Zhu Yuanzhang (1328-1398), peasant uprising at the end of the Yuan Dynasty leader, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, the famous emperor of our feudal society. He lived at the age of 71. In the first 24 years, he had no food and clothing since he was a child. He had spared cattle, worked as a monk, and lived a life of hunger and cold amidst the drift and turbulence. In the 16 years he was in the army, he was born to death in the rain of bullets and bullets. A career in the army and horse; 31 years as the emperor, for the consolidation of the Zhu dynasty, early and late, must do everything personally, conscientiously, and finally died in the court.
Taihao Mausoleum is the mausoleum of the Taihao Fuxi family, the head of the Three Emperors. According to "Chenzhou Fuzhi" records: Taihao Mausoleum had a mausoleum in the Spring and Autumn Period, and there was a temple before the Han Dynasty. The temples in the Yuan Dynasty were gradually destroyed and disappeared at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. Most of the existing buildings are those of the Ming Dynasty. What is the connection between Zhu Yuanzhang and Taihaoling? After researching in recent years, the author has discovered many little-known historical facts, and revealed the indissoluble bond between him and Taihaoling.
Zhu Yuanzhang, Haozhou Zhongli (now Fengyang, Anhui), was born in Zhujiaxiang, Jinling Jurong (now Jurong County, Nanjing). His grandfather, Zhu Chuyi, was a gold digger in the early Yuan Dynasty. Because of his aggressive exploitation, he took his two sons Zhu Wuyi and Zhu Wusi to the north of the Jurongdu River and settled in Xuyi County, Sizhou. Probably this deserted place can escape the government's taxes and duties, so the family family gradually improved, and the two sons also married wives and started families. It's just that the good times didn't last long, and the government's levies quickly hit them. After Zhu Chuyi's death, the two brothers had to go back to their parents' old way, taking their wives and wandering around, and fled to Zhongli Dongxiang after several tossings. Boss Zhu Wu has four sons in his lifetime. The second child, Zhu May 4, had four boys and two girls. The child Zhu Chongba was Zhu Yuanzhang. He was born on September 18 (October 21, 1328) in the first year of the Yuan Dynasty in Dongxiang, Zhongli County.In the third year of Yuanzhizheng (1343), there was a drought in Haozhou. In the spring of the second year, famine and plague turned Zhongli into a country of ghosts. Within 17 days, Zhu Yuanzhang's father, brother, nephew, and mother died of illness one after another. The four relatives were dead, but there was no clothes, no coffins, and no burial ground. His second and third elder brothers, Lao Shu Na, went out to become a son-in-law. The souls of the four relatives all need Zhu Yuanzhang, a sixteen or seventeen-year-old child, to comfort him. Zhu Yuanzhang buried his parents and brothers hastily, leaving him alone. The kind neighbor Wang’s mother sent him to Huangjue Temple to become a monk (see "Hongwu Imperial System"). The livelihood of monks has also become a problem due to the ravages of drought locusts. On the 50th day Zhu Yuanzhang entered the monastery, Master Gao Bin stopped the monks and let all the monks go out for wandering. "Wandering" is also called "youfang" and "alms", which is the Buddhist language. It is called "beggar" in the society, but in fact it is to beg a beggar. Zhu Yuanzhang has never read the sutras, and has never done Buddhist rituals, but he also wore a monk's clothes with a large pocket on his shoulders, holding wooden fish and tile bowls, and walked away. "Everyone is a plan, the clouds and water are flying. What do I do, I have nothing to do, I personally humiliate, and look up to the boundless sky. Neither can I rely on, but the shadows will meet each other. Qiongya Cuiwei leans against the green, listening to the ape crying night and moon and desolate" (see Imperial Tomb Stele). He first went to Hefei, then went to Gushi, Xinyang, Ruzhou, Chenzhou (now Huaiyang), Luyi in Henan, and finally returned to Huangjue Temple. This circle lasted for three years (1344-1347) (see "Ming Xiaoling Tombs", "Hongwu Yuzhi Quanshu").
Zhu Yuanzhang spent the longest time traveling in Chenzhou, and lived in the ruined temple of Taihaoling at night. After getting up in the morning, you must first go to the Fuxi Mausoleum and kneel down to pray for the blessings of the ancestors. No matter how late you come back in the evening, you must go to the tombs of the ancestors. No matter how hungry or hungry, I will not forget to give the ancestor a stick of incense: May the ancestor bless and let Chongba be the emperor.
Yuan to the end of the seventh year (1347),Zhu Yuanzhang returned to Zhongli, still living in Huangjue Temple, where he spent five years. This is also the five years of his cultural enlightenment. Here, he made up his mind to recognize more characters, read more books, understand more truth, and prepare to do a career in the future.
In May of the eleventh year of Yuanzhizheng (1351), the Red Turban uprising broke out in the Jianghuai River Basin. On the first day of March in the twelfth year of Yuanzhizheng (1352), 25-year-old Zhu Chongba joined the Red Scarf Army marshal Guo Zixing as a subordinate.
first voted into the Red Turban Army, "the son is intrigued by his appearance, and he stays as a soldier." Zhu Yuanzhang is composed and alert, has a strategy in case of trouble, and quickly emerged in the army. Guo Zixing therefore took him as his confidant and married his adopted daughter, Ma Shi, to him. At this time, he officially named Yuanzhang with the word Guorui.
Soon, Zhu Yuanzhang led a team to fought against the Yuan army in Chenzhou. Due to outnumbered, he was defeated. In the end, he was left alone and pursued by soldiers. When desperate, he fled into a ruined temple in front of Taihaoling Mausoleum where he used to live, praying: "If the grandfather of man can bless me, if he wins the world in the future, he must follow my palace and do it for you. Rebuild the temple and shape the golden body again!" As soon as the voice fell, a spider quickly weaved a web at the entrance of the temple. Yuan Bing chased to the temple and saw the spider web closing the door, thinking that there must be no one inside, so he chased away.
Zhu Yuanzhang is blessed by the ancestors, and he will not die. Before leaving Chenzhou, he worshipped and worshiped in front of the tomb of the ancestors. When he returned to his hometown Zhongli, he raised the banner and recruited soldiers. The results echoed, his young poor partner and neighbors Xu Da, Zhou Dexing, Guo Xing, Guo Ying, Gu Shi, Wu Liang, Wu Zhen_5span Tangspan, , Fei Ju, Lu Shenheng, etc. came to cast the effect one after another.More than 700 people were recruited soon. Soon, he led a selection of 24 people including Xu Da to Dingyuan south, and pacified more than 3,000 militiamen in Zhangjiabao Lupai Village. Then, more than 20,000 volunteers from Hengjianshan were recruited, and the team grew rapidly. From then on, Zhu Yuanzhang began his military and horse career, fought south and north, and performed outstandingly, and soon he was promoted to the chief of the Zhenfu. In 1356 he was promoted to marshal of the capital again, and marched forward with victory, smoothed out the Eastern, Southeast and Southwest Yuan forces, and strengthened his military strength. In 1361, Zhu Yuanzhang was promoted to Wu Guogong . When Zhu Yuanzhang assisted Anfeng in the north, Chen Youliang led a navy division of 600,000 to besiege Hongdu (now Nanchang, Jiangxi). Hongdu defender Zhu Wenzheng fought bloody 85 days and bought time. In 1363, Zhu Yuanzhang led an army of 200,000 to rescue and fought Chen Youliang in a decisive battle with Chen Youliang at Poyang Lake . Tens of thousands of warships, hundreds of tons of gunpowder, the corpses of Poyang Lake became islands, and the lake was blood red. This is the third major water battle in Chinese history after the battle of Chibi, and Feishui . Chen Youliang was killed by an arrow, and Zhu Yuanzhang won a complete victory.
On the fourth day of the first lunar month in 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang was enthroned in Yingtian (now Nanjing). span8span is the left prime minister and Xu Da is the right prime minister. During this period, Fujian was quelled, followed by taking Guangdong and invading the capital of Yuan Dynasty. It was renamed as Beipingfu , declaring the end of the Yuan Dynasty, which ruled China for 98 years.
After Zhu Yuanzhang became the emperor, he did not forget the emperor's blessing from the ancestors when he traveled and defeated Chenzhou. The first year of Hongwu (1368) In March, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered General Xu Da to attack Chenzhou.Soon, he loaned out the tour Bianliang , stationed in Chenzhou, and visited the Fuxi Mausoleum three times to worship nine times (see "Huaiyang County Chronicles" in the 22nd of the Republic of China).
"The next year of Hongwu Ping the world (1369), the car will be fortunate to be Chen, and Chen Han (articles and calligraphy made by the emperor) will be given as a memorial ceremony. You are still appointed as a regular memorial for the Si (local official). Shengxiangcheng (the emperor's sacrifice to Fuxi has been passed down from generation to generation), and the envoys are sent to worship, which means that the world is respected..." (see "Huaiyang County Chronicles" in the 22nd of the Republic of China).
"In May of the third year of Hongwu (1370), Zhu Yuanzhang sent an envoy to visit the tombs of successive emperors, and ordered all provinces and provinces to make progress. Every seventy is nine. The ceremonial officer examines his meritorious person, Fan thirty There are six... Ten in Henan, Chen (Chenzhou) worshipped Fuxi... (see "Minghui Yao")". In the same year, Zhu Yuanzhang issued an edict to build the mausoleum of the above-mentioned meritors, and Taihao Mausoleum ranked first.
On the 22nd of the first lunar month of the fourth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1371), Zhu Yuanzhang's fifth time fortunately Chen, wrote the letter himself, and sent the deputy envoy Lu Jingxian to Taihaoling Pay tribute. Zhu Wen said: "I will be born to future generations, and for the people between the grass and the wild. At present, the Yuan is out of control, and the world is divergent. It is the autumn of the great chaos of the heroes and the gathering of the people with the use of military. It has been three years since I dominated the common people. The emperor was born in the ancient times, succeeded in the heaven and established himself as a supreme democracy, sacred and sacred. The scriptures of Zhen Guan contain, although sincerely admiring, the stupidity of nature, there are ancient and modern, folk customs are also different, admiring the gods, the law of all ages, and the special officials laid down in the mausoleum. Shang Sa! (See "Haiyang County Chronicles" of the Republic of China in 22 years, Taihaoling Zhu Yuanzhang Imperial Sacrifice Stele) "Emperor Heaven" means Fuxi, " Houtu" means Nuwa.Zhu Yuanzhang believed that the reason why he was able to go from beggar to emperor was because of the blessing of Fuxi and Nuwa. This is Zhu Yuanzhang's first royal essay on offering sacrifices to the emperor.
(Zhu Yuanzhang imperial sacrificial stele)
5span was built by the tomb of the Fu Ming Dynasty, and there is no such a mausoleum built by the tomb of Zhu Yuanzhang. The "Haiyang County Chronicles" in the 22nd year of the Republic of China contained: "The Ming Li Weifan's record said: The next year of Hongwu's peace in the world (1369), the car will be fortunate to be Chen, and he will sprinkle Chenhan, as a memorial ceremony. Still decreed that Sisui is a regular sacrifice, and the holy ministers are listed. Inheriting, sending envoys on behalf of ancestors, it never ceases to show the meaning of respect in the world. Not only is it like the emperors of the past, but it can be so deserted? It is Gu Wei’s participation in politics, Jin Gongqing, Zhai Gonghao, and Wei Fan’s saying:'Sishi is our responsibility. .'And the scale of the imperial stele pavilion is humble, close to the tomb, it is not so respected. So it is suitable for the place, the rules are set, the day is given to the workers, the Yusi, the judge Fan Rujing and other Dong Qiyu, the tomb is built with the foundation. It is round and high, like the sky. Zhou is built with brick platforms, square and thick, like the ground. The tomb is several meters away in front of the tomb, and the high platform gate is built, and the stele pavilion is built on the top. …" This text is very clear: Zhu Yuanzhang came to Taihaoling in the second year of the emperor, he wrote and calligraphy, in the form of words to pay tribute to the local officials, the emperor should be passed on from generation to generation. Not only should we inform the world that Fuxi respects Fuxi, the mausoleum is better than that of the emperor, but it is too small and too old, and said: "This is our responsibility!" Moreover, the imperial stele pavilion under construction is too small and far away. The mausoleum is too close to show respect. As a result, he chose the position with the officials, set the rules, gathered craftsmen to arrange the schedule, arrange the local officials, and ordered Fan Rujing to manage the affairs, based on the current foundation. The mausoleum should be tall, with the upper circle and the lower part, which symbolizes the place where the sky is round. A few feet away in front of the mausoleum, a high platform ticket gate was built, and then a stele pavilion was built on the high platform. In this way, Zhu Yuanzhang's respect for Fuxi was even more important. Based on this, we can say that the Taishi Gate of Taihaoling Mausoleum (also known as Yubei Pavilion) was built in the second year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1369), and the current form of Fuxi Mausoleum was modified by Zhu Yuanzhang.
before spring and autumn,After a person dies, regardless of his status, only the tomb is different. There is no tree on the top. After the Spring and Autumn Period, the top of the tomb will be sealed with soil. The emperor is called the mausoleum, the saints are called the forest, the princes are called the tombs, the scholar-officials are called the tombs, and the common people are called the tombs, and the tombs are also square. After Zhu Yuanzhang established the mausoleum system for Taihao Fuxi family, when he built the mausoleum for himself, he changed the past mausoleum system so that all the mausoleums were rounded from square to round. In order to express the respect for the ancestors, his tombs are round to distinguish them from the tombs of the ancestors. "The system of Fangshang, Lingtai, Fangyuan, and Upper and Lower Palaces had been formed in the imperial tombs of China before the Ming Dynasty. When Zhu Yuanzhang built the Xiaoling Tomb, he turned the square tomb into a round mound..." (see the first issue of 2000 Yangtze River Culture·Exploration of Ming Xiaoling Tomb").
The emperors of the past did not pay attention to the choice of the capital. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang thought about the issue of capital construction. Before deciding on Nanjing, Zeng Zhao used Linhao (now Fengyang, Anhui), the birthplace of the city, as the capital of the Central Government, and built it for six years. However, when the project was about to be completed, it suddenly changed its original intention and stopped. It was also planned to establish capitals in Chang'an, Luoyang or Kai feudal. It was not until the eleventh year of Hongwu that the capital was ordered to be Nanjing. But by the 24th year of Hongwu, there are still plans to move the capital to the northwest. When Zhu Yuanzhang took refuge in Taihaoling Temple, he made a wish: Once he wins the world, he will rebuild the temple for you according to my palace and shape the golden body for you. However, the Ming Palace in Nanjing was built in three stages, and each stage was transformed or expanded. Therefore, during Zhu Yuanzhang's reign, he could not completely imitate his palace to rebuild the temple for the Fuxi family, but the general layout is the same. Although the Ming Palace in Nanjing was destroyed by fire during the Xianfeng of the Qing Dynasty, a large number of remains are sufficient to prove this point. There is and the Meridian Gate in the south of the Ming Forbidden City in Nanjing. There is Yudai River within 30 meters of the gate. Fengtianmen is not far from the Yudai River, after Fengtianmen is Fengtiandian, Donghua Gate is in the east, and Xihua Gate is in the west. . There is Wuchao Gate in the south of Taihaoling, Yudai River within 30 meters of the gate, Xiantian Gate in Hebei, and Tongtian Hall (the Daoyi Gate between Wuchao Gate and Xiantian Gate was built in the Qing Dynasty). There is Donghua Gate in the east and Xihua Gate in the west. Therefore, the Taihaoling Temple is similar to the Nanjing Ming Palace by Zhu Yuanzhang.
Taihao Fuxi’s main hall is the Tongtian hall,Zhu Yuanzhang designated the main hall of the Forbidden City as the Fengtian Temple, which meant to be the place where he ruled by the will of the ancestor Fuxi, and he claimed to be the "Emperor of Fengtian." Therefore, Xiangyan later became a formula of the emperor's order, such as "Feng Tian carries on transport, the emperor's edict said."
Taihao Mausoleum modified the mausoleum system after Zhu Yuanzhang, rebuilt the temple, the Ming dynasty continued to build and renovate the emperor, and the emperors continued to build and renovate the Qing Dynasty. Passed down from generation to generation. According to textual research, since Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperors of the past dynasties have sent officials to make sacrifices 53 times: the second time of Ming Hongwu, the second time of Yongle, the second time of Hongzhi, the second time of Jiajing, the second time of Wanli, Longqing once. Qing Shunzhi once, Kangxi ten times, Yongzheng three times, Qianlong ten times, Jiaqing five times, Daoguang five times, Xianfeng two times, Tongzhi once, Guangxu six times, and Xuantong times.
Zhu Yuanzhang's life experience, descendants wrote a link around the portrait of his Longxing Temple (Huangjue Temple), which vividly and truthfully summarized:
was born in . , Grew up in Hao, Fengjun was the emperor of the old bell;
began as a monk, continued as a king, and eventually became an emperor. Long Xing now admires the saint's face.
(published in " Zhoukou Daily " on January 13, 2004, the first issue of "Zhoukou Forum",Later reprinted by "China Fuxi Culture Net" etc.)
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