Tibetan Buddhism firmly believes that the soul of a living Buddha is eternal and immortal. After the Panchen Lama passes away, you can identify the identity of the Panchen Lama by searching for the spiritual child.
Since modern times, the search process of the 10th Panchen Lama has been the most difficult. The lamas have made many twists and turns, and they even almost determined that they are wrong. Only then have finally welcomed the real Panchen Lama - Gongbao Caidan in Xunhua County, Qinghai.
search for the reincarnated spirit child: "Why did you come?"
937 On December 1, 1937, after the ninth Panchen Lama Erdeni Qujinima passed the , the Executive Yuan's 555th meeting passed the "Micro-recognition of Panchen Lama Hubilehan Measures". Article 3 stipulates that after the three Hubilehan candidates are identified, the Tibetan local government will submit the central government to draw the lottery at the Lhasa Jokhang Temple in .
According to Tibetan practice, the Tashhlunpo Monastery in Shigatse and the Panchen Lama Headquarters in Qinghai both need to be dispatched to various places to visit.
In the vast and sparsely populated northwest region, the lamas rely entirely on hiking, traveling thousands of miles, and identifying from house to house. Whenever the locals hear that they are "spirit-seeking children", they happily carry out their newborn children. If they can be selected as "Buddha", it will be a joy to glorify their ancestors.
However, the selection of spiritual children is extremely strict, year after year, in a blink of an eye, it has been nearly seven years since the ninth Panchen Lama passed away.
Lamas will select several candidates for spiritual children in every place, and then screen them with the person in charge of the region. After the initial screening, the number of spiritual children is still very considerable. Some ignorant accompanying staff suggested: "Don't leave, I think these children are of good qualifications."
But the entourage lamas of the ninth Panchen Lama did not reply. They just lowered their heads, gnawed the dry food, and prepared to continue on the road.
Maybe he is waiting for us in front? In the dark, everyone's hearts were filled with soft and firm sensations.
A group of people came to Wendu Township, Xunhua County, Qinghai. The local people were simple. The lamas were still asking about the boys born after the death of the ninth Panchen Lama in the village. When they heard their purpose, the villagers saluted in surprise and then kindly reminded:
"You can go and find a child named Gongbao Caidan."
"Yes, I think that child is very likely the person you are looking for."
Gongbao Caidan has never left Wendu Township since he was born. Other babies were born, everything was chaotic, and their eyes were unclear. Gongbao Caidan opened his eyes as soon as he was born, with a pair of black and clear eyes, smiling, and looking straight at the door, as if he was born to know that someone would come to him.
A little older, Xiao Gongbao Caidan often stared at the door and cried endlessly. His parents had no choice but to coax him many times before he realized that as long as he carried Gongbao Caidan out of the door, he would not cry.
Instead, his eyes were rolling and he looked at the people coming and going to the entrance of the village, as if he was looking forward and missing, every day.
Maybe the young Gongbao Caidan knew who would come to him, but the group who were looking for him did not understand. They traveled thousands of miles to search for the reincarnated spirit boy of the ninth Panchen Lama, and ran all over the Tibetan area. It took six or seven years before they came to him.
As soon as the lamas walked to the ground a hundred meters away, Gong Bao Caidan met him, hugged one of the lamas tightly and said, "Jiayang, why are you here?"
Jiayang Lama is the food and clothing servant of the ninth generation of the Buddha. Everyone was stunned when Gong Bao Caidan said this. They searched for Lingtong for six or seven years, but they had not encountered such a situation.
But when the Jiayang Lama heard this, a line of tears flowed down: "Ah, you recognize me."
He saw the little boy in front of him, and he was indescribable to say good-looking.
Gongbao Caidan was soon taken to Tar Temple . On the way, he realized that he was not the only person to be selected. There were 17 spiritual children who were visited in the Tashhlunpo Monastery, Tibet, the hometown of the ninth Panchen Lama.
The lamas first forward the age, name and family background of more than ten extraordinary and smart children who have been searched for.
First screen the spiritual children in the hometown of the Ninth Panchen Lama, Tashilunpo Monastery.
choose one of the seventeen. All the spirit children and their parents were sucking their hearts in their throats, and the lama on the side also had a very serious expression.
First, I identified the relics of the Panchen Lama in front of a pile of clothes, magical instruments, jewelry, and tableware. Only six dolls were recognized correctly, and the other eleven dolls were eliminated in the blink of an eye.
Although Gongbu Caidan acted like a little adult, he was frightened to take a few steps when he saw such a baby crying. The parents who followed him also cried. Originally, their children were chosen as spiritual children. For several years, their family was highly respected in the local area. At this moment, all their glory and wealth were vanished.
A lama turned his head and did not want to look directly at the bitter scene. Instead, he chatted with Gong Bao Caidan, who seemed to be shocked by the sound of the shocking crying, and sighed: "It would be great if Ban Buddha had reincarnated the seventeen spiritual children at once."
Gong Bao Caidan lowered his head slightly and looked at everyone present with infinite compassion. The six dolls left behind by
are also crying. They cannot give birth to a little proud. The new round of selection and screening will only be more tragic. The closer we are to hope, the more desperate the pain of destruction is.
A more worrying selection is about to begin.
This time, it was a divination and questioning God. The process was long and complicated. In the murmuring sutras and Buddha's words, the six little dolls stood stiffly. Gong Bao Caidan noticed that there was even one that was so nervous that his nose was stretched out and he didn't know how to suck it.
I don’t know how long it took, but finally came out. Panchen Lama was a doll called Jiangre . The other five dolls who failed to choose
all cried.
Only Gong Bao Caidan, who was standing beside him, did not cry, but shook his head in disappointment: "You are wrong in divination and asking God. I am the real Panchen Lama, and I am the person you are looking for."
Seeing that the child did not cry or make a fuss, he said such a call. Everyone was very surprised, but thinking that they were all defeated, they didn't want to ridicule. They just wiped away their tears and looked at the deeply stimulating child helplessly.
Gongbao Caidan was taken home by his parents, but he still ran to the village entrance every day like in the past. His parents looked at it and sighed. This child always felt that someone would come to him.
10th Panchen Lama: From Kampaedan to Erdeni Quejijianzan
Two months later, Jiayang Lama appeared at the entrance of the village again.
It turned out that Jiangre, who was previously selected, suddenly died of illness. Gongbao Caidan must return to Ta'er Temple with four other babies to accept the election.
On the way, Gong Bao Caidan poked the Jiayang Lama childishly and said, "I said you asked God wrongly."
Jiayang Lama just squatted down and looked at Gong Bao Caidan and said, "Blessings are also dangerous. The bigger the more dangerous. If you don't have a life, you can't bear it. The great blessing comes, the disaster comes."
Before leaving, Gong Bao Caidan went to say goodbye to his playmates. This time he was quite solemn, because he vaguely felt that it was difficult to meet again after years.
class Buddha said to Xiao Chaidan, who was a fellow villager: "I was born in Qinghai, but in my previous life, I lived in the Tashilunpo Monastery in Shigatse, Tibet. The Tashilunpo Monastery is my hometown, and now I am going back."
Xiao Chaidan didn't quite understand what his partner said, and naively agreed: "We are here to send you back to your hometown, so many camels are here to send you back to your hometown, right?"
He looked at the camels borrowed by the lamas this time. It was very novel. He rarely saw so many camels going out together.
Gongbao Caidan gently stroked the camel's head and whispered, "It's time to go on the road. I and Geermu can't be together as soon as I go on the road."
Geermu is Gongbao Caidan's sister. Seeing Xiao Chaidan looked puzzled, he said again, "Germu wants to walk in front of the camel team. But I can't, they won't let me walk in front of the front." This is naturally for his safety considerations.
In 1944, the remaining 5 spiritual children returned to Ta'er Temple and were selected again.
On this day, cigarettes were curling in Ta'er Temple and prayers continued.
National Government Legislator and head of Panchen Lama Khenpo Conference Hall Luo Sangjianzan personally went to supervise.
Gongbao Caidan accurately selected the clothes and other items used by the ninth Panchen Lama during his lifetime from the ceremony specially arranged by the Panchen Lama Khan in the conference hall, which was more comprehensive than those spiritual children who only recognized the same item before.
The monk wrote the names of the five spiritual boy candidates on the sutra paper, and wrapped them in the tsampa balls, and put them into a special golden bottle. Then a group of lamas held it to the Big Golden Wa Palace , and five hundred lamas chanted scriptures and prayed.
In front of everyone, after shaking for an hour, a tsampa ball popped out of the gently shaking golden bottle.
peeled off, the paper was on the paper "Wendu, Gongbao Caidan, Qianhu, Wendu, Gongbao Caidan".
After a period of time, Gongbao Caidan stayed in Ta'er Temple.
In the same year, Dalai Lama Buding Panchen Lama had three incarnations of body, mind and mind.
First place was Gongbao Caidan, and second place was Ta'er Temple. The son of the nearby people, Cheqiong Zhaxi, and the third one was Rama from the Basu area of Xikang Changdu.
The Tibetan local government immediately called the Central Committee for investigation and informed Yukan Hall.
Gongbao Caidan was confirmed to be selected, the other four dolls left sadly, but he trotted and chased after him while crying.
The four dolls and their parents were not jealous or hatred. Seeing him chasing him, they looked panicked and immediately knelt down and kowtowed: "Master Buddha, Master Buddha. "
Gongbao Caidan was about to kneel down, but the Jiayang lama who followed him half-pulled and half-supported, "No, they can't afford it. "
Gong Bao Caidan was disappointed and said in a crying voice: "The great blessings will not come, and the great disaster will not come. You are not in danger. "
Although they are children under ten years old, these spiritual children are very smart. When a few babies heard this, they couldn't help but hug each other and cried for a while.
Jiayang Lama was watching from the side and quietly wiped her tears. Logically speaking, the Panchen Lama could not hug and cry with the children like this.
Seeing that more and more people were watching, the Jiayang Lama pulled him away and told him: "This is not the final determination. We have sent several teams to search for spiritual children. The last spiritual children are coming soon. You should go and recite scriptures and pray. "
Before Gongbao Caidan could start praying, the last search team brought the reincarnated spirit boy Luo Zhuo they visited to Ta'er Temple.
Gongbao Caidan needs to face screening again. The first part is also to recognize things. Luo Zhuo also recognized the relics of the Panchen Lamas in his previous life, not inferior to him at all. Then he asked the gods, but the god's intentions were blurred at this time and refused to point out. After a few hours, the lamas decided that they could only choose by reciting scriptures.
Luo Zhuo had a great memory. He casually recited the famous work of Erdeni Kezhujie of the Panchen Lamas- "The Great Commentary on the Unreal Light" , and it was not a word. The lamas on the side nodded repeatedly.
It was Gongbao Caidanshi, but he was intermittent and his mouth was quite vague. At first, the lamas frowned, but they were shocked until they heard what he was reciting.
Gongbao Caidan recited "Ten Paramita and Ten Evils". This was the speech of the ninth Panchen Lama to the mainland and at the Kalachakra Dharma Assembly in Hangzhou Lingyin Temple, Hangzhou. However, this speech has never been published so far. How did this child know?
The lamas asked Gongbao Caidan, and he only said: "I remember what I said. "
The lamas were ecstatic. They understood that the real reincarnation child must be Gongbao Caidan. After
was confirmed, the National Government issued an order to determine the identity of Gongbao Caidan. After , he sent a special envoy to Ta'er Temple and presided over a grand bed-sitting ceremony in front of the Manjushu Hall of Puguan.
. For this bed-sitting ceremony, the Kuomintang sent Guan Jiyu and Ma Bufang . The former was the special envoy of the bed-sitting ceremony, and the latter was the deputy envoy.
The eminent monk Rakocang of Labrang Monastery in Gansu Province, Jinmei Chilei Gyatso cut his hair, and gave him the Dharma name "Luosang Chi Lielunzhu Queji Jianzan", abbreviated as "Quji Jianzan", and gave him the novice monk's rhyme. From then on, Wendu Gongbao Caidan became Erdeni Queji Jianzan.
The 10th Panchen Lama passed away: patriotism for life, Nirvana and rebirth
On August 10, 1949, in the morning, the 10th Panchen Lama Erdeni Quejijianzan's bed ceremony was held in the Grand Lecture Hall in front of the Manjushri Hall of Puguan, Ta'er Temple.
A complete set of rituals was not completed until 3:00 pm, solemn and solemn, and the monks and lay people watched everything intently.
On October 4, 1949, when the news of the founding of the People's Republic of China reached Erdeni Quejijianzan, he immediately appointed a special person to draft a telegram to pay tribute to Mao Zedong and Zhu De in the name of the Panchen Lama.
This telegram is the first official document to establish direct contact with the 10th Panchen Lama and Chairman Mao Zedong.
In October 1950, the People's Liberation Army of Tibet crossed the Jinsha River and successfully liberated the important town of eastern Tibet Chambo , opening the door to marching into Tibet.
1951 On April 27, 1951, the Panchen Lama, who was only 13 years old, personally led 45 major officials from the Panchen Lama Khenpo Conference Hall to Beijing. This was also his first time participating in an important political activity.
This time, after the joint efforts of the Central People's Government and representatives of the Tibet local government, the "Agreement on the Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet" was finally reached.
In September 1954, Erdeni Quejijianzan and the Dalai Lama were both elected as representatives of the First National People's Congress.
Later, under the rebellion of the separatist forces in Tibet, the Panchen Lama still stood on the side of the motherland and the people with integrity, firmly supported the central government's policy of suppressing rebellions and reforms, and actively supported the People's Liberation Army's troops stationed in Tibet to quell the rebellion.
After that, under the personal leadership of the Panchen Lama, the Tibet Autonomous Region adopted a series of policies and policies on counter-insurgency and democratic reform.
At the National People's Congress held in April 1959, he was elected as Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.
On January 9, 1989, Erdeni Quejijianzan left Beijing to Zashulpu Monastery, Shigatse City, Tibet Autonomous Region to preside over the consecration ceremony of the body of the fifth to ninth Panchen Lama, the Panchen Lama East Tomb.
Under the personal arrangement and organization of Erdeni Quejijianzan, the consecration ceremony was grand and warm, a complete success, and vividly reflected the ethnic and religious policies of the Communist Party of China. However, due to excessive work, the Panchen Lama caused a sudden heart attack in , and the rescue was ineffective, and he passed away forever.
References:
Labapingcuo, editor-in-chief of Chen Qingying; edited by Zhou Weizhou. General History of Tibet Republic of China Volume 1 [M]. 2016
choose one of the seventeen. All the spirit children and their parents were sucking their hearts in their throats, and the lama on the side also had a very serious expression.
First, I identified the relics of the Panchen Lama in front of a pile of clothes, magical instruments, jewelry, and tableware. Only six dolls were recognized correctly, and the other eleven dolls were eliminated in the blink of an eye.
Although Gongbu Caidan acted like a little adult, he was frightened to take a few steps when he saw such a baby crying. The parents who followed him also cried. Originally, their children were chosen as spiritual children. For several years, their family was highly respected in the local area. At this moment, all their glory and wealth were vanished.
A lama turned his head and did not want to look directly at the bitter scene. Instead, he chatted with Gong Bao Caidan, who seemed to be shocked by the sound of the shocking crying, and sighed: "It would be great if Ban Buddha had reincarnated the seventeen spiritual children at once."
Gong Bao Caidan lowered his head slightly and looked at everyone present with infinite compassion. The six dolls left behind by
are also crying. They cannot give birth to a little proud. The new round of selection and screening will only be more tragic. The closer we are to hope, the more desperate the pain of destruction is.
A more worrying selection is about to begin.
This time, it was a divination and questioning God. The process was long and complicated. In the murmuring sutras and Buddha's words, the six little dolls stood stiffly. Gong Bao Caidan noticed that there was even one that was so nervous that his nose was stretched out and he didn't know how to suck it.
I don’t know how long it took, but finally came out. Panchen Lama was a doll called Jiangre . The other five dolls who failed to choose
all cried.
Only Gong Bao Caidan, who was standing beside him, did not cry, but shook his head in disappointment: "You are wrong in divination and asking God. I am the real Panchen Lama, and I am the person you are looking for."
Seeing that the child did not cry or make a fuss, he said such a call. Everyone was very surprised, but thinking that they were all defeated, they didn't want to ridicule. They just wiped away their tears and looked at the deeply stimulating child helplessly.
Gongbao Caidan was taken home by his parents, but he still ran to the village entrance every day like in the past. His parents looked at it and sighed. This child always felt that someone would come to him.
10th Panchen Lama: From Kampaedan to Erdeni Quejijianzan
Two months later, Jiayang Lama appeared at the entrance of the village again.
It turned out that Jiangre, who was previously selected, suddenly died of illness. Gongbao Caidan must return to Ta'er Temple with four other babies to accept the election.
On the way, Gong Bao Caidan poked the Jiayang Lama childishly and said, "I said you asked God wrongly."
Jiayang Lama just squatted down and looked at Gong Bao Caidan and said, "Blessings are also dangerous. The bigger the more dangerous. If you don't have a life, you can't bear it. The great blessing comes, the disaster comes."
Before leaving, Gong Bao Caidan went to say goodbye to his playmates. This time he was quite solemn, because he vaguely felt that it was difficult to meet again after years.
class Buddha said to Xiao Chaidan, who was a fellow villager: "I was born in Qinghai, but in my previous life, I lived in the Tashilunpo Monastery in Shigatse, Tibet. The Tashilunpo Monastery is my hometown, and now I am going back."
Xiao Chaidan didn't quite understand what his partner said, and naively agreed: "We are here to send you back to your hometown, so many camels are here to send you back to your hometown, right?"
He looked at the camels borrowed by the lamas this time. It was very novel. He rarely saw so many camels going out together.
Gongbao Caidan gently stroked the camel's head and whispered, "It's time to go on the road. I and Geermu can't be together as soon as I go on the road."
Geermu is Gongbao Caidan's sister. Seeing Xiao Chaidan looked puzzled, he said again, "Germu wants to walk in front of the camel team. But I can't, they won't let me walk in front of the front." This is naturally for his safety considerations.
In 1944, the remaining 5 spiritual children returned to Ta'er Temple and were selected again.
On this day, cigarettes were curling in Ta'er Temple and prayers continued.
National Government Legislator and head of Panchen Lama Khenpo Conference Hall Luo Sangjianzan personally went to supervise.
Gongbao Caidan accurately selected the clothes and other items used by the ninth Panchen Lama during his lifetime from the ceremony specially arranged by the Panchen Lama Khan in the conference hall, which was more comprehensive than those spiritual children who only recognized the same item before.
The monk wrote the names of the five spiritual boy candidates on the sutra paper, and wrapped them in the tsampa balls, and put them into a special golden bottle. Then a group of lamas held it to the Big Golden Wa Palace , and five hundred lamas chanted scriptures and prayed.
In front of everyone, after shaking for an hour, a tsampa ball popped out of the gently shaking golden bottle.
peeled off, the paper was on the paper "Wendu, Gongbao Caidan, Qianhu, Wendu, Gongbao Caidan".
After a period of time, Gongbao Caidan stayed in Ta'er Temple.
In the same year, Dalai Lama Buding Panchen Lama had three incarnations of body, mind and mind.
First place was Gongbao Caidan, and second place was Ta'er Temple. The son of the nearby people, Cheqiong Zhaxi, and the third one was Rama from the Basu area of Xikang Changdu.
The Tibetan local government immediately called the Central Committee for investigation and informed Yukan Hall.
Gongbao Caidan was confirmed to be selected, the other four dolls left sadly, but he trotted and chased after him while crying.
The four dolls and their parents were not jealous or hatred. Seeing him chasing him, they looked panicked and immediately knelt down and kowtowed: "Master Buddha, Master Buddha. "
Gongbao Caidan was about to kneel down, but the Jiayang lama who followed him half-pulled and half-supported, "No, they can't afford it. "
Gong Bao Caidan was disappointed and said in a crying voice: "The great blessings will not come, and the great disaster will not come. You are not in danger. "
Although they are children under ten years old, these spiritual children are very smart. When a few babies heard this, they couldn't help but hug each other and cried for a while.
Jiayang Lama was watching from the side and quietly wiped her tears. Logically speaking, the Panchen Lama could not hug and cry with the children like this.
Seeing that more and more people were watching, the Jiayang Lama pulled him away and told him: "This is not the final determination. We have sent several teams to search for spiritual children. The last spiritual children are coming soon. You should go and recite scriptures and pray. "
Before Gongbao Caidan could start praying, the last search team brought the reincarnated spirit boy Luo Zhuo they visited to Ta'er Temple.
Gongbao Caidan needs to face screening again. The first part is also to recognize things. Luo Zhuo also recognized the relics of the Panchen Lamas in his previous life, not inferior to him at all. Then he asked the gods, but the god's intentions were blurred at this time and refused to point out. After a few hours, the lamas decided that they could only choose by reciting scriptures.
Luo Zhuo had a great memory. He casually recited the famous work of Erdeni Kezhujie of the Panchen Lamas- "The Great Commentary on the Unreal Light" , and it was not a word. The lamas on the side nodded repeatedly.
It was Gongbao Caidanshi, but he was intermittent and his mouth was quite vague. At first, the lamas frowned, but they were shocked until they heard what he was reciting.
Gongbao Caidan recited "Ten Paramita and Ten Evils". This was the speech of the ninth Panchen Lama to the mainland and at the Kalachakra Dharma Assembly in Hangzhou Lingyin Temple, Hangzhou. However, this speech has never been published so far. How did this child know?
The lamas asked Gongbao Caidan, and he only said: "I remember what I said. "
The lamas were ecstatic. They understood that the real reincarnation child must be Gongbao Caidan. After
was confirmed, the National Government issued an order to determine the identity of Gongbao Caidan. After , he sent a special envoy to Ta'er Temple and presided over a grand bed-sitting ceremony in front of the Manjushu Hall of Puguan.
. For this bed-sitting ceremony, the Kuomintang sent Guan Jiyu and Ma Bufang . The former was the special envoy of the bed-sitting ceremony, and the latter was the deputy envoy.
The eminent monk Rakocang of Labrang Monastery in Gansu Province, Jinmei Chilei Gyatso cut his hair, and gave him the Dharma name "Luosang Chi Lielunzhu Queji Jianzan", abbreviated as "Quji Jianzan", and gave him the novice monk's rhyme. From then on, Wendu Gongbao Caidan became Erdeni Queji Jianzan.
The 10th Panchen Lama passed away: patriotism for life, Nirvana and rebirth
On August 10, 1949, in the morning, the 10th Panchen Lama Erdeni Quejijianzan's bed ceremony was held in the Grand Lecture Hall in front of the Manjushri Hall of Puguan, Ta'er Temple.
A complete set of rituals was not completed until 3:00 pm, solemn and solemn, and the monks and lay people watched everything intently.
On October 4, 1949, when the news of the founding of the People's Republic of China reached Erdeni Quejijianzan, he immediately appointed a special person to draft a telegram to pay tribute to Mao Zedong and Zhu De in the name of the Panchen Lama.
This telegram is the first official document to establish direct contact with the 10th Panchen Lama and Chairman Mao Zedong.
In October 1950, the People's Liberation Army of Tibet crossed the Jinsha River and successfully liberated the important town of eastern Tibet Chambo , opening the door to marching into Tibet.
1951 On April 27, 1951, the Panchen Lama, who was only 13 years old, personally led 45 major officials from the Panchen Lama Khenpo Conference Hall to Beijing. This was also his first time participating in an important political activity.
This time, after the joint efforts of the Central People's Government and representatives of the Tibet local government, the "Agreement on the Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet" was finally reached.
In September 1954, Erdeni Quejijianzan and the Dalai Lama were both elected as representatives of the First National People's Congress.
Later, under the rebellion of the separatist forces in Tibet, the Panchen Lama still stood on the side of the motherland and the people with integrity, firmly supported the central government's policy of suppressing rebellions and reforms, and actively supported the People's Liberation Army's troops stationed in Tibet to quell the rebellion.
After that, under the personal leadership of the Panchen Lama, the Tibet Autonomous Region adopted a series of policies and policies on counter-insurgency and democratic reform.
At the National People's Congress held in April 1959, he was elected as Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.
On January 9, 1989, Erdeni Quejijianzan left Beijing to Zashulpu Monastery, Shigatse City, Tibet Autonomous Region to preside over the consecration ceremony of the body of the fifth to ninth Panchen Lama, the Panchen Lama East Tomb.
Under the personal arrangement and organization of Erdeni Quejijianzan, the consecration ceremony was grand and warm, a complete success, and vividly reflected the ethnic and religious policies of the Communist Party of China. However, due to excessive work, the Panchen Lama caused a sudden heart attack in , and the rescue was ineffective, and he passed away forever.
References:
Labapingcuo, editor-in-chief of Chen Qingying; edited by Zhou Weizhou. General History of Tibet Republic of China Volume 1 [M]. 2016
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