There are three "holes" in cosmology research. They are a headache for scientists, because although they have only appeared for less than a hundred years, they have completely subverted human beings' understanding of the universe.
These three holes are: black hole, wormhole, white hole
Let’s first look at the black hole
Although its name has the word hole in it, we must not take it literally as a hole in the universe, because our The universe is essentially a three-dimensional space plus one dimension of time four-dimensional space-time , A two-dimensional black hole in the shape of a piece of paper cannot exist in the real universe , so the black hole is actually a sphere like the sun and the earth. .
But because the black hole is too black, as the blackest celestial body in the universe, it looks like a two-dimensional piece of paper from any angle, so just like when we see the sun and the moon as disks on the earth, is a sphere. The black hole can only be presented to the world in the form of a two-dimensional piece of paper.
However, the reason why black holes trouble the scientific community is not just because they are black. Although it is indeed the blackest celestial body in the universe, what draws the scientific community's attention to it is actually its gravity.
It is well known that
human civilization has experienced two gravitational eras. The first is the law of universal gravitation established by Newton. It perfectly explains the movement of celestial bodies and the basic structure of the solar system. But it is powerless on the issue of Mercury's perihelion perturbation.
The second era of gravity is General Relativity created by Einstein in the early 20th century. It not only perfectly solved the problem of Mercury's near motion, but also explained the source of gravity, describing gravity as "Big The geometric fall caused by the distortion of space-time by massive celestial bodies" is greatly ahead of the law of universal gravitation in Newton's era.
But along with the general theory of relativity comes a series of new celestial bodies and new phenomena predicted by it, such as black holes, gravitational waves and gravitational lenses. Black holes are "a point where massive celestial bodies accumulate in space and time" product.
When a huge mass is concentrated on a space-time point that is too small, according to the general theory of relativity, this point will create a deep depression in the space-time of the universe, and at the same time, the gravity of the entire point will become even 300,000 kilometers per second. No light can escape.
Although this point still belongs to a celestial body, if the light emitted by a celestial body itself cannot fly out of the gravitational range of the celestial body, and external light will be trapped by its gravity when passing by the celestial body, then it is not difficult for us to find out :The surface of this celestial body will be in a state of eternal darkness. No light can pass near it, and no light of its own can fly out. This is the black hole predicted in the general theory of relativity.
In addition to black holes, general relativity also predicts wormholes
The full name of wormholes in general relativity is "Einstein-Rosen Bridge" . In layman's terms, it takes advantage of the characteristic that "mass can distort space and time" to connect thousands of miles apart. Two galaxies that are tens of thousands of light-years away are connected, thus realizing the transfer of matter across tens of millions of light-years in a short time.
is a way of cosmic travel that is far superior to chemically powered rockets, crushing light speed spaceships , and does not violate Einstein's theory of relativity. The only drawback is that it is too difficult.
Because according to the Big Bang universe model, natural wormholes in the universe only existed for a short period of time in the early days of the Big Bang, when the universe had just begun to expand and space, time and matter were still as dense as a pot of boiling water.
Natural wormholes are interconnected hot bubbles in this pot of boiling water. However, as the super-light speed of the universe itself skyrocketed, the overall temperature of the universe dropped in a short period of time, and natural wormholes ceased to exist.
At present, wormholes can only be seen in science fiction works, and most of them are standard equipment of super civilizations in the universe. Human civilization is far from reaching the level of generating wormholes.
The last hole among the three holes in the universe is the white hole
. Like black holes and wormholes, they are all predicted celestial bodies or phenomena of general relativity. The difference is that the properties of white holes are exactly opposite to those of black holes, because black holes have been endlessly Devouring matter and photons , The white hole has been ejecting matter and photons, It can be said that the white hole is the inversion of the black hole.
In the original theory about white holes, scientists believed that the matter swallowed by the black hole would be spit out from the white hole. Although this statement was later overturned, but about "White holes will eject matter" Still no objection.
Unfortunately, like wormholes, the scientific community has not found traces of white holes in the universe. Even science fiction works rarely involve white holes. It currently only exists in the predictions of general relativity , is a theoretical numerical possibility, and has no comparison in reality.
Overall,
, whether they are black holes, wormholes or white holes, they are actually born out of Einstein's general theory of relativity, but just like Newton's law of universal gravitation is supplemented and revised by Einstein's general theory of relativity, there will definitely be new ones in the future. By using the theory of gravity to modify the general theory of relativity, the "three-hole problem" that has plagued the scientific community may be solved.
