The chief designer of my country's first artificial satellite Qian Ji
At this time, one of the important pioneers of my country's space technology Qian Ji began to lead the overall design work of satellites. He participated in the preparations and construction of the "581" group, the first personal satellite research institution in my country, and became the leader in the exploration and research of China's artificial satellite program. After 12 years of struggle, our country's first artificial satellite, Dongfanghong-1 , was finally sent into its predetermined orbit on April 24, 1970, making my country the fifth country to master satellite technology. After another five years, my country's first return satellite, , was successfully launched on November 26, 1975, and on November 29, after completing the scheduled mission, it successfully returned. This marks that our country becomes the third country in the world to master return satellite technology.
Next, I will tell you the life of this legendary scientist.
1917, Qian Ji was born in a poor intellectual family in Jintan County, , Jiangsu Province. Although his father was well-read, he did not have the ability to support his family in that chaotic era. "It was a scholar who was useless" was fully reflected in his father and many old Chinese intellectuals of his contemporaries. In order to give his son a good future, his father named him "Ji", hoping that he could become a thousand-mile horse in the future, fight for himself and shine his ancestors. Qian Ji did not disappoint his father. He had only been studying in the county academy for a year and was a famous young scholar in Jintan County. He usually knew that when he helped his mother do farm work, he taught his younger brothers and sisters to read.
0年0年年后大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址大发址� This left a deep impression on Qian Ji's young heart, and made him study hard to repay his father's high hopes throughout his life. A year later, the school was forced to disband due to lack of funds. Half a year later, Jintan County established a junior high school, and his father asked people to raise tuition for him and asked him to continue studying. After graduation, Qian Ji worked as a teacher in his hometown for more than a year. During this period, he participated in a reading club led by the underground party and taught young people in the village to read and read with several classmates.
This kind of calm life makes this horse tired of a thousand miles of horse, and his ambition is saving the country and the people. At that time, Qian Ji hoped to awaken the Chinese people in terms of thought, so he tried every means to be admitted to Wuxi Normal School. However, in 1937, the Japanese invaders blew up his school, which changed Qian Ji's concept. He believed that only by producing powerful cutting-edge weapons and using martial arts to stop fighting can the fate of China be changed. So he had the idea of " Scientific Saving the Country ". For this ideal, he fought all his life. In August 1938, Qian Ji was admitted to the Department of Physics and Chemistry of National Central University with high scores, and since then he integrated himself into the mysterious and profound field of natural sciences.
Qian Ji
In the National Central University, Qian Ji wanted to open every pore to absorb the nutrition of knowledge. In every class, he listened to the teacher's explanation very carefully and made detailed class notes; after class, he spent all his time in the library except eating and sleeping. Qian Ji was the first person to come to the library every day, and Qian Ji was the last person to leave the library. He always kept his father's expectations in mind and only put his studies first. This "devil" learning method has made Qian Ji stand out. Compared with his peers, his knowledge reserves are several times that of most people.
1943, when he graduated from university, Qian Ji, who had excellent grades in all aspects, was left as an assistant teacher at National Central University. In 1947, Qian Ji was transferred to the Institute of Meteorology of the Central Academy of Sciences to assist the famous physicist of my country, Zhao Jiuzhang , in meteorological research. In order to improve the quality of China's meteorological observations, Qian Ji put forward reasonable suggestions on establishing norms and regularly calibrating instruments.He and Zhao Jiuzhang developed some meteorological instruments suitable for China's national conditions, laying the foundation for the development of my country's meteorological cause. In 1949, on the eve of the liberation of Nanjing, the National Government ordered all personnel, instruments, equipment and materials of the Institute of the Central Research Institute to move south. Qian Ji risked his life with Director Zhao Jiuzhang to reject the forced relocation order of the National Government, determined to stay in the mainland, protect the most advanced meteorological instruments, equipment and the materials they worked hard for the New China, and handed over the entire Meteorological Research Institute to the new People's Republic.
1965 Qian Ji
After the founding of New China, this country was revitalized, which made Qian Ji and the others see the hope of national rejuvenation, and make them energetic to devote themselves to the scientific research cause of New China. Qian Ji and other scientists such as Zhao Jiuzhang jointly founded the Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 1952, Qian Ji joined the Communist Party of China. Since then, he always put the interests of the motherland first and strictly demanded himself everywhere.
In 1957, the former Soviet Union sent the first artificial earth satellite to space, which shocked Chinese scientists. Qian Ji believed that China should also have its own artificial satellites, so under the leadership of group leader Qian Xuesen , Qian Ji assisted Zhao Jiuzhang and other scientists to form my country's first artificial satellite research institution - the "581" group. In order to learn from the advanced experience of the Soviet Union, scientists such as Qian Ji and Zhao Jiuzhang, Wei Yiqing , and He Dazhi visited the Soviet Union in 1958. Although this inspection did not get real things, Qian Ji and the others understood a truth. "High-level technology of must be mastered by themselves! " After returning, Qian Ji and Zhao Jiuzhang, Wei Yiqing and others made five opinions on the development of the artificial satellite industry in my country after sufficient consultation and demonstration: "Take sounding rocket as the starting point, lay the foundation for high-altitude physical detection, explore satellites to open up the situation, prepare for the construction of space environment simulation laboratories, and study ground tracking and receiving equipment." Only by doing these can my country's artificial satellite industry make breakthroughs.
group photo when visiting the Soviet Union in 1958, from left: Yang Jiaqi, He Dazhi, Petrovsky, Chinese student, Wei Yiqing, Qian Ji, Zhao Jiuzhang.
Sounding rocket flew higher than air balloon and lower than artificial Earth satellites operating in low orbit. It can detect the structural components and parameters of the Earth's atmosphere in altitude direction. The obtained information can provide necessary environmental parameters for the development of ballistic missile , launch vehicle , artificial satellites, manned spacecraft, etc. From 1958 to 1965, Qian Ji mainly engaged in research on sounding rockets in the second department of the Institute of Geophysics. During the most difficult three-year natural disaster period, Qian Ji and his research team successfully developed a series of sounding technologies and detection instruments such as sounding rocket arrows and telemetry, radar tracking, antennas, power supplies, and environmental simulation. In 1963, Qian Ji and his team used liquid rockets to throw galvanized glass wire and copper wire into the high altitude of the earth. Through the S-band radar reflection, they can track the drifting trajectory of the wire cloud, thereby calculating the high-altitude wind speed and wind direction, providing an important theoretical basis for satellite launches and nuclear test explosion safety issues. This method won the second prize in Science and Technology Commission in 1964.
1965, with the continuous improvement of my country's launch vehicle technology, the launch of artificial satellites has been put on the agenda. At the International Satellite Series Planning Conference held in May, Qian Ji reported on the "Plan for the Development of Reconnaissance Satellites", and proposed the suggestion that "reconnaissance satellites are the weapons that complement two bombs , and are the eyes and ears of the two bombs." In September of the same year, Chinese Academy of Sciences officially established the satellite design institute, namely the "651" design institute. Zhao Jiuzhang served as the president and Qian Ji was the technical person in charge, and began to comprehensively carry out the design and development of artificial satellites. Ten days later, Qian Ji submitted the "Preliminary Opinions on the Overall Design Plan of my country's First Artificial Satellite". In this report, he named my country's first artificial satellite " Dongfanghong-1 " .
Dongfanghong-1 satellite
Premier Zhou listened to Qian Ji's report in person. When he learned that the person who was in charge of my country's satellite work was also Qian, he said humorously, " Our satellite chief designer is also Qian? We are cutting-edge, atomic bomb , missile , and satellites are all inseparable from "money". ". So later someone classified Qian Xuesen, Qian Sanqiang and Qian Ji as the "three Qians" in my country's science and technology industry. Qian Sanqiang is responsible for atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs ; Qian Xuesen is responsible for rockets and missiles; Qian Ji is one of the pioneers of China's space technology and is responsible for satellites.
But with the advent of the Cultural Revolution, Qian Ji's work was also impacted. Every time he "explains the problem", he would use the excuse to check the information. When is checking the information, he wrote the information he obtained into tens of thousands of foreign language cards, leaving it to relevant comrades for reference. Unfortunately, his teacher and his close comrade-in-arms, Mr. Zhao Jiuzhang, returned home in 1968, leaving Qian Ji and others to complete their unfinished career. faced huge pressure, Qian Ji did not retreat at all. He decomposed the huge development tasks into specific topics, and still led everyone to complete the design and development of the "Dongfanghong-1" satellite in the form of cards. A few days before the satellite was launched, the issue of satellite entry angle has not been finalized. In the end, Qian Ji decided to decide the plan for "satellite entry into orbit 70 degrees". His decision avoided huge hidden dangers in satellite launches and saved the country hundreds of millions of dollars in funds.
Textile female worker cheered for the successful launch of the Dongfanghong-1 satellite
At 21:35 on April 24, 1970, China's first artificial earth satellite, "Dongfanghong-1", was successfully launched. That day, all the researchers involved in the development of the Dongfanghong-1 satellite went to the Tiananmen Gate Tower to celebrate, but Qian Ji, the chief designer of the satellite development, did not appear. At this time, he stood alone on the balcony of the design institute, reporting the victory to his teacher Zhao Jiuzhang with tears in his face.
Usually, after the satellite is launched into orbit, it will perform missions in space without returning to the ground. However, before digital technology was not available, the image information obtained by satellites or experimental items carried during launch must be carried back to the ground, so there is a return satellite. As early as when developing the "Dongfanghong-1" satellite, Qian Ji repeatedly suggested that "return satellites" be included in the national planning and development project for , and also conducted some research on return satellites. After the successful launch of the Dongfanghong-1 satellite, Qian Ji led the team to develop China's return satellite. After five years of repeated argumentation, , my country's first return satellite was successfully launched on November 26, 1975. On November 29, after the satellite completed the scheduled mission, it successfully returned to the ground.
Return Remote Sensing Satellite Model
In 1974, Qian Ji was appointed as the director of the overall design department of space aircraft. In this year, Qian Ji presided over the revision of the design plans of the "Dongfanghong-2" communication satellite and the "Practice 2" scientific satellite. After the successful launch of the return satellite, Qian Ji turned his research to the use of the return satellite in national economic construction. In April 1979, Qian Ji was appointed as the deputy director of of the Chinese Academy of Space Technology, and served as the director of Chinese Astronautics Society and the vice chairman of Chinese Space Science Society. He continued to do a lot of technical leadership and organizational work for the development of Chinese scientific experimental satellites and return satellites, and made outstanding contributions to the comprehensive utilization of satellites and improving the economic benefits of satellites.
On September 20, 1981, the three satellites of "Practice 2" revised by Qian Ji's design plan were successfully launched. These three satellites have high accuracy in controlling the directional attitude of the sun. The satellite carries more than 10 instruments and obtains various accurate data such as Earth's magnetic field , atmospheric density, solar ultraviolet rays, charged particle radiation background, etc., providing valuable information for my country's space scientific research.
Oriental Red No. 2 A Star
However, overdrawing Qian Lao's life for many years. In the spring of 1983, Qian Ji died of illness in Beijing at the age of 66. On April 8, 1984, the Dongfanghong-2 test satellite developed by Mr Qian was successfully launched at at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center. This satellite is China's first geostationary orbit communication satellite. Its successful launch marks that my country has its own communication satellite . For many years, this satellite has silently served my country's various undertakings such as communications, telephones, television and radio 24 hours a day, just like Mr. Qian back then. In 1985, " Oriental Red Satellite and Return Satellite" won the National Science and Technology Progress Special Prize, and Qian Ji was the first winner. In 1999, Qian Ji received the " Two Bombs and One Satellite Medal " awarded by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council and the Central Military Commission.
Qian Ji in old age
Qian Ji in life is an honest and honest person. He has worked hard for China's satellite industry for the rest of his life and has never made any requests to the organization. He insists on going to work when he is sick and has never asked for sick leave. For many years, three generations of family have been crowded in an old house of dozens of square meters. Before his death, he has never become an academician of of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In his heart, doing knowledge and doing work is the main thing. Qian Ji worked hard for China's satellite industry, not seeking fame and fortune, and his noble spirit of selfless dedication is worth learning from everyone. Just like his name - "Ji", this thousand-mile horse in the technology industry has risen to the rush of China's satellite industry! Salute to this great scientist!
