Today introduces Shi Cuntong, an early member of the Communist Party of China in Japan.
Shi Cuntong, also known as Shi Fuliang, is a native of Jinhua, Zhejiang. An early activist of the Chinese Communist Party, one of the earliest party members, participated in the early formation of the Communist Party in Shanghai and Tokyo. Compatible with multiple thoughts throughout his life: Anarchism, Marxism and the Three People's Principles. The diversity of ideas has transformed it from an anarchist to a Marxist, and has also made it separate from the CCP and become a representative figure in advocating and implementing the middle line . It reflects the tortuous course of intellectuals in pursuing the road of national salvation during the democratic revolution.
In the winter of 1899, Shi Cuntong was born in Ye Village, Jindong District, Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, into a family who fell into poverty from a well-off society. He entered a private school at the age of 9 and transferred to Jinhua Changshan Primary School at the age of 15, studying diligently. Shi Cuntong was afraid of his father since he was a child. On a winter afternoon when he was under 18, he ran away from home because he accidentally broke the kimchi jar and dared not go home. The next day he ran to Uncle Jinhua’s house 60 miles away and asked to stay. . In 1917, with the support of his uncle, Shi Cuntong was admitted to the famous Zhejiang First Normal School in Hangzhou. While studying in Hangzhou, Shi Cuntong grew into a radical anti-Confucian fighter under the influence of new thoughts. At that time, the wave of new culture movement had already reverberated by the West Lake. The First Division became the center of Zhejiang New Culture Movement. Among the teachers were Chen Wangdao, Liu Dabai, Li Cijiu, Xia Mianzun and other new schools. He was called the "Four King Kong" of the Zhejiang New Culture Movement. The principal Jing Hengyi is open-minded in running a school and advocates freedom of thought. In the first division, Shi Cuntong was swept by various new ideas and began to read progressive books, especially the " new youth " magazine. On the eve of the May 4th Movement in 1919, Shi Cuntong’s mother suffered from eye problems due to overwork and lack of nutrition. Shi Cuntong borrowed money and sent home to allow her mother to see a doctor. However, his father was reluctant to spend the money, which eventually caused his mother to lose sight. Shi Cuntong received his mother’s critical illness notification at school, and went home and learned that his father would not treat his mother.The reason is that it is wasteful to see the doctor who is dying, and even beat up the mother who was in the hospital bed, causing the mother to die with hatred. Shi Cuntong thought, he loves his mother, but his father abused his mother. If he wants to be filial to his mother, he must oppose his father, but he must also be filial to his father, so he cannot oppose him. Father. So Shi Cuntong wrote an article titled "Non-filial piety" and submitted it to "Zhejiang New Wave", which was published in November 1919. In his article, he violently criticized the feudal ethics guidelines, and the whole article was permeated with the spirit of rebellion against the old feudal traditions. From this, Shi Cuntong became famous in the literary world and attracted the attention of progressive thought circles. However, the article was regarded by the authorities as "a scourge," and the Zhejiang governor Lu Yongxiang called "Zhejiang New Wave" "harmful to order and undermining customs" and demanded the government to ban it. After that, the incident developed into a confrontation between the old and the new faction, and then expanded into the "Zhejiang First Division Trend" that lasted for two months. By 1920, the Zhejiang authorities ordered the disbandment of the First Division, and the Provincial Office sent more than 500 military police to surround the First Division campus on March 29, attempting to dissolve the school by force and escort the students back to their original places. After hearing the news, students from various schools in Hangzhou rushed to support each other. The two sides confronted until 10 o'clock that night, and the reactionary authorities were forced to withdraw from the military and police and withdraw their fate to disband the First Division. The struggle of the First Division received solidarity from all walks of life across the country and overseas Chinese. Liang Qichao , Cai Yuanpei and others also called in to condemn the persecution of students by the Zhejiang military and political authorities. In the end, Governor Qi Yaoshan had to resign and leave Hangzhou, and Xia Jingguan also left the post of Provincial Department of Education. "Zhejiang New Wave" was also seized, the principal of the First Division was dismissed, new professors such as Chen Wangdao and Xia Mianzun were ordered to leave the school, and Shi Cuntong and several students who participated in running the journal were expelled from Hangzhou.
In April 1920, Shi Cuntong and Yu Xiusong arrived in Shanghai. While staying in Shanghai, they found Shen Xuanlu , a teacher from Zhejiang First Normal University. They were introduced by Shen Xuanlu to work in the Weekly Review. Here, Shi Cuntong was introduced by Yu Xiusong, met Dai Jitao, and was introduced by Dai Jitao to the famous Chen Duxiu. Dai Jitao and Chen Duxiu admired this brave young man who wrote "Imperial Filial Piety." In April 1920, Vikingsky came to China for the first time under the appointment of the Russian Communist Party (Brazzaville) Far East Bureau.After Vikingsky arrived in Shanghai, in May of the same year, Chen Duxiu initiated and established the "Marxist Research Association" in Shanghai. Its members were Chen Duxiu, Shi Cuntong, Yu Xiusong, Yang Mingzhai, Dai Jitao, Li Hanjun, Shen Xuanlu, and Chen Wangdao. , Dai Jitao was also responsible for drafting the party program, and Shi Cuntong, Yu Xiusong, and Shen Xuanlu participated in the discussion and revision of the party program. In June 1920, Chen Duxiu, Shi Cuntong, Yu Xiusong, Li Hanjun, and Chen Gongpei held a meeting in Chen Duxiu's apartment at No. 2 Lao Yuyang Li, Shanghai, and decided to establish the Communist Party, and initially named the Social Communist Party. Everyone publicly promoted Chen Duxiu as the person in charge, and jointly drafted more than a dozen party platforms. At that time, Shi Cuntong and Chen Gongpei were preparing to study abroad, so they copied a copy of each and prepared to take them abroad. On June 30, 1920, with the support of Dai Jitao, Shi Cuntong took a boat from Shanghai to Japan to study. In Tokyo, Japan, Shi Cuntong often maintained correspondence with Chen Duxiu and Li Da in Shanghai to discuss issues related to party building. Chen Duxiu and Li Da also introduced Shi Cuntong's contact with Zhou Fohai , who was studying at Kagoshima No. 7 High School in Japan, to establish an early organization of the Chinese Communist Party in Japan. Chen Duxiu appointed Shi Cuntong as the person in charge. When the early organization of the Chinese Communist Party in Japan was just established, its development was slow. Before the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the only members were Shi Cuntong and Zhou Fohai. When receiving a letter from Li Da and Li Hanjun, an early organization of the Shanghai Communist Party, requesting that representatives be sent to the National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the two of them elected each other as representatives. Because it was summer vacation and Zhou Fohai was preparing to return to China, they decided to let Zhou Fohai. On behalf of the Chinese Communist Party in Japan, he organized and attended the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China. During this period, Shi Cuntong extensively studied Marxist theory books, and the Japanese communist researcher Kawakami Hajime had a huge influence on him. In particular, Haakami Hajime said: If you want to fly to the sky, it is only possible if you invent the airplane, otherwise it is a fantasy. This allowed Shi Cuntong to understand that in order to achieve an ideal society, he must first have a material basis, otherwise it would be a fantasy. Shi Cuntong's Marxist theoretical level has been greatly improved. The monthly "Communist Party" was a theoretical publication organized by the Shanghai Communist Party in its early days. The monthly "Communist Party" was founded in Shanghai on November 7, 1920, with Li Da as the editor-in-chief. Shi Cuntong published "How Do We Do Socialism", "Marxism Communism", and "The Application of Historical Materialism in China" in the "Communist Party", "New Youth" and " Republic of China Daily" Supplement "Enlightenment" and other publications. Wait for articles,In these articles, Shi Cuntong linked his past practice of participating in the work-study mutual aid group in Beijing and vowed to be a revolutionary who will work hard in the future. In January and May 1921, he published "Why We Advocate Communism?" in the monthly "Communist Party". "The Seizure of Power" and other articles, and in the article determined that only communism can save China, determined to fight for communism for life, even at the expense of life. After the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the early organization of the Communist Party of China in Japan has developed rapidly. The members have grown to more than ten people. Most of the group members are preparatory students for studying abroad, including . The group leader is still Shi Cuntong, and the group has held two or three meetings. In August 1921, the Communist International convened the first congress of communist parties and national revolutionary groups in the Far East. Because Japan had no diplomatic relations with Soviet Russia at that time, Soviet Russians could not be sent to Japan. The Communist International sent Zhang Tailei to Tokyo. Shi Cuntong introduced contact with the Communist Party of Japan. In December, Shi Cuntong was arrested by the Japanese authorities for interacting with the Japanese Communist Party. In January 1922, Shi Cuntong was expelled from Japan and sent back to his country.
On August 22, 1920, the Shanghai Socialist Youth League was established. In March 1921, the Interim Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Socialist Youth League was established in Shanghai, and Shi Cuntong’s classmate and friend Yu Xiusong served as the interim secretary. On March 29th, Yu Xiusong was ordered to go to Soviet Russia to represent the Chinese Communist Party and League organizations to attend relevant meetings held by the Communist International. He was also responsible for contacting domestic youths to study in Russia. After that, the work of the Youth League came to a standstill. After Shi Cuntong returned to China, he was appointed by the Party Central Committee and began to restore the work of the Chinese Socialist Youth League. The first National Congress of the Socialist Youth League of China was held in Guangzhou on May 5, 1922. At that time, there were youth league organizations in Beijing, Tianjin, Taiyuan, Shanghai, Hubei, Hunan, and Guangdong, and representatives attended the conference. The regiment’s program was adopted at the meeting, Yu Xiusong, Cai Hesen, and Zhang Tailei were elected as members of the Communist Youth League Central Committee, and Shi Cuntong was elected as the Secretary of the Youth League Central Committee. At the end of 1922, the League Central Committee moved with the Party Central Committee from Shanghai to Beijing, and the League Central Committee lived in an alley near Nanchizi, Dongcheng District, Beijing. At this time, there were nearly 3,000 League members across the country. As the secretary of the League Central Committee, Shi Cuntong worked in the central government. He also served as the editor-in-chief of the newspaper "Herald", and personally wrote review articles for "Herald". "The Pioneer" goes from commissioning, writing, editing, to proofreading, and running to the printing house.They are all completed by Shi Cun unified individuals. At that time, the Youth League had very little funding. At the beginning, Shi Cuntong did not receive a salary, only a part of the manuscript fee, and finally only received 30 yuan a month for living expenses. At that time, the relationship between the Party Central Committee and the League Central Committee was very close. When the Party Central Committee held meetings, Shi Cuntong sometimes attended the delegation's central committee; Chen Duxiu also often attended meetings of the League Central Committee. In August 1923, the Second National Congress of the Chinese Socialist Youth League was held in Nanjing. About 30 representatives attended the meeting, including Lin Yunan from Hubei, Liu Renjing and Deng Zhongxia from Beijing, as well as Qu Qiubai and Yun Daiying. Because Shi Cuntong suffered from severe neurasthenia, he resigned from all positions in the League Central Committee at the meeting. After discussion at the conference, Shi Cuntong agreed to Shi Cuntong's request, so Shi Cuntong left the League Central Committee. In the autumn of 1923, Shi Cuntong came to Shanghai University Department of Sociology to teach. At Shanghai University, Shi Cuntong taught three courses in the Department of Sociology. In October 1924, Qu Qiubai was wanted by the reactionary authorities to leave school, and Shi Cuntong succeeded as the dean of the Department of Sociology. At Shanghai University, Shi Cuntong’s lecture was very successful, winning the favor of most students, and also won the heart of a female student Zhong Fuguang. The two of them grew from acquaintance to fall in love, and their relationship deepened. Shi Cuntong also specially carved a In order to express his strong affection for Zhong Fuguang, Shi Cuntong decided to change his name from Shi Cuntong to Shi Fuliang. For this reason, he also wrote a poem: "Recovering Guangfuliang, the purpose is the same. Hand in hand, I am afraid of nothing. "In the spring of 1926, Zhong Fuguang and Shi Cuntong formally married, and they had a daughter and two sons. The youngest son was the people's musician and Shi Guangnan.
In 1927, , Chiang Kai-shek, and Wang Jingwei rebelled against the revolution one after another, and white terror enveloped the country. Shi Cuntong felt that the future was hopeless. He opposed the Kuomintang's slaughter policy and was dissatisfied with the Communist riots. After a fierce ideological struggle, he wrote "Sorrowful Confession", which was published in the supplement of the "Central Daily News" on August 30, 1927, and publicly declared that he would leave the Communist Party. After leaving the party, Shi Cun concentrated on the propaganda and research of the Three People's Principles , with the purpose of creating a "revolutionary Kuomintang" and implementing the "revolutionary Three People's Principles", in order to seek the freedom and equality of the Chinese nation and realize the revolutionary goals of the Three People's Principles.He had fantasized about restoring Sun Yat-sen's three major policies by reforming the Kuomintang. He once participated in the reorganization of the Kuomintang, and met with Xu Deheng and Chen Gongbo: "If you don't scold the Communist Party, you can only help the Communist Party." But at that time, the increasing corruption of the Kuomintang and the chaotic situation where the Three People's Principles were arbitrarily misinterpreted could not be reversed by his personal strength. In extreme disappointment, he had to stay away from politics, retired to study, and began his writing career for nearly ten years. From 1929 to 1936, Shi Cuntong compiled more than 20 theoretical works on politics and economics, including "The Outline of Capital" and "Political System of Soviet Russia". The sound of gunfire in September 18th made Shi Cuntong, who had returned to his study, once again started to care about politics. He gave public speeches in Peking and wrote articles to promote anti-Japanese and national salvation. Many students went to the University of the Republic of China where he taught and listened to "Leftist Professor Shi Cuntong" speech. Because of his radical thinking, Shi Cuntong was once one of the top five professors to be arrested by the Kuomintang's Beiping City Party Headquarters. He was able to escape because the students reported the letter in advance. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Shi Cuntong was appointed as the Deputy Minister of Labor. In 1954, Shi Cuntong resigned from the Ministry of Labor and served as a standing committee member of the first, second, and third sessions of the National People's Congress, as well as a standing committee member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. At the end of November 1970, Shi Cuntong passed away at the age of 71.
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