There is a famous Chinese saying that the world must be united for a long time, and the world must be divided for a long time. It means that the merger and division between countries is normal, and it is a helpless thing! After the end of World War II, the European and American powers redefined the world order and determined the respective territories of each country. The territories of most countries did not change much, but the territories of six countries were dismembered. The editor will introduce these six countries to you today!
1. The Soviet Union
In 1917, Russia broke out . The October Revolution was established under the leadership of Lenin, and Soviet Russia was established under the leadership of Lenin. It separately negotiated with Germany, signed the "Brest Contract", and ceded It gave Germany 1.26 million square kilometers of territory and a population of 60 million, and compensated huge amounts of compensation, but it won the respite for the new Soviet Russia and further consolidated the victory of the revolution! Germany was defeated in World War I, and the Brest contract became a waste of paper. However, Lithuania , Estonia , Latvia , Finland and Poland which belonged to Russia have established their own countries! In 1922, Soviet Russia and Ukraine, Belarus , Azerbaijani materials, Armenia and Georgia established the Union of Soviet Socialist States, referred to as the Soviet Union! In the early days of World War II, the Soviet Union took the opportunity to invade Finland, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia and Romania , established the Eastern Defense Line, occupied and annexed 430,000 square kilometers of land and more than 20 million people! After the victory of World War II, the Soviet Union, as a victorious country, became a superpower on par with the United States. It supported the establishment of socialist countries in Poland, Czechoslovakia , Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria , Yugoslavia and other regions.And set up Warsaw Pact Organization to fight against Western countries headed by the United States! Entering the 1970s, the Soviet Union's national power has risen sharply. Both nuclear and conventional weapons have surpassed the United States, and it has begun to compete with the United States for hegemony in the world! In order to maintain a strong military power, the Soviet Union desperately develops heavy industry and invests a large amount of wealth every year to expand its armaments. This has led to the lagging development, especially the development of light industry, which is closely related to the people's living standards, and has caused dissatisfaction among the domestic people! At the same time, Western countries led by the United States began to peacefully evolve socialist countries through various means. After Gorbachev came to power in 1982, he implemented reforms and new thinking, to lift the ideological constraints, deliberately cater to the West, and implement presidential elections. The biggest problem is to have each republic elect the president separately. As a result, after the election of the Russian president , Yeltsin got rid of the control of the Soviet Union, privately established the Commonwealth of Independent States with other republics, the Soviet Union disintegrated , decomposed into fifteen independent countries! Russia has inherited most of the Soviet heritage, but its territory has shrunk from 22 million square kilometers to 17 million square kilometers, a decrease of 5 million square kilometers!
Map of the disintegration of the Soviet Union (source network)
II. Yugoslavia
After the end of the First World War, Austro-Hungarian Empire4 Span-Hungary, originally belonging to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was disintegrated. , Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia and other provinces such as , Slavs, formed the kingdom of Yugoslavia, ! In 1941, Nazi Germany sent troops to occupy Yugoslavia,Annexed Serbia and established puppet governments in other regions! After Yugoslavia was occupied by Germany, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, headed by Tito , organized a guerrilla unit to resist German rule! On the eve of the victory of World War II in 1945, the Yugoslav Communist guerrillas had grown to more than 800,000 people, and almost liberated the entire Yugoslavia alone and became the largest force in Yugoslavia. After the end of World War II, Yugoslavia established the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia under the leadership of the Communist Party under the leadership of Tito, becoming the communist country in Europe second only to the Soviet Union ! Tito died in 1980. Due to the complex ethnic composition, he could barely gather together under the rule of the strongman Tito. After Tito's death, domestic separatism was on the rise. At the same time, the economic recession has also caused dissatisfaction among the domestic people and reduced the prestige and cohesion of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. In 1989, due to internal and external situations, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia announced the abolition of the one-party dictatorship of the Communist Party. For a time, many nationalist political parties emerged in the country, which eventually led to the civil war in Yugoslavia and the independence of the participating countries, and finally Yugoslavia split into the Yugoslav League. From five countries, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia is a new country jointly established by Serbia and Montenegro! In 1999, the Yugoslav Federation declared independence for Kosovo, and the Yugoslav Federation forcefully suppressed it, which eventually led to NATO launching the Kosovo War , which led to the actual independence of Kosovo !
Yugoslavia situation map (source network)
3. Pakistan
After the end of World War II, Britain's national power declined and it was unable to maintain the huge British Empire and the British colonies all over the world were independent! India, the most populous colony of the United Kingdom, also requires independence. The British Governor-General Mountbatten in India introduced the famous " Mountbatten Plan ", which separates India into Hindu India and Islam Pakistan according to beliefs.Among them, Pakistan is divided into two parts, namely Pakistan in the west and Bangladesh in the east, which become Seba and Dongba , separated by an India! After divides India and Pakistan , India and Pakistan have disputes over the ownership of Kashmir and become hostile countries! At the same time, due to the distance between West Pakistan and East Pakistan, apart from the common belief in Islam, there are very big differences in ethnicity, language, tradition, climate, etc. West Pakistan is dominated by Punjabi and Baluchis. Similar to Persia and Afghanistan, East Pakistan is mainly and Bengali, a country where British colonists forcibly cooperate with Lalang. Within Pakistan, West Pakistan is in a dominant position, and East Pakistan is in a dominant position. Although the populations of the two Pakistans are similar, most of the high-ranking officials in the Pakistani government and military are West Pakistanis, and East Pakistan has only a small part. East Pakistan feels enslaved, and its sense of independence is getting stronger and stronger! In 1970, in the presidential election, the East Pakistan Bengali Awami League won and defeated the ruling party in West Pakistan. However, Atahia Khan, the then president, refused to recognize the election results and refused to transfer power to the Bangladesh Awami League. He was originally against West Pakistan. Dissatisfied Bangladesh announced the establishment of an independent Bangladesh in the Bangladesh People’s Union headed by Mujib Rahman. Immediately, West Pakistan implemented military control in Bangladesh, brutally suppressing the Bangladesh independence movement, and Mujib Rahman was also arrested and imprisoned. Soon the Bangladesh independence movement fell into a trough! However, as the overlord of South Asia, India is also Pakistan’s deadly opponent. It believes that Pakistan’s split can greatly weaken Pakistan’s strength, so it sent troops to intervene in the Bangladesh independence movement, provoked and the third India-Pakistan war, which defeated Pakistan in Bangladesh. The troops forced Pakistan to recognize Bangladesh's independence! Bangladesh officially became independent in 1972!
The situation map of West Pakistan and Dongba (source network)
IV. Czechoslovakia
Czech Republic and Slovakia belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Empire before World War I,After the defeat of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I, Czech and Slovakia merged to form Czechoslovak Republic . The industry, especially the military industry, is developed, and the light and heavy machine guns manufactured have been imported and praised by many countries! After the rise of Nazi Germany in the 1930s, it continued to challenge the world order established by World War I. Due to the border between Czechoslovakia and Germany, there were many Germans living in Sudetenland, Germany, Britain, France in 1938 Without soliciting Czechoslovakia, China and Italy signed the "Treaty of Munich" and ceded the Sudetenland to Germany. In March 1939, Germany launched a blitzkrieg against Czechoslovakia and occupied the entire Czechoslovakia! In 1945, with the help of the former Soviet Union, the entire territory of Czechoslovakia was liberated, the Czechoslovak Communist Party was formed, and a coalition government governed by the Czechoslovak Communist Party was established! Later, through political struggles, the Czechoslovak Communist Party achieved a one-party dictatorship and established Czechoslovak Socialist Republic ! In 1989, Czechoslovakia launched the "Velvet Revolution", amended the constitution about , Czechoslovakia play a leading role in society and other provisions, and implemented a multi-party parliamentary democracy! In 1990, the country's name was changed to Czechoslovak Republic! Slovakia declared independence in 1993, and Czechoslovakia split into two countries!
Czech Republic and Slovakia
5. Ethiopia
Ethiopia is located in the northeast corner of Africa. It is a strategically important country in the Red Sea, established two thousand years ago. The empire has a vast territory, but it gradually perishes under the attack of Arab empire.In 1270 AD, the Ethiopian region established the Abyssinian Empire ! In the middle and late eighteenth century, Italy began to invade Ethiopia and occupy the coastal areas of Ethiopia, becoming Eritrea ! In 1935, Italian Mussolini sent troops to attack Ethiopia, occupying the entire Ethiopia, and implementing colonial rule! In World War II, Britain defeated the Italian army in Ethiopia, Ethiopia regained its independence, but Britain occupied Eritrea! After the end of World War II, Eritrea was under British trusteeship! Eritrea was originally the territory of Ethiopia. It should be returned to Ethiopia after the victory of World War II, but the United Kingdom refused to return it and submitted the issue of Eritrea to the United Nations for adjudication! After the operation of the United Kingdom and others, the United Nations decided to establish Eritrea as an independent political body with Ethiopia to establish a federal system country. Although Ethiopia had some opinions, it was forced to accept this plan! In 1962, Ethiopia announced the abolition of federalism and merged Eritrea into a province of Ethiopia! In order to oppose the rule of Ethiopia, Eritrea established many organizations. In the end, the Eritrean People’s Front gradually became the main force in the struggle and liberated the entire Eritrea in May 1991. Eritrea officially became independent in 1993. Since then, Ethiopia has lost its access to the sea and has become a landlocked country.
Ethiopia (the yellow part is Eritrea)
6. Sudan
Sudan is located in the northeast of Africa. It is the largest country in Africa with an area of more than 2.5 million square kilometers! Sudan is a country with an ancient history, and the four thousand fronts belong to Egypt. After the Arab Empire conquered Egypt, it began to invade Sudan and conquered the entire Sudan in the 13th century. Sudan became a part of the Arab Empire! The Ottoman Empire After the rise of the Ottoman Empire, the Sultan has become the sphere of influence of the Ottoman Empire! In the 1870s,Britain began to invade Sudan from Egypt and eventually turned Sudan into a part of the British Empire! After World War II, the British colonies became independent, and Sudan established an autonomous government in 1953! Independence was officially declared on January 1, 1956. Due to the very large ethnic cultural differences between southern and northern Sudan, northern Sudan is a part of Arabia, most of which are mixed black and white, and the culture is similar to that of Egypt. South Sudan is black, and believes in the primitive religion of , which is very different from that of northern Sudan. Therefore, since the independence of Sudan, the north and the south have fallen into civil war. In the end, the Sudanese government agreed to the autonomy of South Sudan! In 1970, South Sudan discovered abundant oil resources and made huge gains. The Sudanese government was a little jealous. So in 1983, it announced the abolition of South Sudan’s autonomy and the full implementation of Islam in South Sudan. Sudan once again fell into civil war. In 2005, the North and South Sudan signed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in the Kenyan capital Nairobi , which ended the more than 40-year civil war between the two sides. The agreement stipulates that Sudan has entered a six-year transition period. After the transition period, the residents of South Sudan will decide the future of South Sudan through a referendum. In 2011, after a referendum in South Sudan, 98% of the people supported independence. South Sudan officially declared its independence on July 9, 2011!
Sudan and South Sudan
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