uses DNA to study the origin, migration, and national integration of human beings, which is called molecular anthropology in academia. By detecting a person's paternal Y chromosome , one can understand one's ancestry and even migration routes. This article briefly introduces the proportions of the paternal Y chromosomes in each province. In order to let everyone understand these statistics, this article first introduces some common sense. The paternal Y chromosome of
is divided into more than 20 kinds from A to Z. Three of them, A, B, and E, are African genes, while the others are genes that go out of Africa. C and D are genes that came out of Africa relatively early. Among them, C is the gene of brown race , which was once widely distributed in East Asia and is one of the basic genes of Chinese nomads; D is the small dwarf black gene, which used to be a large number Distributed in South Asia, Southeast Asia, Southwest China, etc., it is now mainly distributed in alpine and remote areas. F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, P, Q, R are Caucasian genes, which are mainly distributed in the western part of Eurasia. Z9zN and O are yellow race genes, and N gene is mainly distributed in Siberia and . It is the main gene of Inuit people today, and it has a large proportion among nomads. O is the mainstream gene of yellow race in East Asia and Southeast Asia.
Let’s first look at the genes of the Tibetan-Burman language family. The earliest modern people to reach the East Asia continent are brown people and small blacks. Among them, the paternal Y chromosome of small blacks is D. They were once widely distributed in South Asia, South China, Japan, Southeast Asia and other regions. The Indus civilization in India and the Sanxingdui civilization in Sichuan were most likely created by them. Later, due to the arrival of the yellow race, their living space was squeezed, making them mainly retained in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau , Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Japan's Hokkaido . Their descendants, the ancient Qiang people (O2), had a large-scale integration and gradually evolved into Tibetans.
and D reached the East Asian continent almost at the same time are brown people. Because D is mainly distributed in southern China, C is divided into two parts. One part reaches Southeast Asia, enters Australia, and forms the indigenous people of Australia. The other part of went northward to the northern grasslands of China, which was the source of genes for the main nomads in ancient China. Nomads such as Mongolian and Manchus in China have a relatively high proportion of C chromosomes. Because the interbreeding of grassland peoples and other peoples is more frequent, the genes are also more complicated. In addition to C, there are a lot of O2, R, N and other types of genes.
(the brown and blue parts in the figure belong to the range of C)
are yellow people who arrived in East Asia relatively late. The yellow race is mainly divided into two categories. Among them, the N line is a North Asian gene, which is now distributed on a large scale in the Arctic Circle, which is the so-called Inuit . They are very few in number. Many ethnic groups in China have some elements of N, but the proportion is not high.
O is the mainstream gene of the yellow race, which is widely distributed in South Asia, East Asia and Southeast Asia, so it is also called the East Asia-South Asia gene. The yellow race entered China from Myanmar and about 50,000 years ago. O began to diverge in the Indian and Burmese area, and a part of it went north along the Hengduan Mountains. This part is the ancient Qiang of , the paternal Y chromosome is O2; the other part lives in Southeast Asia, southwest and southeast China, and the Y chromosome is O1.
O1 in China is mainly distributed in the southeast and southwest regions. Among them, the southeast region is the Baiyue ethnic group, whose descendants are the modern Zhuang, Dong, Shui, Buyi, etc. They have created a glorious Liangzhu culture. The Miao and Yi nationalities have a high proportion of O1 in the southwest. They do not belong to Baiyue, but they are relatively close in blood. With the integration of ethnic groups, many Baiyue ethnic groups merged into the Han ethnic group. In Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi and other places with few ethnic minorities, the O1 ratio is still very high, reaching a level of one-quarter to one-third. It shows that the integration of ancient Yue people and Huaxia people is relatively common.
O2 is the ancient Qiang . Most people in China are descendants of the ancient Qiang. Long ago, Gu QiangThe tribe, bypassing the Sichuan Basin and moving north along the edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, formed the Qiang tribe, in a nomadic state, and later Xiqiang, Xirong, Beidi, and Dangxiang. Later, some Qiang people arrived in Tibet and merged with the D system to become Tibetans. About 1,000 years ago, the Jiang tribes (Shennong, Yandi ) entered the Weihe River Basin and developed into a farming nation. Later, the surname Ji (黄帝) in Beidizhong conquered the Yandi tribe, and thus formed the Huaxia tribe, a race between Yandi and Huangdi. Due to the power of agricultural civilization, the power of the Huaxia tribe rose rapidly, and soon conquered the Central Plains. According to the current inspection, the O2 of the Longshan Cultural Taosi Site has almost reached 100%. At present, the O2 of the Han nationality is about 60%.
There is another big ethnic group in China, the Northwest ethnic group. The northwestern region is located in the middle of the Eurasian continent. It is a corridor for the migration of ethnic groups from the East and the West in ancient times. Therefore, it is the most complicated in blood relationship. Both the Uyghur and Kazakhs and belong to the Turkic language ethnic group, and the Turkic language group belongs to the Indo-European Altai language family, and its gene symbol is R1a, and R1b is a Western European gene. The proportion of R1a genes in Uyghurs is 29%, and that of Kazakhs is 34%. Overall, the R1 gene of Uyghurs is 56%, and Kazakhs is 37%.
Currently, I can only find the genetic ratios of the above major ethnic groups. There are 56 ethnic groups in China, and each ethnic group has a different genetic ratio. Even within the same ethnic group, there are some subtle differences in different regions. This proves that in the integration of the Chinese nation for thousands of years, it has formed a situation where you have me in you and you in me. The above is only an analysis of the patrilineal Y chromosome. If maternalization is included, it is even more complicated. Almost every Chinese is a product of ethnic fusion.
