2022, Chinese Nutrition Society "Diet Guide for Chinese Residents 2022" (hereinafter referred to as the "Guidelines") was officially published. The
guide emphasizes the importance of adjusting and maintaining the optimal nutritional state in the early 1000-day opportunity window period for nurturing new life and nurturing the healthy growth of the next generation1.
Guidelines Core Recommendation 1:
- Preparation and pregnancy preparation periods often eat foods rich in iron, choose iodine salt, reasonably supplement folic acid and vitamin D.
- Adjustable intake of milk , fish, poultry, eggs and lean meat.
- lactation period appropriately increases animal food rich in high-quality protein and vitamin A, choose iodine salt, and reasonably supplement vitamin D.
1
Follow the dietary guidelines to nurture and nurture new life. Nutrients that need to be strengthened need
In the middle and late stages of pregnancy and breastfeeding, the human body needs energy, calcium, iron, iodine, folic acid, etc. , and the lack will affect the intelligence and physical development of the offspring.
folic acid
folic acid deficiency not only causes malformation of the offspring neural tube, but also causes hyperhomocysteinemia, which is closely related to the occurrence of habitual miscarriage , placental abruption , fetal growth restriction , malformation, stillbirth, premature birth, etc.2.
However, natural folic acid in food animals' liver, eggs, beans, yeast , green leafy vegetables and other foods may be easily decomposed when heated, and the bioavailability is low. Folic acid supplements have good stability and high bioavailability.
Guidelines:
Supply 400μg of folic acid every day before pregnancy for 3 months, which can effectively prevent the occurrence of neural tube malformations of the offspring; 400μg of folic acid supplementation per day during pregnancy can meet the needs of the body.
"Multidisciplinary Expert Consensus on Reasonable Clinical Supplementation of Folic Acid in China" points out:
Women with diabetes , obesity, epilepsy, gastrointestinal malabsorption diseases, or are taking drugs that increase the risk of fetal neural tube defects (NTD) from at least 3 months before pregnancy, will be supplemented with folic acid, and the supplementary dose is 0.8-1.0 mg/d.
lives in northern regions, especially in rural areas in the north; the consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits is small; the blood folic acid level is low; and pregnant women who have a short pregnancy preparation time can increase the folic acid supplementary dose of 3 as appropriate.
vitamin D
Natural foods have a low content of vitamin D; although human skin can synthesize vitamin D by ultraviolet rays, it is greatly affected by region and season 1.
Guidelines:
Women who live in areas with higher latitudes, lack of sunshine in winter, and lack of outdoor activities can take vitamin D supplement 1.
vitamin A
recommended amount of lactation women with vitamin A increases by 600μg RAE than that of non-pregnant adult women, reaching 1300μg RAE1. To meet the baby's needs for vitamin A, wet nurses need to choose more vitamin A-rich foods, such as animal livers, egg yolks, and milk rich in retinol, and dark green and red-yellow vegetables and fruits rich in vitamins.
The β carotene contained in red and yellow fruits and vegetables is a safe vitamin A pro. It can be stored more in the liver and is automatically gradually converted into vitamin A according to the vitamin A level in the human body, and will not be poisoned by excessive vitamin A. Therefore, foreign countries also call beta carotene "nontoxic vitamin A" 6.
iron
Iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy is a common nutritional deficiency disease in pregnant women in my country. The incidence is about 30%. It will have many adverse effects on both the mother and fetal health: increase the risk of premature birth, low birth quality and childhood cognitive impairment ; lead to a decrease in the resistance of pregnant women, prone to postpartum infection, major postpartum bleeding, heart failure , endangering the lives of mother and child 2.
Guidelines:
In the middle and late pregnancy, the recommended daily intake of iron increases by 4 mg and 9 mg respectively compared with 20 mg for non-pregnant women, reaching 24 mg and 29 mg1. Intake of vegetables and fruits containing more vitamin C will help improve the absorption and utilization of dietary iron1.
iodine
During pregnancy, the daily requirement for iodine increased by 110μg, from 120μg to 230μg/day. Iodine deficiency can lead to fetal dysplasia and mental retardation1.
Guidelines:
Preparation for pregnancy and pregnancy women should consume iodine-rich seafood 1-2 times a week, such as kelp, seaweed, mussels, , etc.
calcium
Female bones and teeth begin to calcify from the 18th week of pregnancy. By the time of delivery, about 30g of calcium is deposited in the newborn, which is mainly deposited in the fetal bones and teeth in the middle and late stages of pregnancy. Calcium deposits 50mg every day in the middle of pregnancy, and the deposits increase to 330mg2 every day in the late pregnancy.
During pregnancy, calcium deficiency will be used by the mother to maintain blood calcium concentration and meet the needs of fetal bone growth and development. In women with insufficient calcium nutrition, not only will the bone density of decrease, but low calcium intake during pregnancy increase the risk of hypertension during pregnancy2.
The womb breast secretes about 200 mg of calcium through milk every day. If the dietary calcium intake cannot meet the needs, the mother will mobilize the calcium in the bones to maintain the relatively stable calcium content in breast milk. The wet nurse may suffer from osteoporosis 4 due to calcium deficiency.
Guidelines:
Starting from the middle of pregnancy, the recommended calcium intake for pregnant women increases by 200 mg per day compared with those for non-pregnant women, and the total amount reaches 1000 mg1. At the same time, vitamin D should be supplemented to increase calcium absorption and utilization1.
"Chinese Expert Consensus on Calcium Supplementation of Pregnant and Maternal Pregnancy (2021)" also pointed out:
All pregnant women are recommended to supplement calcium at least 600mg daily from before or before pregnancy until delivery, which is conducive to postpartum bone density increase and bone recovery 5.
"Diet Suggestions for Women in Puerperal Period (Confinement Period) in China" Recommendation:
If the total amount of milk drinks per day reaches 500ml, you can get about 540mg of calcium. In addition, dark green vegetables, soy products and other calcium-rich foods, it is easier to achieve the recommended calcium intake. If the milk intake does not reach the recommended amount mentioned above, you need to take an appropriate calcium supplement after evaluation by registered dietitian . To increase calcium absorption and utilization, it is recommended to supplement appropriate amount of vitamin D or appropriate outdoor activities.
2
Seize the window of opportunity in the early stage of life to strengthen nutrition and support breastfeeding
Whether it is to transmit nutrition through placenta to promote fetal growth and development, or to secrete milk after childbirth to feed the baby's growth, mothers need to pay attention to higher nutritional needs during pregnancy and feeding.
is a beautiful process to nurture and nurture new life.
guides expectant mothers to adapt to pregnancy changes with a positive attitude and leads them to learn scientific and nurturing knowledge; maintaining a balanced diet, strengthening nutritional intake, and adjusting nutritional status is our common responsibility.
References:
1. Chinese Nutrition Society. Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents 2022.
2. Chinese Nutrition Society Dietary Guidelines for Women and Children. Dietary Guidelines for Pregnant Women [J]. Journal of Clinical Pediatrics, 2016, 34(11):4.
3. Chinese Maternal and Child Health Association Perinatal Nutrition and Metabolism Professional Committee, etc. China's clinical rational supplementation of folic acid Consensus of subject experts [J]. Chinese Journal of Frontier Medicine: Electronic Edition, 2021.
4. Expert Working Group on the Revision of Dietary Guidelines for the Maternal and Child Population Dietary Guidelines for the Chinese Nutrition Society. Dietary Guidelines for Women during Lavage [J]. Chinese Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 2016, 19(10): 721-726.
5. Perinatal Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Maternal and Child Nutrition Branch of Chinese Nutrition Society. Expert Consensus on the Supplementation of Calcium for Pregnancy and Maternal Pregnancy (2021) [J]. Practical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2021, 37(5): 3.
6. Shao Bin. Source, composition and function differences of carotene [J]. Chinese Food Additives, 2008(5):4.
7. Chinese Nutrition Society's "Chinese Puerperal (Confinement) Women's Dietary" Working Group. Chinese Puerperal (Confinement) Women's Dietary Recommendations [J].2020.
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PM-CN-CAL-22-02189 valid until 2024.9.29
