Author: West Chu overlord
in the history of ancient China's long, there have been many minority regime, especially nomadic located on the northern plateau, has appeared Huns, Rouran, Turkic , Uighur, Khitan, Dangxiang, Jurchen, Mongolian, Tatar, Wacha and other grassland regimes. These nomadic regimes have become fusion and conflict with the Central Plains regime in the south, and they have built a brilliant Chinese civilization.
Nomadic democracy without a good rider
In traditional Chinese history, the Central Plains Dynasty has always been the orthodox, which makes people feel about the peoples on the northern grasslands and their establishments. The regime knows very little. When we look at the historical map, in addition to the Central Plains dynasties such as the Han Dynasty, Weijin, Sui, Tang, Song and Yuan, there are also various ethnic regimes marked in different colors, which proves that they are also part of Chinese history.
(1) Qin and Han dynasties
Xiongnu, Donghu
As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the Xiongnu and Donghu had already existed. According to legend, Donghu is an ethnic group where Fuxi descendants moved northward and the Hu people lived together; while the Xiongnu was a ethnic group formed after Shang Tang, Xia Jie descendants moved northward and annexed other tribes. According to the origin legends of the Xiongnu and Donghu, they can be regarded as "brothers" with Huaxia in the Central Plains.
Around the 3rd century BC, the Huns quietly rose up and became the frequent foreign troubles of Qin, Zhao and other northern vassals in order to fight against The harassed Huns cavalry, Qin and Zhao built the Great Wall on the northern border.
Qin Great Wall Ruins
In 209 BC, Mouton became a hero by killing his father. Mao Dundan led the Xiongnu to start a war of hegemony with Donghu. Donghu was defeated and eventually split into two tribes, Wuhuan and Xianbei. The Huns who defeated the Donghu became the first overlord on the grassland and opened up the two thousand years of love and killing between nomadic civilization and agricultural civilization.
The powerful Han Dynasty replaced the Qin Xiongnu and became the opponent of this battle and died. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, after the long-term suppression of the Western Han Dynasty and the collapse of the grassland economy, the Huns split into the Southern Huns and the Northern Huns. The Southern Huns were close to the Central Plains, and under the long-term influence of the Central Plains economy and culture, they became the loyal little brothers of the Eastern Han Dynasty and served as the pawns of the Eastern Han Dynasty in the Northern Expedition of the Huns. In addition, Xianbei and Wuhuan, who were once humiliated, also stepped in, adding to the great cause of the Eastern Han Dynasty's crusade against the Huns.
The Northern Huns, under the attack of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Southern Huns, Xianbei, and Wuhuan, became a dog of mourning and fled to the home. Central Asia. While the Southern Huns went further and further along the road of "exiting Huns and entering the Han", the Huns as a nomadic nation gradually disappeared from people's sight after the Eastern Han Dynasty.
(2) Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
鲜bei, Rouran
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Central Plains was caught in a long-term melee, and the Xianbei took the opportunity to quickly take over the grassland. However, Xianbei has always lacked Maudun's single-yu style figures, and the Xianbei tribes disagreed with each other and split into three tribes in the east, middle and west. As for Wuhuan, because of Xianbei's restraint, he could only develop southward. As a result, he was in trouble and was destroyed by Cao Cao.
into fiveDuring the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms of Hu, Xianbei, the leader of the Five Hus, went south to take control of the Central Plains and established eight Xianbei governments. The Murong clan of Xianbei in the east established Qianyan, Houyan, Nanyan, and Beiyan; the Tuoba clan of Xianbei in the central part established a dynasty, which is the later Northern Wei; the Xianbei beggar in the west established the Western Qin and the baldness department (Tuoba clan) was established In Nanliang, Tuyuhun (Murong clan) established Tuyuhun.
鲜bei人
Except for the Xianbei people, Liu Yuan, a Chinese Southern Huns, became Shanyu, and then the regime was established with the name "Han", Liu Yuan After his death, his son changed the Han to Zhao. The Han established by Liu Yuan was also called Zhao Han, which was distinguished from the Cheng Han of Li Te, a Di ethnicity in Bashu area. Zhao Han also became the last performance of the Huns on the stage of Chinese history.
After the Battle of Feishui, the former Qin Dynasty, which was strong in foreign countries and in the middle, collapsed. Tuobagui left the former Qin Dynasty and rebuilt the dynasty. Later, the country was renamed Wei, which was called the Northern Wei Dynasty in history. During the war, the Northern Wei unified the north, and the division of the Southern and Northern Dynasties formed.
When the Xianbei were fighting in the Central Plains, the Rouran rebellious Xianbei master who was a slave turned over and became the master. Rouran was originally the Shiwei people who moved west to the homeland of the Huns after the Xianbei people unified Donghu. Shiwei and the Xiongnu lived together to form Rouran. The Xianbei believed that Rouran people had low intelligence and were brave and insidious. ", which means a bug that can't think.
But it is such a group of insects, the doves occupy the magpie’s nest and drive the Xianbei people out of the grassland. The Xianbei who had lost their nests could only manage the Central Plains with one heart, and even carried out a very thorough reform of Sinicization, becoming the most successful nomadic nation in Sinicization.
(3) Sui and Tang dynasties
Turkic, Huihe
The Sinicization reform of the Xianbei people was so thorough that it took a hundred years of work to change their own nation and completely integrate into it. Enter the Han ethnic group. The Rouran in the north still maintains the aloofness of the nomads, becoming the kind of person he hates most, the kind of perpetrator who oppresses other nations.
The Avar people in the North Caucasus region of Russia are the Rouxian descendants
The Turks are the Huns living in the current Altai region, and the horsemen on the grasslands are in Rouran Under his brutal rule, he became a slave to strike iron. The resentful Turks, united internally and were also dissatisfied with Rouran ruling the Tiele tribe, and ally with the Xianbei people outside, eventually overthrowing Rouran and establishing the Turkic Khanate.
In the process of conquering by force, the Turkic Khanate has more and more territory, plundering land and population of Turks The khans were blinded by their immediate interests, and each owned its own master and split into the East Turks and the West Turks.
Unfortunately, the Turks will face the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the strongest period in Chinese feudal history. First, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty used a divorce plan, which led to the internal division of the East Turks, and finally recovered some strength. He was continuously educated by Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty. The Huihe tribe, the head of the nine surnames of the former ally of the Tiele tribe, joined the Tang Dynasty. Eastern Turks, Huihe joined the Tang dynasty with the Turks' native place. The Tang Dynasty established Anbei Duhu Mansion here, becoming the first Central Plains dynasty to rule the Mongolian plateau.
By the time of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, the East Turks, the West Turks, the Shiwei, the Mobei, and the Goguryeos all After winning the nest, they all became the citizens of Datang.
During the Wu Zhou period, Turkic careerists re-established the Khanate, which was called the post-Turkic in history. The good news didn't last long. Not long after the restoration of the country, the Turks were wiped out again under the support of Huihe, a solid ally of Datang. Huihe replaced the Turks as the master of the grassland. After learning from the failure of entering the Tang Dynasty, Huihe changed its name to the Uighur Khanate, established the Uighur Khanate, and became friends with the Tang Dynasty. He even helped the Tang Dynasty greatly during the Anshi Rebellion and became the most reliable ally of the Tang Dynasty from beginning to end. .
(4) Song Yuan period
4a1a#Dang Xiangb, b Mongol Khitan 248#Huang Pao added Zhao Kuangyin to establish the Song Dynasty and put an end to the chaotic Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Song Taizu, who knew the dangers of warlord dictatorship, chose to release his military power through a cup of wine and opened the talent tree of fancy beatings in the two Songs. Due to civil strife, the Uyghurs lost their grassland rule and were forced to move westward, becoming the ancestors of Uyghurs in Xinjiang. The Khitan, born in Donghu Xianbei, performed.
A party member who has long been a thug in the Central Plains in the Hexi area (the descendant of the Qiang and Song Dynasty who moved in during the Sui and Tang Dynasties) Fan, established Xixia under the leadership of Li Yuanhao. After the alliance of Chanyuan, the Northern Song Dynasty recognized counsel, paid protection fees on time every year, and became the younger brother of Khitan. At the same time, the Northern Song Dynasty also issued a big red envelope to Xixia to maintain the fragile vassal relationship between Xixia and Northern Song Dynasty.
Chanyuan League
4da has been sitting in the position of old Khitan for a long time. Starting to swell, the Khitan people moved the threatening tribes among the Jurchens (the descendants of the Mohe people) to the Liaodong region, and changed their nationality to Qidan and became their slaves. The Jurchens who changed their native place to Khitan were called mature Jurchens, and the Jurchens who stayed in their hometowns were called Sheng Jurchen.
The Jurchen, who was considered a "primitive" by Khitan, has produced a ruthless character named Wanyan Aguda, Unity The Jurchen tribes and the Qidan died, and finally combined with the Northern Song Dynasty to destroy the Qidan. Fortunately, the lean camel was bigger than the horse. After the Khitans fled west, they rebuilt the West Liao in Central Asia until they survived until Genghis Khan's west expedition.
Mongolian cavalry
The Northern Song Dynasty originally thought that after the United Jurchen defeated the Khitan, it could regain the sixteen states of Yanyun, but he never thought that Jurchen would be more ruthless than the Khitan. Jurchen not only captured large areas of the Northern Song Dynasty Central Plains, but also captured the Huiqin Sect and tortured to death. Zhao Gou, the only seedling of the Song Dynasty, ran to Hangzhou to establish the Southern Song Dynasty with the efforts of Yue Fei, Han Shizhong and others. He regarded the Jin Dynasty as the "Dad State" and barely settled in the southeast corner.
When the four kingdoms of Song, Liao, Jin, and Xia killed each other in love, Shi Wei, who was almost annihilated, gradually became stronger and became Mengwu Shiwei, which is also Mengwu Later Mongolia. Everyone is familiar with the later story. Temujin unified the Mongolian tribes and established the Mongol Empire, bringing the Southern Song, Jin, Xixia, and Xiliao together, and establishing the largest empire in Chinese history.
(5) Ming and Qing Dynasties
4da1a, Zhungar 04a, Tajin#But the Mongols always feel that they are superior. The Hans in the Mongol Yuan period were very humble, and eventually caused a peasant uprising. Zhu Yuanzhang shouted "Expulsion"The slogan of Hulu, restore China", drove the Mongols back to the grassland and established the Ming Dynasty.
The small court of Beiyuan later split into Tartar and Wa thorn. Tartar was caught between Wa thorn and Daming. The two ends of the deception soon disintegrated and died. Wa thorn rose for a while and was captured in the battle of Tumu Fort. Ming Dynasty, but later split into Durbert, Junggar, Heshuote, and Turhute.
Lost the Jurchen suppressed by Mongolia and rose again in the late Ming Dynasty to establish the Manchu (Nurhachi was established after the Jin, the country was changed to Qing during the Huangtaiji period, and the Jurchen clan was changed to Manchu), and moved to the Central Plains. Junggar split from Waci, unified It tried to restore the hegemony of the Mongol Empire. Manchu and Junggar worked for more than 100 years and finally won and became the last feudal dynasty in Chinese history.
There are many people who think that ethnic powers other than the territory of the Han dynasty in the Central Plains belonged to foreign nations and foreign countries at the time, and were not part of Chinese history. According to this definition, there appeared "Meng Yuan "Manchu Qing is not China", "There is no China after Yashan, and there is no China after Ming Dynasty".
It is true that if we live in the Han or Song dynasties, the Xiongnu, Liao and Jin It is indeed a "foreign country", but we are living in the 21st century. We should look at history from the perspective of modern China and from the perspective of development. China is a unified multi-ethnic country, which is regarded as a foreign country by us. In the course of history, they eventually become a part of the Chinese nation, forming the common history and culture of the Chinese nation. A correct understanding of history is also helpful to deal with ethnic issues in modern China.
