Jurchen is a great nation in Chinese history, and it has twice entered the Central Plains. Due to productivity reasons, the Jurchens have long been in a state of disjointed villages. The so-called "Jurchen is no more than 10,000, and if it exceeds 10,000, it is invincible." All the Central Plains dynasties hoped that the Jurchen would be unified, Ming Dynasty The same is true. In the late Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty carried out "the barbarians to control the barbarians", supported the weak, attacked the strong, and constantly divided the Jurchen power. However, Jurchen rose under Nurhaci , and the tide of Ming wars began to reverse.
1. The Battle of Gule Mountain: The Allied Forces of the Nine Departments of Haixi were defeated
In 1583, Nurhaci raised an army, and in 1588, he unified Jianzhou. Despite this, the Ming Dynasty still did not take Jianzhou seriously. After all, Jianzhou was just a tribe with a population of no more than 10,000 people. At that time, the real threat to the Ming Dynasty was the Hercynian Jurchen. Therefore, Li Chengliang , who is based in the northeast, chose to support Jianzhou and check and balance Haixi.
Haixi Jurchen lives in the Songhua River river basin, the name "Haixi" comes from "Haixi River", that is, Songhua River, Yuan Dynasty once set up "Liaodong Haixi Road Trial and Inspection Division". During the Ming Dynasty, the Hercynian Jurchen was regrouped to form the four parts of Ula, Hada, Huifa, Yehe, also known as " Hulun four parts". In the late Ming Dynasty, the Hercynian Jurchen gradually formed a powerful tribal alliance, which threatened Liaodong more and more every day.
In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, he tried his best to support the Hada tribe in Haixi to deal with other tribes. However, after the death of Wangtai of the Hada Department, he fell into civil strife, and then Yehe Department rose. The Yehe tribe often unites with Mongolia to invade Liaodong, threatening the situation in the entire northeast. In 1583, Li Chengliang sent troops to the Yehe Department.Kill its chief. However, as soon as the Ming army retreated, Yehe's group captured Hada and became the leader of the Hercynian Jurchen.
At this time, the Ming Dynasty had to support Jianzhou to suppress Haixi, and the Yehe tribe had to destroy Nurhaci if they wanted to unify the Jurchen. In 1591, Nurhaci went to attack and destroy the Yalu River Department of Changbai Mountain Jurchen, Yehe gathered four Hulun Departments, Nayin Department and Zhusheli Department in Changbai Mountain, Mongolia's Horqin, Xibo, Guarcha, a total of nine Thirty thousand people marched to Jianzhou. Nurhaci defended the Gule Mountain in formation, lured the enemy into the depths, killed 4,000 people, won 3,000 horses, and became famous.
After the war, the four tribes of Haixi reached a peace agreement with Nurhaci and achieved a marriage with Nurhaci. In the years that followed, Nurhaci pushed eastward. In September of that year, the Nayin Department surrendered to Nurhaci; in December, Nurhaci annexed the Zhusheli Department. After the merger of the three Changbai Mountains, the area of Jianzhou Jurchen has doubled.
But can the Hercynids really sit back and watch Nurhaci continue to expand? And can Nurhaci really live in peace with the Hercynian Jurchen? Obviously it is impossible. When the Haixi Nuzhen recovers a little, the war between the two will break out again.
Second, the Hercynian Jurchens perish one after another
The Hada Ministry was the first to be defeated among the Hercynian Jurchens. The Hada Department is one of the more developed agricultural divisions among the Jurchens, "has a lot of houses and fields, and it is by no means similar to Xiongnu chasing water and grass ". In the early stage of Wanli , Wangtai of his department obeyed the Ming Dynasty, "acquired two slaves in the north, and established a state in the south", which had the tendency to order the Jurchens. In 1582, Wang Tai died, and there was a situation of "forced enemies from outside, rebellion from all inside", and the Hada Department declined.
As soon as Wang Tai passed away, several of Wang Tai's sons began to compete for the inheritance.It can only be attached to the Yehe Department and become a vassal of the Yehe Department. Hada's new chief, Mengbulu, was unable to defend against Yehe, so he asked Nurhachi for help. In 1599, Nurhaci sent 2,000 troops to "garrison the place". The Yehe tribe was worried that the Hada tribe would go to Jianzhou, so they alienated the relationship between the two, and made an appointment with Menggbulu at Kaiyuan . But the news leaked, Nurhaci sent 1,000 troops to crusade in September. After six days of fierce fighting, Hada fell. In 1601, Nurhaci formally annexed the Hada Ministry.
After the demise of the Hada Ministry, Yehe and Jianzhou began to compete for the Huifa Ministry. The Huifa Department originally lived in Heilongjiang, but later moved south, and the Ming Dynasty canonized it as Huer Haiwei and Futiwei. During the Wanli period, the chief Wang Jinie built a strong fortress on Huerqi Mountain by the Huifa River, and became prosperous. After Wang Jiniang died, his grandson Baiyin Dali killed seven of his uncles and established himself as Baylor. Most of the other nobles were dissatisfied and chose to join the Yehe Department.
In 1607, Baiyin Dali took the son of the seven chiefs as a hostage and borrowed troops from Jianzhou, and Nurhaci dispatched 1,000 people to help. Upon seeing this, Ye He's department immediately sent someone to contact Baiyin Dali and told him that as long as the hostages were withdrawn, Ye He would repatriate the people who had taken refuge in Ye He. Baiyin Dali listened to his words, but Yehe's department broke his promise. In desperation, he asked Nurhaci again, and Nurhaci asked for a marriage. Baiyin Dali was afraid of offending Ye Hebu, so he "broken the promise and didn't marry". Nurhaci was furious and sent troops to capture the Huerqi Mountain City, "slaughtering its soldiers and recruiting its people", Huifa perished.
Wula is the largest part of Haixi, and it is located on the main road of Songhua River. It monopolizes the trade to the lower reaches of Heilongjiang, which is very important. In adulthood, Ulla moved towards unity and became powerful. In 1591, the Ulla Department joined the nine-part coalition to fight against Nurhaci, and the younger brother of Beilemantai, Buchantai, was captured by Jianzhou. In 1593, there was civil strife in the Ulla Ministry and Manta was killed, so Nurhaci sent troops to send Buzhantai back to Ulla to take the throne.
After taking the throne without occupying Thailand, reorganize the troops and compete with Jianzhou. Nurhaci was trying to annex Huifa and Hada at the time, so he befriended Ulla and married Buchantai five times.In 1607, the city lord of the East China Sea Jurchen Valka tribe requested to relocate to the city, and Nurhaci sent 3,000 people to greet him. Unexpectedly, the Ulla tribe sent 10,000 people to intercept it. As a result, the two sides broke out the famous Wujiyan battle in the history of the Jurchen, which did not account for the fiasco of Thailand. After the war, Ulla was at a loss. In the second year, Nurhaci attacked the city of Ula with 5,000 troops; in 1612, Nurhaci defeated the Ula army again on the Songhua River; in 1613, Nurhaci defeated the 30,000-strong army of Ula, and since then Ula has perished.
3. The Battle of Salx and the Unification of the Jurchens
When Nurhaci unified the state, his troops were only a few hundred men. When attacking the various parts of Haixi, its troops grew to several thousand people. By the time the Ulla Department was annexed, the Jianzhou army had exceeded 10,000 troops, and this development speed had already surpassed the imagination of the Ming Dynasty army. After the annihilation of Ulla, Nurhaci's next target is Yehe. If Yehe perishes, then Nurhaci's unification of the Jurchen will basically be declared a success.
In 1613, Nurhaci dispatched 40,000 troops, "in 19 large and small cities and towns, all the grain storages were burned, and the two hundred households in Wusu City were returned." Yehe's troops were defeated and asked for help from the Ming Dynasty, and pointed out that after Yehe's demise, Nurhaci would attack Liaodong and destroy Daming. Emperor Wanli was awakened by the words of Yehe's messenger, and immediately dispatched 2,000 troops to help Yehe defend the city, and another messenger to warn Nurhaci not to attack again. After that, the Yehe department contacted the Mongolian departments, and Nurhaci could only give up.
In the following years, Nurhachi focused on the internal construction. As early as 1601, Nurhaci reorganized the Jurchen tribe on a large scale by imitating the Jin Kingdom 's Meng An Moke system, and established four flags of yellow, white, red and blue. In 1615, Nurhaci had annexed the Wula Department, so four banners were added to form the Eight Banners system. At this time, Nurhaci had 50,000 troops and became the strongest force in the Northeast. In 1616, Nurhaci called Khan in Hetuala and rebuilt " Dajin ", which was called " Later Jin " in history.
When Nurhaci was fighting against the Haixi Jurchen, he continued to divide his troops and annex the East China Sea Jurchen tribe. Donghai Nuzhen is one of the savage Nuzhen. They live in the eastern part of the Heilongjiang River Basin. They are economically backward and sparsely populated. In 1596, Nurhaci dispatched 1,000 people to expedition to the East China Sea Valka, which was the beginning of Jianzhou's annexation of the East China Sea Jurchen. After that, Nurhaci continued to use troops against the Jurchen in the East China Sea. By 1618, he basically conquered the Jurchen in the East China Sea.
Nurhaci's unification of the Jurchen battle
In 1618, Nurhaci decided to defeat the Ming army first, and then annex Yehe. After careful planning, Nurhaci swore to the Ming Dynasty with " Seven Great Hates " in April, and led 20,000 troops to attack Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, occupying the moving castle of Fushun . When the news reached Beijing, the Wanli Emperor immediately appointed Yang Hao as the economic strategy for Liaodong, and dispatched elite troops from all over the country to prepare for the encirclement and suppression of Houjin.
In 1619, Nurhaci went to attack Yehe. He heard that the army was coming, so he retreated. However, Yang Hao sent a messenger to ask Nurhaci to stop his troops, but was rejected. Afterwards, Yang Hao led an army of 200,000 troops to advance towards Hetuala in four directions. Nurhaci concentrated his troops and defeated them individually. Subsequently, Nurhaci's Eight Banners army wiped out the Ming Dynasty Fourth Army. This battle is known as the Battle of Salsh. After this war, the Ming Dynasty no longer had the strength to launch an active attack on the Jurchen, and could only passively defend. Therefore, the battle of Sarsh was a turning point in Ming and Qing wars .
In August of that year, Nurhaci launched an attack on Yehe and captured its east and west cities, Yehe perished, so the entire Hercynian Jurchen annexed Nurhaci. So far, Nurhaci's great cause of unifying the Jurchens has basically been completed, and only some small tribes have rebelled from time to time. 1625,Nurhaci sent troops to completely conquer the East China Sea Jurchen such as Varka , Guarca, Huerha . From the start of the army in 1583 to the unification of the Jurchens in 1625, Nurhaci spent nearly 40 years. The unification of Jurchen laid the foundation for the entry of and in the Qing Dynasty.
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