the female livestock. Among male horses, you bite and kick, and among male cattle, you push each other. They collided, not only maiming each other, but also disturbing the entire herd. Yidun was helpless and often sighed. Later, a man named Youzhi who drove the cart and fed the animals for Yidun suggested to Yidun: "If the men entering the palace are cut off, their sexual desire can be eliminated, and then letting such men serve the concubines can avoid sexual harassment. Perhaps uniforms These male animals can also use this method." These words were very inspiring to Yidun. However, there was no precedent for castrating livestock before. To be cautious, Yidun first experimented with pigs and finally succeeded. Then experiments were conducted on cattle and horses. All castrated animals have lost their sexual desires and functions. In the group, they show calmness and tranquility. At the same time, they gain weight quickly and have strength, especially the male mules and horses used for pulling carts and running transportation. They are completely less aggressive than before when they were not castrated, but they still maintain the robustness and endurance of male livestock. This is the result of castration. A great discovery. For more than two thousand years, people have used this experience to make livestock serve humans obediently. We should remember in any case that the patent right of this invention belongs to Yidun.
Story 4: Improved livestock breeds. Xu Guangqi, a famous scientist in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1562-1623), wrote the "Encyclopedia of Agricultural Administration", which is known as the encyclopedia of ancient Chinese agriculture. He said in the book: "If you want to get rich quickly, you have to raise five animals. If the wet nurse is good and can be used as seed, the wet nurse will be kept as seed, but the evil one will sell it without losing the capital. If the wet nurse is good, she will buy a foal and a calf." For those who are pregnant, during the first year of their lives, cows, horses, and donkeys will get twice as much, and sheep will get four times as much." This passage is actually a true comment and summary of Yidun's "Five Animals", which can be seen from it. The idea of not being conservative and daring to reform also reflects Yidun's calculating business thinking. In order to select the best and eliminate the inferior, Yidun carefully selects high-grade male livestock in the herd as breeding animals for breeding. In contrast, Yidun also selects the best among the female livestock for mating. This has resulted in the development and expansion of superior livestock, while inferior livestock has been rapidly eliminated. In addition, Yidun also told the Chiyan transport personnel not to forget to buy good stallions from there, whether transporting salt to Qinchuan or to the Western Regions; and whether transporting salt to Qidi or Ludi, Don't forget to choose and buy good and from there.It buys high-quality breeding stock from distant places, selects the best female animals in its own herd, and conducts distant mating, so a new generation of more robust herds appears. The large Shannan oxen and tall donkeys bred by Yidun are still famous today.
Story Five: The Shepherd of Three Valleys. There are three large ditches in Wangliao today, which bear witness to the development of animal husbandry in Yidun. One is the "Chicken House Ditch" located to the west of Yidun Temple. It is said that in order to prevent the harassment and infringement of the chicken farm by foxes, badgers, weasels, Yidun dug many holes on the cliff on the south side of the ditch to serve as chicken coops, and placed traps in front of the chicken coop. Once a thief gets inside the trap, he can't get out again. This is why the villagers call this ditch "Chicken House Ditch"; the second one is Yangdaogou located in the northwest corner of Wangliao Village. This ditch is about one kilometer south and north. Going north, the ditch is shallow and goes uphill. Another thousand meters to the west is Laotan. The county annals said it was called "Duize", but today it is called wetland. There are lush aquatic plants on the marshland, which is especially suitable for grazing. Every morning, Yidun drove the sheep to the Wangjingtan grassland in the north, and in the evening he drove the sheep to the Sushui River in the south. Over the years, a deep ditch about five kilometers long was excavated. Until now, people still call this ditch "Yangdaogou"; the third one is Yaotou ditch. Yaotou, whose real name is Yao Xi, is a descendant of Shun. He is an upright and bold man. He is a close friend whom Yidun met on his way to escape. He is also the leader in charge of Yidun's five industries. Yaotougou was originally a gathering place for Yidun to raise cattle, horses and other large livestock. Yao Xi lived in this ditch all year round for the convenience of work, so it was called "Yaotougou" by later generations.
Story 6: The theory of "Three Villages". With the continuous development of animal husbandry, more and more poor people from near and far are attracted to seek refuge in Yidun. In order to rationally utilize this large amount of manpower and according to the needs of division of labor, Yidun carefully planned and rationally arranged many livestock points in a radius of dozens of miles. Each livestock point naturally formed a village. Yidun sent his sons Wang Liao, Wang Jing, and Wang Jian to live in three livestock farms and work with others to manage livestock. Later, these three livestock farms were named after his three sons.
(5) Establishing the "Three Gardens"
While vigorously developing animal husbandry, Yidun saw that in the ancient Xi country, in addition to the lush water and grass that could be used to "livestock", there was also a large amount of barren land that was idle. If it can be developed and utilized, it can not only solve people's food problem, but also resettle the refugees and receive economic and social benefits. Therefore, Yidun, who began to become rich through animal husbandry, organized the people to open up wasteland to grow grain, and established the "Three Gardens" ".
Yidun has built "three gardens" of peach, apricot and mulberry on the east, west and south sides of Wangliao Village. There is an old saying in the village, which is "East Peach, West Apricot and South Mulberry Garden".
East Peach - The peach orchard built by Yidun in the east of the village is the largest among the "three gardens", covering an area of 17 hectares. It cultivates as many as 200 varieties of peach trees, each with its own unique shape, color and taste. There are "May fresh" that ripen early enough to catch up with the Dragon Boat Festival, late-ripening "August peach", common white and rosy "Beauty Zui", and pure jade-white Ginkgo peach with tender, juicy and sweet flesh. The crisp "red in the snow" is now mostly lost, leaving only the Taoyuan ruins of more than 400 acres.
Since ancient times, people have used peach blossoms to symbolize spring and express love. They also call peaches "longevity peaches". According to legend, this longevity peach comes from Feicheng, Yidun's hometown. is a member of the Fei tribe. They transplanted the peaches to Feiziyuan from the East China Sea Shuo Mountain. The huge peach on the palm of the longevity Antarctic Xianweng is the "Fat Peach" ; The peach tree is also known as the "immortal tree" and the "hero tree". A secretary of " Taiping Yulan " said: "Peach is the essence of the five trees. In ancient times, it suppressed evil spirits. This fairy tree is also. The essence of peach wood is in the gate of ghosts and can control all ghosts. It has been used in ancient and modern times. The Peach Wood Sword is used to suppress evil spirits. This fairy tree is also called the fairy tree and the hero tree. Woolen cloth? It is said to originate from two ancient stories: one is "Guan Yi is afraid of peaches".Guan Yi was originally the leader of all ghosts. He was famous for his good shooting during his lifetime. A man named Pengmeng became a disciple of Guan Yi. After completing his studies, he repaid his kindness by raising a mahogany stick and beating his teacher to death from behind. , because Yi died under the peach tree, he developed a conditioned fear of the peach tree. The second one is "Peach wood is the incarnation of Kuafu". " Shan Hai Jing " contains such a mythical story: "Kuafu chased the sun, died of thirst, abandoned his staff and became Deng Lin." "Denglin" means "Taolin".
Folk rumors After Jin Wugong destroyed Xun, many residents here turned into wronged souls, often wandering around the area, and frightening screams were heard from time to time at night, making Yidun City (the old city of Xun) Very restless. So Yidun placed the location of the peach garden at the south gate of Yidun City in the east of the village. His obvious intention was to use the "immortal tree" and the "heroic tree" here to control the house, suppress evil, and drive away ghosts. , the role of stabilizing one party.
"There are only a few peach blossoms outside the wall, who can predict the warmth of spring?" The traditional cultural factors contained in the peach garden have created a special sacrificial custom in the local area for thousands of years. Every year during the Qingming Festival, when villagers visit Yidun's tomb, they break off peach blossom branches and place them on the ancient tomb to express the memory of future generations.
Xixing - Yidun's first apricot garden built in the west of the village, covering an area of 20 hectares. More than 30 new varieties have been cultivated, which are large in size, smooth in surface, bright in color, thin in skin, thick in flesh, juicy, fragrant, sweet and refreshing. Due to their good varieties, apricot trees in the apricot garden were later widely planted by people from hundreds of miles around, all over Xunxia and surrounding areas, from Emei Mountain in the north to Zhongtiao Mountain in the south and to the Yellow River in the west. Nowadays, Yi Xing of Yongji and Yi Xing of Linyi are both very famous.
Speaking of Taoyuan and Xingyuan, there is another person named Chen Zhi who must be mentioned. Chen Zhiben was a nobleman of the Chen State. Around 450 BC, a great civil strife broke out in the Chen State. Prince Chen Wan led a thousand people to flee to Qilu, and Chen Zhi was one of them. However, Chen Zhi did not follow Chen Wan to Qi State, but lived near Feicheng at the junction of Qi and Lu. Several years of folk life made him interested in growing mulberries, and he became a well-known local expert. Later, he followed Yidun to the Xihe River and became the supervisor of the peach and apricot orchards owned by Yidun. For the convenience of management, they settled in the southwest of Taoyuan. Therefore, people used to call the place where Chen Zhi lived "Chen Family Manor", and the road from the village to the manor was called "Manor Road".
Nansang——The mulberry garden built by Yidun in the south of the village covers an area of more than ten hectares. In ancient times, there was a saying: "A hundred Lu mulberry leaves are rich in brocade and silk." This means that the mulberry leaves produced in Lu are of high quality. As long as more mulberry trees are planted and the silk is good, high-end silk fabrics will be abundant. At the time when Yidun lived, there was no cotton in China. At that time, the poor wore kudzu and the rich wore silk. Zhang Yu " Silkworm Woman " poem goes: "I went to the city yesterday and came back full of tears. Those who are covered with silk clothes are not sericulture farmers!" At that time, the silk industry was very prosperous, and farmers had to raise crops as long as they farmed. Silkworms, the so-called "home of mulberry farming", means farming and raising silkworms simultaneously. Although farmers in southern Shanxi also plant mulberry trees and raise silkworms, the quality of the mulberry trees is poor and the price of silk cannot rise. Therefore, Yidun purchased the best mulberry seedlings from his hometown of Ludi, transported them back to Yidi, cultivated them carefully, and then promoted them, which made the sericulture industry in southern Shanxi flourish. In order to reel out raw silk, Yidun promptly set up a silk reeling processing factory in Mulberry Garden, which is known as the "Embroidery Garden". It is said that the silk produced in Xunxia was once as famous as Lu silk. Later, cotton was introduced to China, and popular spinning and weaving replaced the laborious silk weaving. The sericulture industry gradually declined, and the high-quality Rusang also degraded. However, the name "mulberry garden" But it has become a magical land for future generations to remember the historical achievements of their ancestors.
(6) Yingyan Giant Rich
A person who only makes a living from the land, no matter how rich he is, cannot be called a businessman. The standard for defining a businessman should be whether he is engaged in commercial operations and engages in commodity circulation and exchange. Sima Qian said in "Historical Records·Biography of Huozhi": "Yi Dun is made with salt."This means that Yidun truly became a great businessman, starting from the business of Yu salt.
"Yu salt" refers specifically to Hedong Chi salt. Hedong Chi salt was first called "Yi's salt". More than 2,000 years ago, it The area was much larger than it is now. It was bounded by Xunxiadi in the north and Zhongtiao Mountain in the south. "Book of Mountains and Seas, Volume 3" said: "Jingshan looks to the Yanban River in the south. "Jin people Guo Pu note: "That is Yanchi, now Yishi County, Hedong. ""Shui Jing Zhu·Volume 6" also says: "There is another pool in the west of the pool, called Nvyanze, twenty-five miles from east to west, twenty miles from north to south, south of the Yi family's old city... The local customs split the water and make it fertile. In Sichuan and Ye, the border water is exhausted, and the soil forms salt by itself, which is the so-called salty and alkaline soil. It tastes bitter, so it is called salt field. "Shuowen Jiezi" explains the word "盬" as follows: "盬, Yanchi, Yishi County ." The expanse is fifty-one miles, the width is seven miles, and the circumference is one hundred and sixteen miles. "Until the Tang Dynasty, the salt in the pond in Hedong was still called "Yi salt". Liu Zongyuan said in the article " Jin Wen ": "Yi's salt is the greatest treasure of Jin, and people rely on it with Gu. "
During the Warring States Period, although the development of mountains, forests, rivers and lakes was under the control of the government, it did not operate it directly. Instead, it used a three-tenths tax to let the "people" manage it, but this kind of "people" was by no means Ordinary handicraftsmen are wealthy and powerful people, because this kind of development requires a lot of investment and a certain amount of labor. It benefits. "And Yidun belonged to such a wealthy people at this time, and he had the conditions and strength to develop the salt in Hedongchi.
May and June every year are the busiest seasons for salt workers. "Shui Jing Zhu" said: " In midsummer, when the wind comes out with a roaring sound, it is commonly known as the south wind of salt. The salt flowers bloom like this and turn into salt overnight. It is also the hardest season for salt workers. How bitter is it? The folk poem mentioned above, from the Ming Dynasty When Zhu Shang (1482-1539), the right deputy censor of the capital, was serving as the censor of the salt inspection, he also wrote such a "Poetry for Fishing for Salt" based on his personal experiences:
There are more than ten thousand salt cubes in two states and ten counties. In the sixth month of the Xia Dynasty, I came to the pond and was scorched by the heat. My hands and feet were all peeled off due to the intense heat.
My hands and feet were all peeled off. I was tired, and my hunger and thirst were gone.
I was also sick. The illness has stopped, business is busy, and we miss each other. How dare we quit the hardships? How dare we not quit the hardships without the sun and the moon? The constitution is clear. How dare we leave the army and go to the other side of the mountain to visit our parents. .
Looking at the parents, who is sharing the meal: The weak woman is as worried as drunk!
I am so worried that I am so sad!
It is conceivable that the salt in the future is so hard. What was it like for those who fished for salt more than two thousand years ago? However, whether it was "scorching in the heat", "stripping off every limb", "carrying hunger and thirst", or "not having the sun and the moon", what would it be like for Yidun? For a tough guy who was born as a "salt fisher", he has long been accustomed to it. No matter how hard it is, it is difficult to stop Yidun's ambition to start a business.
One of the characteristics of Hedongchi Salt is its "natural generation". "Biography" notes: "Salt can be used directly without refining. "Dogen said: "The purple clear pavilion of Hedong Salt Pond is muddy and does not flow. The salt in the water is naturally printed. It can be taken in the morning and returned to in the evening without any loss in the end. "Yidun organized labor and went to the pond to fish for salt. After operating for a year, he found that the original production method of "salting in the sun every day and collecting the salt by working together" sounds good, but it is purely dependent on the weather and cycle. It was long and had low yield, so I thought of a way to build a border outside the pond, and then divert the brine from the pond into the border. In this way, the size and depth of the border can be determined by people, and how much brine is poured into it. It was also controlled by people, thus greatly improving production efficiency. This attempt by Yidun was confirmed in the local chronicles compiled by later generations: "At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and the beginning of the Warring States Period, the practice of cultivating the border and watering the sun appeared. To germinate, people build borders in salt ponds to irrigate fields, just like diversion of water in agricultural production, and use the wind and sun to expose them. After the water in the borders evaporates, salt is obtained. "The "artificial salt production method of reclaiming the border and pouring it in the sun" has been continuously explored and perfected, and it was fully formed by the Tang and Song Dynasties. Zhang Shoujie of the Tang Dynasty said in "Historical Records·Zhengyi·Huozhi Biography": "The salt pond in Hedong is border salt." As "Qi", it means planting a row of leek.When it rains, the water in the pond is evenly salty and light. There is a pit about a foot deep on the water bank of the pond. It is blasted in the sun. It will be completed in five or six days. The salt is as white as a vitriol. , then it is called Qi Salt. Liu Zongyuan of the Tang Dynasty gave a wonderful and vivid description in his article "Jin Wen": "But when you get there, you can see the interlaced ravines and borders, like crops and fields, open and even, with scattered scales. There are so many people, and I don’t know its boundaries. Suddenly the source of the stream flows, flowing through each other, like branches and strands, spreading over the branches, the veins are drenched with fluid, the water is wet and slippery, the valleys are getting higher and higher, and the hills are covered with lumps. Arriving at the embankment, the sky is bright and clear, forming an abyss and a river. Those who watch can only see the vast water, but they don’t know what it is... silent and invisible, and the knots are quick and strange. Looking back for a moment, there are hundreds of miles of snow. . "Cui Ao of the Tang Dynasty wrote in his "Preface to the Ode to the Lingqing Gongshen Temple in Yanchi, Hedong": "The five pictures are ridges, and the ridges have canals, and the ten wells are ditches, and the ditches have roads. The knot is the border, and the knot is the gate. It is soaked with muddy currents and filled with special sources. The yin and yang phase is steaming, and the clear and turbid phase is pregnant. "The major improvements in the salt production process of Hedong Pond Salt are the first of their kind in the history of salt production in the world. It is of great significance and can be called a milestone in the reform of the salt industry's production technology.
Pond Salt is exposed, how can it be transported out and sold into money? According to Relevant historical records: Yidun initially chose to use three traditional ancient salt roads, and later built four. However, the most important routes are the following three: one is from Mohe Village in present-day Salt Lake District to Zhongtiao Mountain and passes through Pinglu County. The "Yanban Ancient Road" (also known as the "Yuban Ancient Road") in Yuniuping Village, Zhangdian Town, leads from here to Qinlong in the west, to Fan and Deng in the south, to the Yan Dynasty in the north, and to the Zhou and Song Dynasties in the east. The land was sold to the Central Plains. Classic ancient events in history such as "Bole Xiangma", "Searching for Ji according to the picture", "False Yu cutting Qi", "Dead lips and cold teeth" all happened on this ancient Yuban Road carrying salt. You have to walk on the road, and you have to cross a slope when entering Henan." " Yuban There are blue stones on the plate, and the car traces on the stone are one foot deep." "Under Cynomorium Pass, overlooking the salt pond is like a mirror painting. In front of the Yuban monument, Bole's reputation has been passed down through the ages. "The beautiful poems written by ancient and modern literati on the ancient salt road bear witness to the vicissitudes of Yuban in the Spring and Autumn Period; the second road is known as the "Yanche Road". From the present day to the capital of Yu, , it passed through the ancient land of Xi and the King of Wu The ancient ferry allowed Chi Yan to be transported to cities and rural areas in Qin and , and then sold to the Western Regions through Qin, as well as to Iran, Afghanistan and other places; the third one leads to various places in the north through the Emei Mountains. According to the memories of the elders, it is located in Emei, Linyi County. To the west of Jingshimiao Village on the edge of the ridge, there is a Nipang Car Road, which has been called "Salt Lane" since ancient times. This official road was dedicated to transporting salt. It did not belong to private land until the cooperativeization, and it is still listed on the land contract confirmation certificate. In addition, the land was still marked as "Salt Lane". According to Qianlong's "Linjin County Chronicle·Volume 6", Yidun once tried to change the backward transportation method of land transportation by donkey and cart. Transported by boat, the first artificial canal in Shanxi was also dug. This canal started from the Yanchi River in Hedong, passed through Wuxing Lake, and then entered the Yellow River from Wuxing Lake to Mengming Bridge in Puban (this is a long way of a hundred miles. It was basically the route of the Yongfeng Canal in the Later Wei Dynasty), but it could not be used because of the siltation of the mouth of the Yellow River.
Just imagine, at that time, the princes dominated each other and fought endlessly. In this era of chaos, Yidun's How can the Chiyan transportation team pass safely? According to folklore, Yidun is a "sage" who is protected by gods secretly. No matter what difficulties and obstacles he encounters, he will be able to be charitable and righteous. It provides wages and helps the poor, so it is loved and protected by officials and people everywhere. In addition, salt is a necessity for people's lives. Yidun's Chiyan transportation team can only bring them convenience but not trouble. Therefore, even in troubled times. However, it is unobstructed. Just as Du Fu wrote in the poem "Recalling Xun Xia": "There are no jackals and tigers on the roads of Kyushu, and there is no good luck for a long journey." ”
(7) Concurrently engaged in jewelry
This Chi Salt Transport Team is engaged in transportation, but at the same time, it is a propaganda team for the livestock industry and an acquisition team for the jewelry industry.
This Chi Salt Transport Team Wherever you go, the fat mules and horses are living specimens of Yidi's livestock herd, which attracts people's attention.Naturally, people also asked about the situation of animal husbandry in Yidi, so the information about animal husbandry in Yidi was widely disseminated. People who are short of cattle for farming in various places come to Yidi to buy big cattle; people who are short of mules for transportation and horses for driving, come to Yidi to buy high-quality mules and horses; even those who are short of pigs and sheep in the slaughtering industry come to Yidi. Choose to buy pigs and sheep. Therefore, the rise of the transportation industry has greatly promoted the development of animal husbandry.
The bell of the Jiyan transportation team rang louder and farther away. To the west, it echoes throughout the cities and villages of Qin, and then crosses the border of Qin, leading to the Western Regions. At that time, the Western Regions included not only the current Xinjiang, but also the various ethnic tribes west of Xinjiang. The territory was very vast. The various rare treasures produced there are rare in our mainland; and our pool salt is also a rare thing for them. In this way, every time Chi Yan is transported to the Western Regions, he must exchange for many pearls, agates and jade treasures and bring them to Yi Di. This "back and forth" not only greatly reduced the transportation cost of salt, but also made Yidun's reputation for selling jewelry as high as that of the big salt merchants. Yidun took advantage of the situation and set up more than 50 jewelry stores along the way, forming the current chain stores, franchise stores and subsidiaries. These shops even opened to vassal states such as Qi, Lu, Yan, Chu, etc., greatly expanding the "overseas" market for Yidun jewelry.
I have seen a lot of jewelry, and Yidun has become an authority in appreciating it. Real and fake, good and bad, once Yidun has passed it, he will know the difference.
Shi Jiao, the teacher of Qin Prime Minister Shang Yang and a native of the Wei state, said in his "Zi Zi·Governing the World": "The best way to govern is to rely on the virtuous, such as borrowing Bole to look after horses, and borrow Yi Dun to look after jade." Jiao and Yidun were from the same generation and from the same region, so what he said should be true. Shi Jiao compares Yidun with Bole Xiangma, which shows how brilliant Yidun is in appreciating jewelry.
Liu An of the Western Han Dynasty said in his book "Huainanzi·Si Lun Xun": "The sword craftsman who makes the sword look like Mo Xie, only Ou Ye can be named; the jade craftsman who dazzles the jade looks like Bi Lu, only Yi Dun can't. Lost his love." Here, the author compares Yidun with the famous swordsman Ouye. He said that ordinary jade workers are dazzled and helpless when faced with real and fake jade. They often mistake ordinary jade for real jade, and only Yidun, an authoritative jade expert, can not confuse the difference between them. "Only Yidun never loses his emotion". The "emotion" in this refers to Yidun's real talent and ability to distinguish true and false jade, and his "smart eye for discerning pearls"; on the other hand, it also refers to "sincerity". In terms of "sincerity", it means that only Yidun can be sincere, not tell lies, and truly distinguish between true and false jade.
Ge Hong of the Eastern Jin Dynasty sighed in his book "Baopuzi·Promoting Talents": "The relationship between Xuanli and Xuanli cannot be marketed except by Tao Yi." "Tao" refers to Tao Zhugong and Fan Li, "Yi" refers to Yidun, and "market" refers to buying and selling. The meaning is that these priceless jewelry cannot be sold on the market without the appraisal of Tao Zhugong and Yidun, and no one would dare to ask for them. Jueyuan and Xuanli are the earliest precious jade discovered and used in our country. They first appeared in "Warring States Policy·Qin Ce III": "Fan Zi (Ju) entered Qin because of Wang Ji, and presented a letter to King Zhao saying: I heard that Zhou You The Ti'e and Song dynasties have Jie Lu, Liang has Xuan Li, and the Chu has He Pu (He's Bi). These four treasures were lost due to work." This was later found in Sima Qian's "Historical Records·Fan Ju Biography".
Yidun brings back a steady stream of jewelry from all over the Western Regions, undergoes strict appraisal, separates the types, marks the grade, determines the price, and puts them into the market for trading. As a result, the jewelry industry is really booming.
(8) Yidun Mall
When talking about the relics of Yidun's prosperity, the writer Mr. Han Zhenyuan said something wonderful. He said: "The glory of Shanxi merchants left behind many deep houses and courtyards, while the glory of Yidun left behind an ancient city pool that has stood on the territory of China for more than 860 years - Yidun Mall.
玗Dunshang City was originally the ancient city of Xun Bo. The Yi clan was the kingdom of Xun Bo. It was the fiefdom of Xun Bo, the fifteenth son of King Wen of Zhou (some say seventeen sons). Xun Bo was the leader of the princes because of his merits in governing the princes, and was famous all over the world. "The Book of Songs·Cao·Xiaquan" eulogizes: "There are kings in the four kingdoms, and they are under the control of Xun."The ancient city of Xunbo was originally the capital of ancient Xun. According to historical records such as "Xun County Chronicles", "Yoshi County Chronicles" and "Shanxi Geography General Chronicles" written by Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty, its location was in the city of Yicheng (now Linyi County). ) "Yi's Ancient City" (a national key cultural relics protection unit) in the east of Blacksmith Camp Village in Nanshibali: "The ruins of the ancient city are more than ten miles away, with eight gates in all directions. It is a large-scale capital and is not a county. The system of towns. "The Kingdom of Xi existed for four hundred years in history, and was destroyed by the Kingdom of Jin in 680 BC. "Zuo Zhuan·Huan Ninth Year" records: "Gong Wu of Jin destroyed Xi and gave the official Yuan, who was the uncle of Yuan. . "Xun County belonged to the Jin Dynasty in the Spring and Autumn Period, and to the Wei Dynasty during the Warring States Period.
The ancient city of Xun Bo is only one mile away from Wangliao Village in the southwest of the city. When Yidun started his business and became prosperous, as his industrial activities continued to develop and expand, one was to The ancient city gradually turned into a settlement for herders, farmers and salt workers. Poor people from far and near came to seek refuge with him. Yidun settled these poor people and did whatever they could, such as herding cattle and sheep, planting mulberries and fruits, and raising livestock. There are those who reel silk and make clothes; there are those who dry salt in salt ponds and make salt, and they go out to transport and sell salt. According to the "Old Preface of Yishi County Chronicles": "Yidun was a native of Lu and moved to the country of Xi, although he was engaged in fish and salt production. The industry is also a virtuous person, otherwise there is no way to pass it on from person to person in the city, so it is specially increased to live in exile. "The second is to turn the ancient city into a salt city. "Cihai" (reduced version) says: "The Yi family, an ancient place name, is in the south of Linyi in present-day Shanxi. There are salt ponds. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Yidun of the state of Lu became rich by using a bath here. "Hedong Salt Pool is specifically called "Yu Salt", and before the Tang Dynasty, it was also called "Yi's Salt". As the first person in history to develop salt in Hedong Pool, Yidun was the management center of the salt camp in the ancient city of Xunbo. Yidun's development of Yiyan salt almost made the land of Xunxia the capital of the Jin state. "Zuo Zhuan: The Sixth Year of Lu Chenggong" records: The Jin people wanted to go to Gujiang, and all the officials said: "They must live in Xunxia." The land is fertile and close to Yu. The interests of the country and the people cannot be lost. "At that time, the edible salt of the Jin State and the surrounding Rongdi people were all supplied by Yi salt. The Jin government also used Yi salt to exchange for the tiger, leopard, cattle, sheep, livestock products and leather of the Rongdi people. This shows the importance of Yi salt in the commercial economy of the Jin state. Status. Later, the minister Han Xianzhi said: "No, the Xun Xia family has thin soil and shallow water, and it is easy to gou (gou pronunciation). Easy to look at, people will be worried, and people's worries will lead to narrowness, so there will be a disease of addiction and heavy sickness (zhui, pronounced as falling. It means swollen feet). "Finally, we went to Jinhou Maxintian. Although the land of Xunxia did not become the capital of Jin, its status as a necessary daily necessity in the Central Plains is unmatched. The third is to turn the ancient city into a prosperous commercial city. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the city system was implemented in the ancient land of Xun. Markets were set up in densely populated areas. Product exchange and prosperous trade made the ancient city of Xun gradually prosper as a commercial city. "Book of Changes" says: “Making markets in the middle of the day, gathering people from all over the world, gathering the goods from all over the world, trading and retreating, everyone gets what he wants. "The goods traded on the market, according to relevant literature, mainly include millet, salt, fruits, silk weaving, livestock, slaughter, jewelry, pottery, bronze castings, wooden and iron production tools and other items. With the goods With the increasing prosperity of exchange, currency as a circulation intermediary came into being. At present, archaeologists and ancient coin researchers have identified more than 290 types of coins minted in various parts of the Jin Dynasty from a wide variety of ancient coins. Those with the characters "Zhi" and "Qi" in them were the currency used in the land of Xun.
Due to the above reasons, "Book of Jin·Geography" records: Xunbo's ancient city was also called "Yidun" in history. City". Yang Shuchun, a native of the Qing Dynasty, said in his poem "Ode to Yi's Xun Bo Temple": "The ruins of Xun Yang, Guan Zongshe, why do they follow the name of Yi Dun? "I think that Yidun Mall, which has come all the way from the clouds, is the best answer to this historical question.
(9) After years of painstaking management and development, Neng Ju Neng San
Yidun has finally become a A rich man who "has an uncountable interest and is as rich as a prince" is as famous as Tao Zhu. He is "the richest in the world" and is known in history as "Tao Zhu Yidun's wealth".
After Yidun became rich, he was rich and virtuous, able to gather and disperse. , caring for the world, spreading benevolence and righteousness, showing compassion to the orphans and the poor, dredging water, developing irrigation, and benefiting the people.Tai Shigong praised: "He is good at dancing with long sleeves and good at wealth. He is called Yidun!" He also said that he "has the ability to gather wealth and regain it." He has a way of gathering wealth and a way of dispersing it. It is even more reflected in the word "San".
said that Yidun has a good way of gathering wealth. First of all, he has a persistent pursuit of his career and a spirit of hard work and entrepreneurship. Yidun was originally a poor Confucian, but he was poor but ambitious, and poor wanted to change. When he was desperate, it was Tao Zhugong who gave him guidance. When he started the animal husbandry industry from scratch, he was not afraid of difficulties and resolutely sold himself as a coolie to carry salt in the pond. He used the hard-earned money to buy back hens and ewes, growing from "one hen" to "five hens". It has been developed from "five mothers" to flocks of cows, horses, pigs, sheep and chickens. All this is due to his strong belief and indomitable fighting spirit.
said that Yidun had a good way of gathering wealth because he gave full play to his ingenuity and talents to continuously push his career forward. The prosperity and growth of animal husbandry is a reflection of Yidun's persistent pursuit. Making and selling salt shows his intelligence and intelligence. Due to the war, there was a shortage of salt. Yidun saw that firstly, there were abundant resources of nearby salt, and secondly, there were sufficient transportation conditions and mining power. Therefore, he did not hesitate to seize the opportunity, organize manpower, and export salt, thereby opening up He established an extremely prominent business route and further pushed his career to a peak. The transportation team sent Chi Yan to various places in the Western Region and exchanged it for a large amount of jewelry, which was extremely precious in the mainland. Yidun lost no time in bringing the jewelry to the market and trading it widely, which further demonstrated his intelligence and intelligence.
said that Yidun had a good way of gathering wealth because he was committed to reform and constant innovation. In animal husbandry management, he took measures to select the best, eliminate the worst, cultivate superior breeds, castrate livestock, and distantly mate. He summarized the principles of "fighting rice to raise chickens" and "cows stamp their feet, horses full at night, and fed with salt to make them strong." Experience; in the "Three Gardens" of Guangzhi, he introduced and cultivated dozens of excellent mulberry varieties; when making and selling salt, he improved the original production method of "salt in the sun and harvested by concentrated labor" and changed Instead of using donkeys and carts as a backward land transportation method, they wanted to use boat transportation and dug the first artificial canal in Shanxi.
Yidun operated agriculture and animal husbandry, salt industry, transportation industry, and jewelry industry throughout his life. All of these "four industries" made brilliant achievements. It is said that Yidun wrote a book "Collection of Proverbs" in his later years, which is divided into "Livestock Chapter", "Livestock and Poultry Chapter", "Three Gardens Chapter", "Salt Making Chapter", "Trading Chapter" and "Health Preservation Chapter" Six parts. summed up his experience. Decades ago, some people in Wangliao village had read it, but it was a pity that it was burned down during the "Cultural Revolution".
The right way to gather wealth made Yidun a millionaire, and the right way to disperse wealth was the real essence of his life. Yidun's dispersal of wealth is mainly reflected in four aspects:
First, it provides people with employment and ensures survival. Yidun became rich and famous, and more and more people came to him. In order to give everyone a place to stay, Yidun built a series of dormitory houses in the east of Wangliao Village, set up kitchens and cooking utensils, and prepared rice and noodles. At the same time, he dug three sweet water wells to ensure people's food. Live peacefully. When there was a disaster, he put food in the house and took the lead in disaster relief. To this day, the southwest part of Wangliao Village still retains the name "Fan (Fan) Jiaxiang". It is said to be the ruins of the "Poverty Relief Store" and "Shefanzhuang" that Yidun founded in those days. In order to ensure that everyone in the village has work and food to eat, Yidun treats different situations according to different situations: young and powerful men are responsible for drying and transporting salt; middle-aged men are responsible for feeding cattle and horses; and elderly people are responsible for herding sheep and cutting grass. ; The young woman raises silkworms and reels silk; the old woman raises chickens and hatches chicks. As for castrating pigs and horses, treating livestock, setting fires for cooking, planting melons and beans, etc., suitable people are arranged for them.
The second is to open up wasteland, treat alkali and develop farming. The ancient land of Xun more than 3,000 years ago had a large area of water and swamps and was overgrown with weeds. Yidun limited the livestock areas to saline-alkali swamp areas; classified the fine loess land into farming areas, and implemented reclamation of wasteland to grow grain. He organized manpower to treat alkali and improve the land. Many people were recalled due to famine and war, and houses were built in separate locations to engage in farming and planting. Yidun distributed his cattle, horses and donkeys to various households. According to folklore, each farmer would raise and use them, and each would share them in half after they gave birth. Help purchase farm tools and teach farming techniques.It is said that the farming method of using oxen to pull the plow was invented by Yidun. "The Encyclopedia of Nongzheng·Nongbenjingshi Allusions" records: "I heard that in ancient times, cultivators used rakes and two rakes as a couple to plow, all with human power. In the Spring and Autumn Period, oxen began to plow and plows were used."
The third is to dredge rivers and dredge water to bring benefits and eliminate harms. In ancient Xun, there was a Sushui River, also known as Suchuan, which originated from Miaojia Valley in Jiangxian County, passed through Xiashi and Anyi, went to Yishi and Linjin in the southwest, and flowed into the Yellow River through Puzhou. The Sushui River usually has a very thin flow, but when flash floods occur, it overflows, often destroying fields and villages, and often flooding salt ponds. To this end, Yidun invested a lot of manpower and financial resources to dredge the river, strengthen the embankments, control the source, and redirect the river channels. In this way, it not only ensures irrigation of farmland and drinking water for livestock, but also protects salt ponds, benefiting agriculture, livestock and salt fields.
According to the Records of the Origin of Counties and Counties in Yuncheng Area, during the reign of Marquis Wen of Wei, Yidun once moved north to Sushui, relying on the time and location of the Wei State to control water, promote agriculture, and control salt to strengthen the country. The villagers of Nidu Town still tell this historical story: Back then, when the river was going to pass through the north of Nidu Town, people were worried that Sushui and Emeipo would flood the village, so Yidun deliberately placed a water-controlling stone here. This "water-restraining stone" was called "Woniu Stone" at that time, and the outlet of the canal was called "Woniu Pond". Every time the water came out, I could only hear the sound of water waves hitting the rocks, but it never overflowed. Therefore, Niudu Town was called "Mukeli". To commemorate Yidun, the villagers once built the "Wo Niu Temple" here. Unfortunately, when the Japanese invaded China, they were demolished on the pretext that the narrow road affected traffic.
The fourth is to pay taxes to the public, which is beneficial to the country. Yidun lived in an era characterized by wars and famines, the people were impoverished and the country was depleted. Yidun generously donated his property to the country and sent large numbers of mules and horses to the army many times to prepare for war. Yidun's eagerness to pay the public effectively strengthened the country's power and defended against foreign invasion. At the same time, it also alleviated the people's suffering from tax collection and corvee labor. The existing stone tablet "Reconstruction of the Tomb of Yidun Family of Zhou Yimin" erected in the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty in the Yidun Temple says when describing Yidun's merits: "Sometimes he is eager to pay the public, which will benefit the country; or he shows mercy to the orphans. If you are poor, you can help the people."
(10) Immortal merits
Yidun became rich in the world by asking Tao Zhu Gong. He was rich and thoughtful of his origins, so he naturally respected and appreciated Tao Zhugong very much. The story of "Yi Dun asked for a treasure to thank Duke Zhu" recorded in the book "Chinese Shang Zu Tao Zhu Gong" has long been passed down as a good story.
Yidun and Tao Zhugong have many things in common in terms of getting rich in business, such as extraordinary business strategies and noble business ethics, but they also have different methods and methods of gathering energy and dispersing energy. Tao Zhugong's ability to gather was to apply his ingenious strategies to master the changes in the world and all things in the business. Therefore, in the past nineteen years, he had made three fortunes, and it was easy for him to gather wealth. As a poor scholar, Yidun was penniless when he started his business. His ability was achieved step by step through hard work. Tao Zhugong's Nengsan was mainly reflected in the control of grains. He used abundant capital to buy grains at low prices in normal years; when the grain harvest failed, he sold them at low prices. It not only stabilizes people's lives, but also makes profits. With profits, a large amount of grain and property can be used to help poor victims. Yidun's energy can be found in providing relief to the poor during the war years, in doing everything possible to support bankrupt farmers to resume agricultural production, and in pioneering and innovating to seek benefits for future generations. In this sense, Yidun's contribution to society has more extensive and practical value than Tao Zhugong. Therefore, for thousands of years, people all over the world have always remembered Yidun and been highly respected.
"Reconstruction of Yidun's Tomb of Zhou Yimin" says that in Yidun's life, "there are three immortalities: meritorious service, virtue, and reputation." And Tai Shigong's "Biography of Huo Shi" "is only called rich and Tao Zhu, as for merit, there is absolutely no "Speaking of" is not enough. "It is unknown that people value merit and virtue, so they set up statues to protect tombs and named their counties to praise them."
said "named his counties" and wrote a biography of Yidun.There is an old question in history that is still unresolved, which is: Did the Yi family come first and then the Yi family, or did the Yi family come first and then the Yi family? Regarding the debate on this issue, the author believes that to answer this question correctly, we must first clarify the difference between the two concepts of "district" and "county":
According to "district", of course, there is the Yi family first and then the Yi family. pause. "History of the Road" records: "In the Xia Dynasty, there was the Yi Kingdom, a country with the surname Yi. In the Xia Dynasty, Yi Peng Yao was unjust, and Shaokang destroyed it, so it became the land of Yi." After the Xia Dynasty, the land of Yi gradually evolved into the Yi family, which is the same name as the land of Yi. "Puzhou Fu Zhi" says: "The ancient Yi family was very big!" "Weishu" records: "The Yi family had Jieshantang, so today's Anyi and Wanrong were originally merged with the Yi family!" From this point of view, Later, the ancient Yi clan reached Yanchi in the south and Gushan in the north. Today, Anyi, Yuncheng, Linyi and Wanquan are all the lands of the ancient Yi clan. "The Collection of Kong Congzi" says: "Yidun was a poor scholar of Lu. Tao Zhugong taught him and he adapted to the Xihe River. He kept large cattle and sheep in the south of the Yi family. In ten years, he became a prince in order to prosper the Yi family, so he was called Yidun. "Yidun's surname is Wang, not Yi. He came to Yidi from Shandong and got his name because he made a fortune in Yidi. The so-called Yidun means the place of suddenness. In addition, since the Spring and Autumn Period, most people were named after their place. As a businessman at that time, Yidun would never name a place after a businessman in a social background that emphasized agriculture and suppressed business. Therefore, this is simply a question that cannot be questioned.
As far as "county" is concerned, according to historical records, there should be Yidun first and then the Yi family. During the Qin Dynasty, the social status of merchants had begun to change. Qin Shihuang realized the importance of business and that it would be difficult to achieve hegemony without business. He once set the merchants Wushi Luo and Widow Qing as examples, and gave them high status and privileges to stimulate the enthusiasm of businessmen to serve the Qin Empire. After the Qin Dynasty unified the six kingdoms, when Qin Shi Huang abolished the feudal status and established prefectures and counties, he designated the Yi family as a county for the first time. "Hanshu Geography VIII" records: "Qin established Hedong County and twenty-four counties." Among these twenty-four counties, one of them is Yishi County. After the founding of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, issued the "Edict to Seek Talents", sincerely inviting talents from all walks of life to join and recruit talents for the establishment of a powerful Han Dynasty. The following year, the original city of Yidun was used as a county and Yishi County was established. "Puzhou Prefecture Chronicles" writes in the last part of "Evolution of the Yi Family": "I don't think it has been known since the times, but it is said that Yidun is rich, and the Han Dynasty named its county because of Dun." From then on, Yidun's Shang ancestral culture officially became a culture of naming counties. Hu Sansheng of the Yuan Dynasty also began to say this in his "Zizhi Tongjian Annotation": "Yishi County belongs to Hezhong Prefecture. Song Bai said: 'This is the Xun Garden, Yidun became rich here, so it is called Yishi'." "The stone tablet "Reconstruction of Zhou Yimin's Tomb of Yidun" erected in the 17th year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty also said this: Later generations commemorated Yidun: "The image is worshiped, the tomb is represented, and the county is named, but it is immortal!"
In the autumn of 1959, Comrade Hu Yaobang, then secretary of the Communist Youth League Central Committee, came to Yi County to visit cadres decentralized from the central government. He mentioned the origin of the name of Yi's County. In his speech, he said: The name of Yi's County was established to commemorate the Spring and Autumn Period, Yi Dun. He was a student of Fan Li, a doctor of the Yue State. After the Yue State defeated the Wu State, Fan Li took Xi Shi and fled to Shanxi and Jinnan. Yidun once asked the rich Fan Li, who first vigorously developed animal husbandry in Yidi, and then ran the salt industry in Yuncheng, becoming a wealthy businessman. He respected his master as "Tao Zhugong", so there is a praise saying "Tao Zhuyidun is rich". to date. He encouraged decentralized cadres to follow local customs wherever they go and understand the local culture and history. Asking more and reading more can increase their knowledge (see the article "Yao Bang's kindness will never be forgotten" in "Collected Works of Liu Keshan"). For the above reasons, when Wangliao villagers talk about this historical "controversy", they always say firmly and confidently: "First there was Yidun Tomb, then Wangliao Village, and then there was Yishi County."
talks about "setting up statues to protect tombs", which is a folk custom for worship. In what year and month did Yidun die? This is neither recorded in historical books nor handed down in special articles, so it is difficult to verify. But according to folklore, he died without any illness and died at a healthy age. During his lifetime, he gave a detailed account of his funeral. The location of Yidun's tomb is now at the intersection of the southern end of Yangdaogou and the eastern end of Jishegou. Prince Fuqi of Yidun started here. It is said that this is the place where Yidun never forgets to start his business, and it is intended to let his descendants remember: God will never forget Blessings must be achieved through hard work and hard work.The entrance to the coffin of Yidun's tomb and the gate of the cemetery are not facing south, but east. This means that Yidun never forgets his hometown of Feicheng, Tulu, and misses his hometown.
When did Yidun's tomb become a cemetery? According to word of mouth from villagers, in the first year of Chongzhen (1628), the Yidun Temple fell into disrepair. At the request of the old man who kept the temple, it was repaired again. It is said that Emperor Chongzhen (1628--1644) personally inscribed a plaque for the Yidun Temple. It can be seen that there were cemeteries at least before the Ming Dynasty. "Reconstruction of Zhou Yimin's Tomb of Yidun" clearly records: In the 44th year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (AD 1705), Chen Dingming, a native of Xiangxiang, felt sorry for the owner of his lonely tomb, so he proposed to raise money to build it and build a brick wall to make it an ancient tomb. A very small courtyard was built, and a stone monument was erected beside the road. But soon, the monument collapsed. During the reign of Daoguang (1821--1850), Guo Yucheng, a martial arts student in Wangliao Village, wanted to build it again. After more than ten years of fundraising, the construction finally started. The land in front of the tomb was expanded by seven points, a temple statue was built, and a mountain gate was built.
Regarding Guo Yucheng's rebuilding of Yidun Tomb, there is a stone tablet written by Guo Yucheng on the wall of Yidun Ancient Tomb, which records such a story of "being crazy because of a dream": "Yucheng is a crazy person. When he was young, he was not good at learning, but when he was long, he became crazy." After joining the army, he was trading in Qinchuan. He passed by the ancient tomb of Yidun in the west of the village. He saw that the surrounding walls were collapsed and trampled by woodcutter and herders, and his heart was broken. In April of the twelfth year of Jiaqing, he went to Qin. At dawn, he stayed beside the tomb and slept briefly. , I saw an old man with very old clothes and a bright beard. I didn't know him before. He asked me where he came from and said, "You are sleeping by my house. Do you still want to ask me?" At that time, I arrived home at a loss. When he was asleep, he saw the old man and said, "My house has been in ruins for a long time. Didn't I forget to sleep beside it without paying my respects?" When I woke up, I had an epiphany and worked hard to raise money. I have been running it for more than twenty years and accumulated a lot of money. With more than 200 gold, the villagers are willing to contribute money to help the cause. "
The renovated Yidun tomb has twelve steps from the ground to the top of the tomb. Why twelve steps? There is a lot to pay attention to in this. Its meaning has two meanings: first, "the twelve branches of Zi, Chou, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu, and Hai" are the sequence of time, repeating in a cycle, forever and ever, symbolizing Yidun. His famous name will always be with heaven and earth; secondly, Yidun is a pig, which is the last of the twelve zodiac signs. These twelve zodiac signs include all people in the world, indicating that people all over the world will remember Yidun's famous name.
(11) Eternal Respect
In the last years of the Yuan Dynasty, wars broke out frequently, social unrest, people were poor and suffering, and the world was in decline. In the winter of November of the first year of Zhizheng (1341), Wang Sicheng, the official of Su Zheng Lian Visiting Department of Hedong and Shanxi Province, came to Yishi County for inspection. On the one hand, he saw the outstanding people and the beautiful sights and historical sites in Yishi County, and he greatly appreciated it; on the other hand, he felt that the current social situation was incompatible with the beautiful scenery in front of him, and he was deeply moved. So he composed a poem to express his feelings, and wrote the poem "Passing through the City of Xun": "It is said that this Yidun originally belonged to the ancient Linghu. The villages and ruins in the four borders are remote, and the fortress is isolated for ten years. The Xunxia Xuanfu land is the war zone of the Qin and Jin Dynasties. To Zekong City is here, and Sangquan is the hometown of Wu. There are many fat cattle and sheep, and the fields are rich. . The old temple of Ma Wang is preserved, and the sages are poor and the customs are rough. If the people want to be rich, why don't they ask Tao Zhu? , take advantage of the local superior geographical conditions
to develop agriculture and animal husbandry, and live a healthy and prosperous life as soon as possible.
In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang made Nanjing his capital. Shen Wansan, a business genius and wealthy man from the south of the Yangtze River who had always respected Yidun, once donated money to build one-third of the city wall. Later, because he spoke loudly and wanted to reward the three armies on behalf of the emperor, he offended Zhu Yuanzhang and was sent to Yunnan to be exiled to the army, where he spent the rest of his life in the desolate frontier. The injustice of history made future generations aggrieved, causing many literati and celebrities to have difficulty in official careers and linger on the longing for urban life. Gao Qi, a contemporary, wrote in "Qingqiu Zige": "Don't worry about returning in vain, don't admire Yi's richness, don't be ashamed of being generous, don't envy the beautiful tassel. Don't care about the dragon and tiger fighting hard, don't care about the black rabbit being busy. Running leaning, sitting alone by the water, walking alone in the forest. "The "Yi family" in the song refers to Yidun, and "not admiring" actually expresses people's admiration and worship for Yidun. From this song, we can also see Yidun’s influence across the country.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, from the mid-14th century to the early 20th century, Shanxi merchants were active and dominated China's business world for more than five centuries, creating a glorious period when they concentrated and monopolized China's financial capital. Since their origin was in Hedong, the beginning of their business was salt. Salt was the basis for their business throughout the world. Salt was the foundation of their entire development process. Therefore, Yidun, who became extremely wealthy in Yidi by "making a fortune with salt", is always regarded as the natural ancestor, and there is an endless stream of merchants coming and going to pay homage.
By the Qing Dynasty, Yidun's former residence had become one of the most beautiful scenery in Yiyi. Song Zhishu, the county magistrate, said in a poem "Ode to the Scenery of Yiyi": "How is the scenery near Sangquan? It's half farming and half reading. The ridge is called Emei and there are many kinds of wheat. The stream is called Sushui and there are no fish. The spring clouds are full by the Xun Bo Temple. There are sparse old trees beside Yidun's house. The land belongs to the Tang Dynasty and the people are still simple, and the city looks like a wild people's residence. "The poet Guo Weiguan said in his poem "Guo Yidun's Former Residence": "Zhongtiao is surrounded by Shunanzhu in the north, and Yidun was there. There is a former residence. The name of the rich man is only known by Jia Shang. The money is scattered and the goods are produced. The ancient city is silent and the passers-by hesitate. The sentiments all express the admiration and longing for Yidun.
In the Qing Dynasty, Yidun was also included in children's elementary school readings. Cheng Dengji, a native of Xichang, said in his book "Young Learning Qionglin Volume 3 Wealth and Poverty": "Wealth is the enemy of the wealth of the princes, Tao Zhu Yidun." The pursuit of wealth has been the eternal dream of the Chinese people. Sima Qian wrote in "Historical Records·Biographies of Huozhi" "The rich reflect human emotions." The poor people in the old society worshiped Fan Li and Yidun as the gods of wealth because they were unwilling to be poor. Therefore, they had a preference for this book and also liked to let their children read it since childhood. Love this book. Therefore, this book was very popular in society at that time.
After the founding of New China, Yidun Cemetery was listed as a key cultural relic protection unit in Shanxi Province.
After the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the party's policy of enriching the people, a new "Yidun fever" set off in society. The Shanxi Provincial People's Government allocated special funds, and people from all walks of life actively donated funds to expand and build the Yidun Tomb, which was destroyed by the Japanese army during the Anti-Japanese War. The broad masses of cadres and the masses learned from Yidun's wealth-making techniques of "planting three gardens", "livestocking and five grains", and "operating salt trade" to adjust industries, plant fruit trees, engage in breeding, transport, enter the sea of commerce, and enter the market, making Yidun's Merchant culture glows with new brilliance.
Since the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Linyi County Committee and County Government of the Communist Party of China have put forward the development strategy of "creating four business cards and building four Linyi" in order to give full play to Linyi's advantages and revitalize the economy. Ancestral business card, guiding the development of cultural tourism." Secretary Yu Pengfei said in his speech at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 16th County People's Congress and the Fourth Plenary Session of the 14th CPPCC National Committee that Yidun is the pride of our Linyi people. He is poor but ambitious, persistent and enterprising, courageous to pioneer, and operates with integrity. Yidun's spirit of benefiting the world and showing mercy to the poor is the precious spiritual wealth of our Linyi people. In order to integrate into the "Belt and Road" construction and the development of the Yellow River Triangle region, we must learn, inherit, publicize and carry forward the fine traditions of our ancestors, base ourselves on the larger pattern, view, research and explore the current situation with a broader vision and higher standards. Yi's Shang ancestral culture promotes the integration of culture and tourism in the county, rural revitalization and high-quality and rapid development of social economy!
With the great attention of the Linyi County Committee and the county government of the Communist Party of China, the "Yidun Shangzu Cultural Park" located in Yidun's hometown and covering an area of about 211.5 acres is currently under construction. The cultural park uses Yidun's statue, Yidun's tomb, garden scenic spots, and Yidun's cultural exhibition hall as carriers. Through text, pictures, cultural relics, real scenes, multimedia and other means, it will comprehensively and three-dimensionally display Yidun's life, business wisdom, and folklore. , folk culture, academic research results, etc. Yidun's hometown will therefore become a humanistic holy place integrating publicity, education, research, and cultural tourism. This is a major project for Linyi to build a culturally strong county during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period. It is also another feat for the people of the county to activate the vitality of China's excellent traditional culture in the spirit of the times. People have reason to believe that in the new historical journey, Yidun's Shang ancestral culture will definitely shine with more dazzling brilliance!
The author is the former vice chairman of the Linyi County CPPCC and the former director of the United Front Work Department of the county party committee. Consultant of County Sanjin Culture Research Association.In recent years, he has edited and published books such as "Shang Zu Yidun", "The Opera Master Guan Hanqing Who Came from Linyi", and "The Collection of Rhymes of Ancient Xi".
In recent years, he has edited and published books such as "Shang Zu Yidun", "The Opera Master Guan Hanqing Who Came from Linyi", and "The Collection of Rhymes of Ancient Xi".
