has been writing a series of pictures and texts in the "Knowledge Points of the Conferred Gods". The surnames from Fujian such as Chen and Lin can be traced back to the great event of King Wu's attack in the "Fengshen". Chen Lin half the world, Huang Zheng lined up the streets, if you want to say these surnames, the eight surnames entering Fujian is a topic that cannot be avoided.
As everyone knows, Fujian Province is abbreviated as "Fujian", but few people know the various changes experienced by this abbreviation. To put it simply, it was originally Seven Min, and then went through the changes of Min, Er Min, Four Min, Five Min, Eight Min, Nine Min, and Ten Min. Finally, "Eight Min" became the most common nickname for Fujian Province. It's Min. From Min to Min, nothing has changed at a glance, but the inside has undergone tremendous changes.
each min’s existence time
is first of all seven mins. "Zhou Li·Xiaguan Sima" stated that "Zhi Fang's family is in charge of the map of the world, and the people of the world are distinguished by the people of the country, the dubai, the four barbarians, the eight barbarians, the Qimin, the nine raccoon dogs, the Wurong, and the Liudi. ", "Zhou Li Zhu Shu" explained that Min means Man, "Uncle Xiong Jupu is like Man, and his descendants are divided into seven types, so it is called Seven Mins. According to the classics, Min is different from Man seven or eight. It was originally one, and all belonged to the south." Shu Xiong was the prince of the Chu Kingdom. He became Shu Kan in "Records of the Chu Family". After the death of the eldest brother Xiong Shuang, the three brothers fought for each other, and Shu Kan failed and fled. Living in Pu (Pu is a Baipu tribe, scattered in the southwest of Chu, also known as Baiyue, regarded as barbarians), gave birth to seven sons, and the multiplying ethnic group is called Qimin, Min is the barbarian and Yue . It means that Shukan's descendants became Yue people, and they were called the Qiminzhiyue by the Central Plains, or Minyue for short. During the Warring States Period, some people compiled Min Yue into the book "Shan Hai Jing", which was a collection of geography and mythology. The phrase "Min is in the sea" in the southern classics of the Republic of China was a response to this influence. The ancestors of Chu were originally from Emperor Zhuanxu, and after he became the authentic Yellow Emperor of China, Shu Kan was a Chinese but had to enter the barbarians as a Chinese. Most of the time people really felt that he was unworthy. Therefore, Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty also said that Min is "Southeast Vietnam, snake Kind, from insects, door sound". In ancient times, there were many snakes in the south, and they were very poisonous. It is of course a slander to compare Yueren with poisonous snakes. What does this bug refer to? There are three ways to write the word
in ancient times. The first is chóng, which refers to footed insects, feather worms, which are birds; caterpillars, which are beasts; beetles, which are shelled; scales, which are not shells. ; Luo Chong, refers to human beings. The second type is 䖵 (kūn), which is the same as insects, and is a general term for insects. "Shuowen": The general name of insects. Kun's original meaning is Ming, Zheng Xuan's annotation of "Poem" said that insects are Ming insects. The third type is insects. However, the word chóng is not pronounced, but huǐ. It has several meanings: 1. The general name of the scaly species, "Guangyun": the general name of Linjie; 2. The genus of mortal insects , All from the insects, the so-called "the subtlety of things...taking insects as elephants" can probably be understood as taking insects as radicals, and using it to create characters to represent other footed animals; 3. "Jade Pian": Ancient Wen 虺 ( huǐ), a viper, is a kind of poisonous snake.
can be understood in this way. Insects are the general term of the five tribes. Woo is the general name of the scales of the five tribes. Insects are the radicals that make characters. If they are not used as radicals, they are poisonous snakes. From the word "snake species", we can see that the worm in Min is not a worm, but a snake, referring to the Minyue people who worship the snake god.
The mythical 虺, five hundred years of transformation, five hundred years of transformation of dragon
The remaining few words need to be explained from two aspects.
from the historical evolution. The popular explanation for Fujian is that Fujian was divided into six states in Fuzhou, Jianzhou, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Tingzhou, and Nanjianzhou in the Northern Song Dynasty and the second army of Shaowu and Xinghua. The state and the army are at the same level. It is often said in the history that Zhao Kuangyin had four hundred military prefectures surnamed Zhao with a stick, and the total number is eight military prefectures. The Yuan Dynasty was changed to Eight Roads, and the Ming Dynasty was changed to Eight Houses. Eight Houses were divided into one Min, and that was Ba Min. The statement
may be traced back even earlier. The Qing Dynasty's "Sweixinzhai Miscellaneous Records" compiled "Zhangzhou Zhi":
Tang Chen Yuanguang asked seven mins to increase to eight , built a spring and tideland, to control the ridge table, and commission the governor to lead the matter. In a remote place, the people will suffer from it if the officials are not familiar with the customs. Yuanguang, father and son, for a long time, Mu Zitu, the barbarians were afraid of them, so it was especially convenient for them to have jurisdiction. Edict from it.
In the second year of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty (683), Chen Yuanguang, who was later named the Holy King of Kaizhang, was listed on "Please Jianzhou County List". Please add a prefecture between Quanzhou and Chaozhou. At the end of Tang Ruizong's second year (686), the imperial court made an order to agree to Chen Yuanguang’s request. Because it was located on the bank of the Zhangjiang River, it was named Zhangzhou.
The five characters "Seven Min increased to eight", in the "Eight Min Zhang Gu", played as "Zhou Guan Qi Min, should be increased to eight" eight characters, the meaning is very understandable, said that this place originally belonged to "Zhou Li·Xia Guan" "The Land of Seven Min in ", that is, Min is divided into seven parts. Now that Zhangzhou is analyzed, it is Ba Min. According to the "Please Jianzhou County Table", there is no such sentence, only the words "Kuangzi Town Diji Qimin". It can be seen that at that time, it was a common practice to call Mindi in the Qimin Dynasty. After Zhangzhou was founded, at least in Chen Yuanguang's army, it was possible that the name Bamin appeared for the first time.
Of course, in fact, in the Tang Dynasty, Fujian has never made up the eight states. In the 2nd year of Jingyun (711), Fuzhou's central government governed Min (later changed to Fuzhou), Quan, Jian, Zhang, and Huzhou. In the 22nd year of Kaiyuan, Zhang and Huzhou were dismissed, but still Dufu (Minzhou) Change), Jian, Quan and Ting four states. There are eight Fujian but no eight states. Perhaps the Northern Song court consciously added the Southern Jianzhou and Shaowu Xinghua armies to gather together the eight military states to match the name of Eight Fujian. It is also possible.
Nine Min and Ten Min are the same. During the Kangxi and Yongzheng reigns of the Qing Dynasty, Fujian had jurisdiction over nine prefectures and one prefecture and ten prefectures, so it was briefly called Jiu Min and Shi Min. However, Ba Min has formed a consensus after all, and these new elegant titles have not become popular after all.
has another way of saying that Bamin is named after the eight surnames who entered Fujian in history. The entry of the eight surnames into Fujian is an important event in the history of immigration in Fujian and even in the history of Chinese immigration. This time was nearly 400 years before Zhangzhou was founded, so it seems reasonable. This has to tell the origin of Eight Min in the sense of immigration, and the terms to be used are related to Er Min, Si Min, and Five Min. This is also the focus of this article.
Topographic map of Fujian
In the thirty-fifth year of the Republic of China, the Southwest Associated Association successfully retired. On the monument, Mr. Feng Youlan wrote an article:
is a history of the past. If our nation cannot be based on the Central Plains and the Pianan River, it is called Nandu. No one can return to the north. For the Jin people to go to the south, the first case; the Song people to go to the south, the second case; the Ming people to go to the south, the third case. The scenery is not special, the Jin people are deeply sad; to return my rivers and mountains, the Song people's false wish. We are the fourth time to travel to the south. The article
lists four Nandu crossings in Chinese history. After the fall of Pingjin, the war of resistance broke out for the fourth time. The second and third times were the Southern Song and Nanming respectively. The first to bear the brunt was the late Western Jin Dynasty.
The general trend of the world will be divided for a long time. This statement applies not only in the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, but also after the reunification of the Three Kingdoms. Only 36 years after the three families returned to Shanxi, with the death of the Eight Kings, the Huns, Liu Yuanlong, returned to the sea, and soon led the Xiongnu to rise. This regime was first called Han, and later changed to Zhao, which was called the former Zhao in history. In 12 years, the master succeeded in destroying the Western Jin Dynasty. It was 316 years. More than ten years before that, in the first year of Yongjia (307), there were five horses crossing the river (referring to the five princes of the Sima clan crossing the Yangtze River to avoid chaos: Sima Rui, King of Langya, Sima Yi, King of Xiyang, Sima Zong, King of Nanton, Ru Southern King Simayou, Pengcheng King Simahong), Zhongzhou nobles competed to follow. In 313, the Huns captured Luoyang, captured the Jin Huai Di Sima Chi, and the Western Jin Dynasty was destroyed. On this occasion, when the country was about to be subjugated and the species was destroyed, the historical record " Luojing overthrows, Zhongzhou scholars and women avoid chaos Jiangzuo 16qi ("Jin "Book·Wang Guide") ", the people of the Central Plains moved southward by nearly half. From 307 to 313, the large-scale southward migration of
, which will subdue the country and exterminate species, was known in history as Yongjia Nandu and Yiguan Nandu. Five horses crossed the river, and one horse turned into a dragon. As Sima Rui established the Eastern Jin Dynasty and raised the banner of Zhengshuo, Jiangnan formally became the center of China, and the stringed songs continued to preserve the true humanistic fire for the Han nation. . And when so many new faces poured into the south of the Yangtze River, a single province of Jiangsu would definitely not be able to accommodate it, and it would inevitably move to all southern lands such as Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Guangdong, and Fujian was naturally included in this list. This migration of
finally solidified into a sentence in "The General History of Eight Min":
In the second year of Yongjia, Zhongzhou was stumbling, and the eight ethnic groups of Fujian began to wear clothes. The so-called Lin, Huang, Chen, Zheng, Zhan, Qiu, He , Hu Shiye.
This is the well-known eight surnames who entered Fujian. At present, there are at least seven ancient books that record this important event, and the first part is listed. The ancestor of Min Linde is the Bigan in "The Romance of Fengshen". The ancestor who entered Fujian was passed down as Lin Lu and served as the prefect of Jin'an for 32 years. The Huang family was born as Huang Daolong. He entered Fujian at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and lived in Tongcheng (now Quanzhou) before returning to the Central Plains. His descendant Huang Yuanfang entered Fujian again in Yongjia and was the ancestor of the Huang family.. The common ancestor of the Fujian Chen surname is the Eastern Han Dynasty celebrity Chen Yu. According to research, the first person to enter Fujian was Chen Run. He entered Fujian in the second year of Yongjia. The descendants left now are called Rungong faction. The Zheng family was passed down as Zheng Zhao, a general of Longxiang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Feng Kai Guohou, led his troops into Fujian to reproduce the Zheng family. The Zhan family was passed on as Zhan Bingbang and moved from Dengzhou, Henan to Chong'an, and his descendants multiplied throughout Pucheng.
The Qiu clan is the Qiu clan. In the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, Confucius was avoided taboo and Qiu was changed to Qiu. Therefore, Qiu Qiu was originally the first surname, and the two surnames respected Qiu Xu (xiāo) as the ancestor of Fujian. The folk proverb of Shanghang is called "Qiu Bancheng", which shows the prosperity of the clan. The legend of the He family was born in the late Han Dynasty. He entered Fujian in the late Han Dynasty. He rejected Sun Ce and died in battle. His descendants stayed in Fujian. The Hu family was born as Hu Fangsheng and was once the guard of Jin'an County.
Yongjia Immigration Map
The strange thing is that there is no record of eight surnames entering Fujian in the official history of the twenty-four history. Prosperity to study history, because revision of history is a magnificent project that requires the investment of countless financial, material and manpower resources, and only Prosperity can afford it. From the rebellion of the Eight Kings of the Jin Dynasty in 290, to the establishment of the Tang Dynasty by Li Yuan in 618, China has been in chaos for more than 300 years. I will appear on stage when you sing it, and there is no such thing as a flourishing age. In addition to the three books "Wei Shu", "Song Shu" and "Southern Qi Shu" revised in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Yu Ru "Liang Shu", "Chen Shu", "Northern History", "Southern History", "Zhou Shu", The Book of the Northern Qi Dynasty, including the most important Shaoxu orthodox, two major historical books, the Book of Jin and the Book of Sui, which warned future generations, were all revised in the Tang Dynasty. This is an example of the greatness of the Tang Dynasty. At present, the official history books are the ones that are truly accepted by people, and there is no record of the eight people entering Fujian in these histories of the Northern and Southern Dynasties. There are two possibilities for
. One is that this incident is not big enough to enter official history, and the other is that this incident did not really happen. The earliest information that can be found is believed to come from the Tang Dynasty's masterpiece "Yuanhe Surname Compilation":
Lin: After Lin Fang, Jin Yongjia crossed the river and lived in Quanzhou. Cen Zhongmian collated the text and said: Huang, Yuanhe, Jiangling, Luoyang, and Jin'an tribes belonged to the tribes of Jiangling, Luoyang, and Jin'an. The book
is an authoritative work on names. It records that the only surnames of Lin and Huang who entered Fujian in the Jin Dynasty are Lin and Huang. Except for the supplementary notes of Kaicen school, only Lin has the surname. This is the second surname entering Fujian.
Twenty-Four History of Z2z
Four Mins are from historical books. "Chen Shu·Chen Baoying Biography" mentioned Chen Baoying's life experience, saying that he was " Jin'an Waiting Officer (now Fuzhou), and he was the fourth surname in the middle of Fujian province". As for who the other three surnames are, not only did the "Chen Shu" not mention it, but also other historical books. This gives family tree editors a lot of room for manipulation. Since it is not written in the book, the four surnames may be Chen Wuzheng, or Chen Qian Sun Li. After the "Yuanhe Surname Compilation" appeared, the three surnames Chen, Lin, and Huang were basically determined, and the rest were assigned by the surnames of Minzhong. The result was then written in the Northern Song Dynasty's "Minzhong Ji" (referring to Lin Shicheng's edition). It is said directly that "in the Yongjia Rebellion, the four surnames Lin, Huang, Chen, and Zheng of the Central Plains clans first entered Fujian", and Zheng joined the four surnames. Later, the four surnames were expanded to eight surnames, and they were similarly similar.
Five Mins originated from the narrative of Shamen Seng Zhisheng during Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. He said in the "Kaiyuan Shijiaolu":
Min County, Yuezhou area, that is, ancient Dongou, all of the barbarian species, have five surnames, called Lin and Huangshi Its descendants.
According to this, there is the saying that there are five surnames in Central Fujian. In addition to the four surnames in Central Fujian above, it is probably the origin of the legend of the eight surnames entering Fujian. The legends of Fujian immigrants we hear now may be derived from these two records. .
Most scholars are inclined to believe that there is no such thing as the eight surnames entering Fujian in history. Mr. Yin Quanhai asserted that this is not so much a historical fact of immigration, but rather a legend of immigration ("Eight Surnames Entering Fujian"). Mr. Zhu Weigan said in the "Fujian History Draft" that the legend that the eight surnames entered Fujian from Yongjia is completely unbelievable. Mr. Ge Jianxiong investigated the source and process of immigration from both historical records and the process of setting up local administrative divisions ("Fujian Early Immigration History Facts"), and finally reached a conclusion that coincides with Mr. Tan Qixiang:
Yongjia Chaos The latter large-scale southward migration did not directly affect Fujian, so in the early years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it was impossible for any immigrants to directly migrate south from the Yellow River Basin to Fujian. From then on until the Liang and Chen in the Southern Dynasties, the number of immigrants who moved to Fujian was still very limited, and they also came from the Yangtze River valley, and they did not have many families. It is worth noting that
:
z1The few gentlemen only deny that the eight surnames in Yongjia period entered Fujian, instead of denying the historical facts of migration of (from the Han Dynasty), and later (until Ming and Qing) , and the development and construction of them and their descendants The facts of Fujian today. The white horse is of course a horse, but sometimes a white horse is indeed not a horse.
The real origin of the ancient immigrants
eight surnames is actually at least half of the three words "Jiyi (all after Baiyue)" in Kaiyuanlu explained. Take Chen Yuanguang as an example in the previous articles.
Chen Yuanguang entered Fujian with his father at the age of 13, and his father died at the age of 21 to take over the military power. At the age of 25, he swept the barbaric chaos and opened Zhangzhou. He was the first governor of Zhangzhou. The Chen family in Fujian, Taiwan and even Southeast Asia are mostly after Chen Yuanguang. Chen Yuanguang seems to have always been recognized as a native of Gushi, Gwangju (now Gushi, Henan). However, the local chronicles of Henan before the Qing Dynasty did not know the great achievements of Chen Yuanguang and his son. It was said that Chen Yuanguang's hometown Gwangju was first seen in the "Guangzhou History" of the Shunzhi Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty. Isn't this too strange. As an outstanding representative of the people of Gushi, Chen Yuanguang should have been famous in the early Tang Dynasty. Why does Henan seem to have never heard of this character?
is not surprising at all, it's just because Chen Yuanguang's birthplace and life experience have always been controversial. There is indeed a character of Chen Yuanguang in history. Although there is no biography in the old and new "Books of the Tang", his deeds are scattered in various historical materials. Moreover, two tables are included in the "Quan Tang Wen", and in the "Quan Tang Poems" and its supplements. He received several poems from him. But whether he is from the Central Plains is a big question mark.
"The Grand Record of Yue" during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty contains: Chen Yuanguang, a native of Jieyang. The father's government is based on martial arts. Yuan Guangming is a master of Taoism, good use of soldiers, and fatherly style. "Chaozhou Fuzhi" during the Shunzhi period of the Qing Dynasty also records: Tang Chen Yuanguang, a native of Jieyang. Cheng Chen Hongsun, Hong Zizheng in Yi'an County of Sui Dynasty, written by martial arts.
Jieyang is now Jieyang, Guangdong. Anyone who knows a little about the map of China should know how close Jieyang is to Zhangzhou. This means that Chen Yuanguang may be a local, and most likely a barbarian. He was ordered to come to Fujian to counter the rebellion, and his battle footprints spread across the mountains and rivers of Chaozhou and Zhangzhou. The final counter-rebellion was probably related to his native origin in Lingbiao and his occupancy.
son? Yi Di?
If Yidi enters China, it will be Huaxia. Even if Chen Yuanguang is really a barbarian, after making great contributions to Kaizhang, he will naturally regard it as Huaxia. What Datang wants is this spirit of compatibility. At the same time, this also proved a possible source of the eight surnames in Minzhong, that is, they were all changed from local Yi people. They admired Chinese culture, changed their surnames to Han, and clung to celebrities in the Central Plains as their ancestors. This is unavoidable even for the emperor—for example, Li Tang has the blood of Xianbei, and it is inevitable to cling to the Li family in Longxi—not to mention ordinary people. Another source of
is immigrants from all dynasties.
Mr. Feng Youlan mentioned four times in history that the people from the Jin Dynasty went to the south. Although Mr. Ge Jianxiong thought it did not affect Fujian, he also admitted that there were very few immigrants in Liangchen. The Southern Song and Nanming voyages were carried out twice. At that time, Fujian had been developed on a large scale, and the scenery was no different from that of the Central Plains. At this time, a large number of people who were unwilling to submit to foreign captives moved south to Fujian. These immigrants are the main ancestors of Fujian today.
In addition, the three brothers, Wang Shenzhi, the peasant uprising army in the late Tang Dynasty, led the army into Fujian, established Fujian, and ruled Fujian for more than 50 years. The Wang brothers are the Gushi people of Gwangju who have been replaced. According to the cloud, there are as many as 18 surnames in Fujian. It is very likely that these immigrants are the orthodox ancestors of the eight surnames.
Reference materials: "A Compendium of the Eight Minutes", "A Textual Research on "Eight Surnames Entering Fujian", "Facts of Early Immigration in Fujian", "Falsification of Chen Yuanguang's "Guangzhou Gushi Theory"".
