Baisha 1928: The Revolutionary's Covenant of Life and Death
□Special correspondent Wang Jian
Shuikou Palace, south bank of Tangfeng Village, Baisha Town, Shanghang County Independence Hill. It is surrounded by water on three sides and has a wide view. It is about 3 li from the nearest village. The surrounding is deep grass and dense forests, and a thousand-year-old road runs through it. The unique geographical location and traditional religious functions give Shuikou Palace a special sacred mission.
Jinjing of Shuikou Palace, Tangfeng Village, Baisha Town
On November 12 of the lunar calendar in 1928, 6 revolutionaries from various villages in Baisha District gathered in Shuikou Palace secretly. They formed an alliance with blood, determined to live and die for communism, and issued a long-cherished oath in front of the mountains and rivers of the homeland and the gods. In August 2019, the author had the honor of witnessing the covenant book written by six revolutionaries of Baisha nationality at the Hakka Museum of Wei Jinhua, a collector in Meizhou, Guangdong. The author traveled to Meizhou, , Yongding, Baisha and other places, trying to uncover the historical mystery behind the covenant book.
The life and death covenant of the six revolutionaries
The covenant book exhibited by Curator Wei Jinhua, written on a piece of traditional Tingzhou jade paper. The appearance is complete, and the text is not missing. The article wrote: "The covenants Lin Jianting, Fu Yuansheng, etc., want to be brothers today, share the good fortune, life and death together. Because my brothers and others are committed to the revolution, I hope to complete the revolution, we are in the process of eradicating traitors and advancing communism. Aspiration to unify the whole country, can we do as we wish, be sincere forever, put our livers together, and swear the covenant.
"Because of fear of mouth and heart,The vows are written together, and the beginning and the end are confirmed. Sincerely, I bow and kowtow: The sage of civil and military warfare and the goddess of Kuixingzun is my leader. In view of the ghosts, my brothers and others will be united after the oath. Don't believe in slander and be unjust, don't be greedy for profit and betray your alliance, don't respect the noble but forget the past, and don't miss the appointment for a long time. The good fortune is to share the glory, and the misfortune is to shoulder the difficulties. They are willing to die in the same place, and do not want to live alone in different places. If you commit a crime and change the former league, I hope my leader will learn from his failure to blame and hope is not good. If you don't betray your alliance, you who have one mind for a long time will be happy and long, and your career will be as broad as you. With this covenant, we vowed by heart.
"Civil and martial saints and gods such as Kuixing Zun are prominent, blameless, and reward loyalty. In the light of Zhongtian, the law is like order."
literally, although he is a revolutionary The letter of the covenant, but it clearly bears the traces of the feudal era folks swearing to form an alliance. It is unknown whether each of the six revolutionaries listed in the article is a member of the Communist Party or the Communist Youth League. They were "Lin Jianting, born in Youshi on December 13 in the Renchen Year (1892). Fu Yuansheng, born in Xu Shi on March 17 in the Xin Chou Year (1901). Ma Jingxing, Ren Yin Year (1902) on December 30 Fu Xinghou was born on the seventh day of November in the Guimao year (1903). Yuan Ziqiong was born on February 23 in the Jiyou year (1909). Lin Shangren was born on September 20 in the Bingwu year (1906) at Shushi. "Among them, 36 years old. Lin Jianting is the oldest, Fu Yuansheng 27 years old, Ma Jingxing 26 years old, Fu Xinghou 25 years old, Lin Shangren 22 years old, 19 years old Yuan Ziqiong is the youngest. The time and place of the covenant is "written at Shuikou Palace in Henggang Township on November 12th in the seventeenth year of the Republic of China (1928)." Luo Changchun, the former propaganda committee member of Baisha Town, "Henggang Township" is now Tangfeng Village, Baisha Town. The Shuikou Palace has been rebuilt by enthusiastic people in recent years. Taoist management personnel introduced that around 1929, the pioneer of the revolution in Western Fujian, Zhang Dingcheng, held a meeting in Shuikou Palace, but the specific situation is unknown. I learned that a batch of historical materials such as the Covenant Book of Shuikou Palace was lost in the town’s rural construction and demolition of residential houses in the past few years.It has been scattered all over the world, and we are asking for help from the private collectors, hoping to find more lost historical materials.
County Party Secretary Fu Xinghou’s business card
In September 2019, when I was interviewing the descendants of the old Red Army at Baisha Town , I contacted Fu Xinghou’s clan council through the appointment of Fu Xinghou. The descendant of Fu Junren. Fu Junren introduced: "The Fu family lived in Dahua Village, and his ancestor was the Deng Shi Lang of the Qing Dynasty. It was passed down to the 22nd ancestor Fu Bugao (word Shuangxing, named Hongchang), and he has been in a good business environment for many years. Fu Bugao has six sons, of which the second son is Fu Zuorong It was Fu Xinghou. Fu Xinghou used the names Fu Bingchun, Fu Xinglou, and Fu Weimiao in different periods. My father Fu Zuoxian was the youngest brother of Fu Xinghou. After Xinghou’s second uncle was killed, his father adopted me under his name to continue the incense.
"We According to family tree records, Xing Hou Erbo was born in 1903 and graduated from Changting Middle School in Fujian Province. I heard from the elders that the second uncle had great ambitions since he was young, studied diligently, and had a good level of composition and calligraphy. He accepted revolutionary ideas while studying in Changting. After graduation, he returned to his hometown to engage in rural education and organize underground party activities. In the April of the lunar calendar in 1929, the Red Fourth Army entered the white sand. As the head of Baisha's party organization, Er Bo was received and guided by Zhu De and Mao Zedong at Junhua School. On the first day of the fifth day of the lunar calendar, Erbo and others successfully launched the Baisha riot and established the Party branch and the Soviet government of the Sixth Township of Baisha District, Hangwu County. Later, Erbo served as secretary of the Shanghang County Party Committee. My family still has a second uncle’s business card with the words "Fu Bingchun, Xinghou Minhang" printed on it. At that time, there was a personal business card, and the second uncle should not be an ordinary person. My third uncle Fu Zuozhou (also known as Bingzhou) served successively as the documentary of the Sixth Township Soviet government and the captain of the township red guard. In April 1931, he was killed in the ‘Socialist’ movement and was named a martyr in 1955. In March 1984, the Shanghang county government rehabilitated Erbo, and the certificate stated that Erbo was a member of the Communist Party of China, and he was killed in the lower back post of Baisha City in April 1931. After the second and third uncles were arrested,His grandfather Fu Shuangxing was distraught, and soon passed away in grief. Among my grandfather's six sons, my father is the only one left. Because the family history is too heavy, the elders are reluctant to mention it before they are alive, and our offspring know very little, let alone that there are so many precious historical materials hidden in the family. The Fu’s ancestral house originally covers an area of more than 1,000 square meters, and the craftsmanship is exquisite. Because the roads have been demolished in recent years, these historical materials may have been treated as old books and newspapers by the elderly in the family..."
"" The Interests of the Farmers’ Association"
Wei Jinhua also collected an essay signed by "Fu Bingchun" (namely Fu Xinghou), entitled "Is there any difference between patriotism and love for the homeland". Survival depends on the people, and the strength of the people depends on the thickness of patriotism. When the country is destroyed, the township will also be destroyed, and the township will be destroyed and the people will survive. If you are a citizen, you should have a patriotic mentality... The husband of the country must also be united by the majority of the local people. There is a sense of patriotism with the heart of loving the country. This Tang Taizong is the proof that the country must be governed first. Therefore, when I say that there is a heart of loving the country, it is also a heart of patriotism. "This essay, which was commented and annotated by the teacher as "Sha Ming Shui Jing", was written when there was no test, but the family and country feelings of the young Fu Xinghou were vividly written on the paper. Another copy was signed by Zhang Dingchen (namely Zhang Dingcheng) and presented as "Comrade Xinghou" The printed publication "The Interests of the Farmers Association" was issued by the Fujian Tingzhang Road Office of the Farmers Department of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang. There is also a land survey form of the West Fujian Soviet Government, which contains the words "The Fourth Land in Shanghang Baisha Township". ; A copy of "Number Book for Opening Civilian Schools in Wuchen Year" written by "Fu Xinghou" in March in the 17th year of the Republic of China (1928). These documents are important material evidence based on Fu Xinghou's different life periods and are rare red historical materials.
Letter from Lin Jianting, a member of the covenant
At the beginning of June 2021, the author heard that there were some letters from Fu Xinghou, a red collection expert in Yongding District, and rushed for an interview. Here,Lin Jianting, the oldest of the six revolutionaries in the covenant, has a clue. An envelope from the Republic of China presented by Jiang Zhizhong, with the words "Respect Zhuan Guanghe Changlin Jianting" on it, signed "Zizhen from Shanghai National University", and "Correspondence Office: Shanghai Gordon Road Headquarters Transfer" is attached to the upper left. . It should be a letter received by "Zizhen" from the address of the National Congress of the Shanghai Kuomintang to the Baisha Guanghechang Company and forwarded to Lin Jianting. The content of the letter is only one page left. It is to the effect that after the two have left their hometown, Zizhen hopes that Lin Jianting can come to Shanghai to meet him as scheduled. At the end, Lin Jianting asks Fu Xinghou and others to greet him. This letter does not have a specific year and month, only inscribed "Zi Zhen written under the lamp five days after Qingming." Due to missing pages, it is impossible to learn more about Lin Jianting.
An envelope sent by a friend from Shanghai to Lin Jianting (left)
Jiang Zhizhong has collected a political book signed by "Fu Xinglou" (ie Fu Xinghou). Fu Xinghou wrote on the cover of this stone-printed "Outline for the Founding of the National Government": "There are two radicals and peaceful factions to solve social problems. The Kuomintang has set two ways of people's livelihood: one is equal land rights, and the other is to control capital. According to the Marxist approach, the solution to social problems requires the dictatorship of civilians and producers, and the use of revolutionary means to solve all economic problems of XX. This is a fierce faction. There is another faction, Socialist Party advocates peaceful means of XX movement and compromise. To solve it. It is not possible to use this method to solve XXXX, so this faction advocates slow progress." These words are directly written on the cover of the Kuomintang’s founding outline, which clearly shows the revolutionary pioneers of Baisha such as Lin Jianting and Fu Xinghou. He was worried about the world and took advantage of various opportunities to start exploring the basic principles of Marxism and the road to the Chinese revolution very early. He is truly the forerunner of the revolution in Western Fujian. In addition, there is also a copy of the General Draft of the Entry and Exit of the Tenth Bureau Branch of the Defense Regiment of the Second District of Shanghang North by Fu Xinghou on November 14, 1925. In the second public election, Fu Xinghou was appointed as deputy director and director. The bureau also has a detailed "Introduction", which stipulates the name, purpose, purpose, responsibilities, funding, establishment, firearms, rewards and punishments, and pensions of civilian armed organizations.It shows that the 22-year-old Fu Xinghou had begun to command the local armed forces to conduct military activities.
Command No. 1 of the General Headquarters of Attack and Hangzhou
The original draft of the Command No. 1 of the General Command of Attack and Hangzhou collected by Jiang Zhizhong records: "The commander of the first route was appointed by Comrade Zhang Dingchen. . The second commander Zeng Zhigao, secretary Wang XX. Third commander Fu Weimiao (namely Fu Xinghou), secretary Yuan Baoxuan. Fourth commander Qiu Yuhui, secretary Chen Yaorong. Fifth commander Fu Youtao, secretary XXX..." The year was not indicated, only "August 2nd" was written. According to the Shanghang County Party History Memorabilia, it was in 1930, when Fu Xinghou was the commander of the Third Route of the Siege Army. According to historical records kept at the Service Station for Veterans in Baisha Town, Fu Xinghou was a member of the Communist Party of China. He worked in the Sixth Township Soviet Union in May 1929, served as the district party secretary in March 1930, and served as secretary of the Shanghang county party committee in January 1931. 1931 Died on April 10".
Looking for the last whereabouts of the members of the covenant
Among the many historical materials collected by Jiang Zhizhong, there is a September 1930 lunar calendar. Fu Xinghou gave it to Guo, one of the leaders of the Minxi revolution, in the name of "Wei Meng" Diren’s long letter. After carefully reading the contents of the letter, Fu Xinghou was already in a critical moment of life. The letter read:
"Comrade Shiren (i.e. Guo Diren) transferred to Minxi Headquarters:
... This time because the county Soviet Union wanted to carry out anti-rich peasant work, he listened to a private report, but did not go through it. Investigations inside and outside the district and township party took away Zhao Jinlin from the village next to Xiamen. But Zhao Jinlin used to have more than 30 tens of fields, and his bamboo and hemp yield was about 20 to 30 yuan per year. However, some of the accounts can be called rich peasants. (July and August) During the riots, Jingqu and Xiang repeatedly raised funds from him. Since then, he has been very enthusiastic about revolutionary work.Without the performance of the rich peasants, the comrades of the whole town had always investigated him again and again, thinking that he could no longer be beaten. Therefore, after being captured by the county Su, he convened a party and league branch meeting, reviewed Zhao's family background, and discussed the procedures for capturing people from the county Su in detail (the county and district committees have sent people to participate). It turned out that it was very wrong for the county Su Zuoren not to conduct investigations inside and outside the local party and not notify the township government...
So on the afternoon of the second day of September, the secretary of the county administrative committee wrote me to cook. There were many disputes with the county chairman Qiu Boqin. Comrade Xia Wei made a face-to-face judgment, and the county Su Jiangzhao released Zhao. I also sent people to the fourth township to hold a mass meeting to explain everything, but I agreed to this method at the time... After returning, I called a branch meeting late to report the situation. At the meeting, every comrade believed that the county Soviet Union was the highest-ranking leading organ for the masses in the county, and that no matter what, we must stand in the interests of the masses and fight. Since this period, he has captured the chairman of the Fifth Township Government for no reason, and he has lost the masses. I dare to use the word "rich peasant" to catch people at will. It must be punished anyway. Therefore, three kinds of judgment clauses were decided: 1. Zhao Jinlin should be sent back. 2. Send people to the Fourth Township to comfort the people. 3. To the county executive committee to inform the county Soviet party group to inform the subordinates. After this resolution was reached to the county administrative committee, the county committee not only refused to comply with it, but also gave a written warning to the Fourth Township Party Group, saying that the congress was held to oppose the county Soviet Union. What has lost the prestige of the county Soviet Union. Wen also wanted to execute my expulsion from the party, saying that I had committed: 1. The activists opposed the county Soviet Union. 2. Overturned the resolution. 3. Passive sabotage, etc. For these three crimes, the first one I thought was that the county and Soviet Union were an organ of the masses, so I opened a representative meeting to negotiate with the county and the Soviet Union; the second, I thought that individuals could not take care of all of this, so I notified the fourth township of the decision in the county administrative committee. The branch, because the comrades in the four townships did not approve of the change of the resolution; Article 3 Since the past two months, I have been sick and unable to work, so I recuperate at home.
, comrades, I am already on the front of the Bolsheviks, so life cannot be taken care of. However, I am not satisfied with my expulsion from the party this time. Because there is still a lot of injustice in my stomach that has not been dispelled... But whether this fact is conclusive, please express your opinion in the special committee and send someone to investigate. And you can do a general review of the work of Shanghang in the past year..."
can know from the letter,In the "Purge the Social Democratic Party" movement in the Minxi base areas, there are varying degrees of policy implementation problems in the red political power organs at all levels. As the head of the local party committee, Fu Xinghou adhered to the principle of party spirit . Because he stood up for justice and safeguarded the lives of local people, he argued against the wrong line in accordance with laws and regulations. Therefore, the executor of the wrong line was expelled from the party. Depressed and helpless, he wrote to his trusted superior Guo Diren and the special committee agency to confide, but in that special period when everyone was in danger and precariousness, Fu Xinghou's defense was not only useless, but more likely to directly cause him to kill. disaster.
, 94-year-old Lin Hongqing, a villager in Tangfeng Village, Baisha Town, recalled: “According to my grandfather Lin Yunliu’s account during his lifetime, my father’s original name was Lin Shanren. Chongshi Middle School, ranked fifth in graduation grades, and taught at Nenyang Primary School. After the success of the Baisha riot, he served as deputy captain of the propaganda team of the township Soviet government (captain was Lin Dinggan from the same village). In 1930, he was selected and transferred to the Minxi Soviet government. During the propaganda work, I studied and worked at Lenin Normal University for a period of time. In March 1931, he was falsely accused of being a member of the' Social Democratic Party' and was manslaughtered under the city of Baisha. In the 1980s, the government issued a certificate of redress for my father. I lost my father when I was 3 years old. His mother remarried and depended on his grandfather. His three brothers all participated in the revolution. The second uncle Deren joined the Red Army and died at Guangdong Dapu. He was a registered martyr. The third uncle Hanren was a separated old Red Army and enjoyed the civil administration. 1950s As a representative of the Red Army martyrs, my grandfather has visited Shanghang County many times for meetings."
Ma Zhenqiu, a retired teacher from Wutian Natural Village, Tangfeng Village, Baisha Town, introduced: "My grandfather Ma Guanghan is a registered martyr in civil affairs, and Jing Xing belongs to him. The word, taking the meaning of the restoration of China and Guangyao Xinghan. The grandfather used the family character as the "Celebration" generation. After participating in the revolution, he used the names "Ma Tieshi, Ma Guanghan" and so on. The revolutionaries at that time made it easier to work and avoid injuring their family. A pseudonym is often used. His grandfather’s martyr certificate records that he was once the captain of the first squadron of the seventh squadron of the fourth column of the Red Fourth Army. My grandmother Lin Zhaodi said before her death,My grandfather went to Guangzhou to study when he was young, and was one of the first people in the village who came into contact with Marxist-Leninist thought. As for whether to go to Huangpu Military Academy or the Guangzhou Peasant Movement Training Institute, I can’t find out. The grandmother said that her grandfather was killed during a battle in the Tufang area of Changting in the autumn of 1929, and was later carried by his comrades to in Liancheng County. At that time, the grandma personally went to collect the body and bring it back to his hometown for burial. . "
Mr. Qiu Shizhong, a collector from Zhongdu Town, Shanghang County, has a notebook handwritten by Fu Xinghou in early 1927. The book contains transcripts of military announcements, appointment orders, official letters from the Education Bureau, letters from friends, and folk debits. I learned from it. Fu Xinghou served as the company commander of the third battalion of the first guerrilla headquarters of the new first army of the Fujian National Revolutionary Army around 1927. In June of that year, Fu Xinghou wrote to "Comrade Yuefan", It was mentioned that "My friends Yuan Guizhou and Lin Jianting have the camp, and plan to open all the activities during the day. Now I am recruiting my younger brother and Ma Guanghan to help with him..." On January 19 of the Lunar Calendar of the 17th year of the Republic of China (1928), it was approved by Fujian Zhong Guanxun, who was appointed as the first company commander by Lan Yutian (from Wuping), the newly-edited First Army First Guerrilla Headquarters of the Provincial National Revolutionary Army, once wrote a letter to his classmate Ma Guanghan, saying, "Recalling that he shared with my brother when he was at school. Studying inkstones and talking about national affairs, how happy is it... I think my brother has been in the military academy for many days, and my brother has already understood the first degree in military..." and invited Ma Guanghan to meet in Shanghang Residence. It is speculated that Ma Guanghan once sponsored the Kuomintang. I studied in a military school. After the ninth month of the lunar calendar of the same year, the Ministry stated in a notice that "According to the preparation director of Shanghang County Farmers Association Xiong Hongmo (note: later Secretary-General of Pengyang School, martyr), it stated that... the establishment of the Farmers Association , Purely for the liberation of the largest number of people, with the hope of real welfare... But there were local inferior tycoons and reactionaries who took advantage of this Qing party period to deliberately spread rumors, instigate ignorance, and confuse right and wrong..." My hometown friend who works in Nanjing In the letter, it was mentioned that "...the great progress of the Northern Expedition has been under Jinan. However, there was a conflict with the Japanese soldiers and a fierce battle. The two sides suffered a lot of casualties. Now outsiders are mediating..." It is also recorded in the book. For a summary of the book, Fu Xinghou and his allies Lin Jianting, Ma Hanguang (Ma Jingxing) and others,As the pioneer of the early revolution in Western Fujian, he successively experienced the Northern Expedition, went to the Kuomintang military school, participated in the local militia of Western Fujian, founded the civilian school, organized the peasant association and other explorations and practices, and finally chose to take the revolutionary road led by the Communist Party.
During the three-year interview, the author was fortunate to have seen all kinds of books and personal stamps, business cards, manuscripts and other precious objects that Fu Xinghou used and signed during his lifetime. This historical "wishful person" has "unintentionally" left us with a lot of real time and space of reading and imagination. So far, the six revolutionaries in the covenant book, except for the deaths of Fu Xinghou and Lin Shang (Shan) Ren in 1931, and Ma Jingxing (Ma Guanghan) who died in battle in Changting in 1929, the final whereabouts of the other three members have not been verified. The author has contacted the old district office of Shanghang County, the leaders in charge of Baisha Town and the heads of the clan councils of Wutian, Tangfeng, Zaokang, Zhongyang, Pengxing and other villages, hoping to find Lin Jianting, Fu Yuansheng and Yuan Ziqiong. Wait for the immediate or collateral relatives of the three covenant members to obtain valuable clues through interviews with their descendants.
"Hear thunder in a silent place, and see flowers in a colorless place." At the time of the centennial of the Communist Party of China, there are many beautiful flowers in China. At the end of 1928, the six revolutionaries of the Life and Death Covenant in Baisha Shuikou Palace, Shanghang, were the pioneers of the wisdom of , the revolutionary base of western Fujian , the brave spreaders of the dark world, and the cornerstone of the great victory of the Chinese revolution. Solving the unsolved mystery of the covenant book and digging into the unknown details of the revolutionary struggle are of great benefit to enriching the local party history in Western Fujian and inspiring future generations to stay true to their original intentions and continue to struggle.
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