Apiaceae — Sinocarum subfamily (seven): Anise
43. Sinocarum
Sinocarum (scientific name: Sinocarum) is a genus under the Apiaceae family and is a small herbaceous plant. Plants of the genus Celery are endemic to China. According to existing specimens, there are 7 species and 1 variant. They are native to western and northwestern Yunnan, western Sichuan, and eastern and southern Tibet. They are found on grassy slopes, rocks or on grassy slopes at an altitude of 2400-4500 meters. In the jungle.
(1) History of Botany
After the genus Carum L. was separated from the genus Carum L. by H. Wolff in 1927, although it has not been formally established, it has been mentioned in some plant taxonomists and related literature. The name of the genus and the species to which it belongs. According to the existing specimens, the plants of this genus are slender and short, with long or short claw-like bases at the base of the petals, blunt or split tips, cushion-shaped bases, and short styles, which are similar to Pueraria lobata. Carum L. does have obvious differences, and the roots of this genus are carrot -shaped, the fruit is oval, the fruit ribs are linear, the oil tubes in the rib grooves are usually solitary, and the ventral surface of the endosperm is straight. These characteristics are similar to those of Carum L. The genus Caraway is similar to, but different from, plants in other genera. The nutritional shape of Tongoloa Wolff is similar to that of Tongoloa Wolff. The petals have claws at the base and the styles are short. However, Tongoloa plants are generally taller. The fruits are truncate at the top and heart-shaped at the base. There are 3 or more vitriols, and the ventral surface of the endosperm is slightly concave, while the plants of Celery are soft and soft, and the fruits are oval. The vitriols in the ribs are usually solitary, and the ventral surface of the endosperm is straight. To make it easier to distinguish this group of plants, it has become a separate genus.
(2) Morphological characteristics
Perennial herb, the plant is small, usually 10-25 cm high, smooth. The root is carrot-shaped, 2-5 cm long and about 5 mm in diameter. Stems erect, solitary or clustered, with longitudinal stripes, 1-2 small branches on the upper part, or unbranched. The basal leaves and the leaves at the lower part of the stem have slender long stalks, with leaf sheaths at the base. The leaves are triangular, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, with 1-3 pinnate lobes, the last lobes are narrower, and the leaves at the upper part of the stem are smaller. Small, sessile or with short stalks, broad leaf sheaths, the same shape as the leaves on the lower part of the stem, rarely odd shapes. compound umbel has no involucres, a few have 1-4, linear bracts; 5-12 spokes, 1-2 cm long; most have no small involucres, or occasionally 1-9, linear; umbrella The base of the -shaped inflorescence and the small umbel are slightly rough, and the small umbel has 10-20 flowers; the calyx teeth are subulate, triangular or not obvious; the petals are broadly obovate, ovate, oblong or nearly round, varying in size. , the petals on the outer edge of the small umbel are larger, with claws at the base, and the top is blunt or 2-4 lobed, usually stretched and not folded in, with microwave-shaped edges, white or slightly purplish blue; the base of the style is cushion-shaped, and the style is relatively small. short. The fruit is ovate or broadly ovate, with flat sides, linear ribs, usually 1 oil tube in each rib groove, and the ventral surface of the endosperm is straight and sparsely concave.
(3) Sinocarum bijiangense
Sinocarum bijiangense (scientific name: Sinocarum bijiangense) is a plant of the genus Sinocarum in the family Apiaceae and is endemic to China. Produced in Yunnan (Bijiang). Grows on hillside cushion grassland at an altitude of 4,200 meters. The type specimen was collected from Bijiang Biluo Snow Mountain. Mostly grown on hillside cushion grass.
Bijiang celery is an edible celery vegetable that grows along the waterfront in the south of the Yangtze River. It has a refreshing taste and can be used as medicine.
44. Pternopetalum
Pternopetalum (scientific name: Pternopetalum) is a genus under the Apiaceae family and is an annual or perennial herbaceous plant. There are about 25 species in this genus, mainly produced in China. Except for P. tanakae (Franch. et Sav.) Hand. -Mazz. in East Asia, which is also distributed in Korea and Japan, the rest are endemic to China and are concentrated in the southwest, especially in Sichuan and Yunnan. most.
(1) Morphological characteristics
Annual or perennial herb, hairless or with small stinging coarse hairs. Roots fusiform or conical, usually with rhizomes. Stems erect, slender, branched or unbranched. Leaves are usually membranous, with 1-3 three-fold lobes or three-pinnate lobes; basal leaves and stem leaves are homomorphic or heteromorphic.Compound umbels are terminal and lateral, usually without involucre; there are 1-4 small involucres, linear-lanceolate; small umbels have 2-4 flowers, the petiole is extremely unequal in length; calyx The teeth are subulate, triangular or very small, the petals are white or light purple, long obovate or broad ovate, the base is narrow and long, the lower end is usually pouch-shaped, the top is sunken, with an infolded tongue, or the whole edge; the style base is conical. , styles are elongated, erect or short and curved. The fruit is round-ovate to long-ovate, with flat sides, smooth or rough ribs, some with filamentous denticles; the transverse section of the meriste is nearly round, and the ventral surface of the endosperm is straight; there are 1-3 oil tubes in each rib. , commissure surface vittae 2-6, carpel stalk 2-lobed to base.
(2) Pternopetalum
Pternopetalum davidii (scientific name: Pternopetalum davidii) is a plant of the genus Pternopetalum in the family Apiaceae and is endemic to China. It is distributed in Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi and other places in mainland China. It grows in areas with an altitude of 1,500 meters to 3,000 meters. It mostly grows in mountain valleys or under forests. It has not yet been artificially introduced and cultivated.
45. Chamaesciadium
Chamaesciadium (scientific name: Chamaesciadium) is a genus under the Apiaceae family and is a perennial herbaceous plant. There are about 3 species in this genus, which are distributed southeastward from the Soviet Union to Afghanistan, Turkey, Iran, India, and Xinjiang and Tibet of China.
Perennial herb with usually short stems. Leaves 1-2 pinnately divided. The compound umbel has an involucre and a small involucre, the calyx teeth are not obvious, the petals are white or yellow, long obovate to ovate-lanceolate, the base is wedge-shaped, the apex is concave, and there is an infolded tongue; the style base is short conical, The margins are wavy, and the style is longer than the style base. The fruit is long oval, smooth, flattened on both sides, with 5 ribs and raised ribs; there are 3-4 oil tubes in each rib groove; the ventral surface of the endosperm is straight; carpel stalk is close to the commissure surface, with only 2 lobes at the top.
The stems of this genus are usually shortened, and the calyx teeth are not obvious. The characteristics are similar to those of Trachydiuum Lindl., but the fruits of this genus are smooth and there are no bubble-like tumors on the peel.
The fruits of this genus are long ovate, the style base is short conical, and the ventral surface of the endosperm is straight. These characteristics are similar to Caraway genus Carum L., but the petals of this genus are narrower and long-obovate to ovate-lanceolate. The shape is not broad-obovate, and the carpel stalk is only 2-lobed at the top, not split to the base, which is also different from Caraway.
46. Anise genus
Anise (scientific name: Pimpinella L.) is a genus of plants in the Umbelliferae family. There are about 150 species, which are widely distributed in Asia, Africa, and Europe. A few are distributed in South America. There are about 40 species in my country. , distributed in both north and south.
(1) Morphological characteristics
Annual, biennial or perennial herbs. Fibrous roots or long conical taproots. Stems are usually upright, sparsely creeping, and usually branched. The petiole is longer or shorter than the blade, or nearly as long as the blade, with a leaf sheath at the base; the blade is undivided, three-pointed, three-pinnate or pinnately divided, and the lobes are oval, heart-shaped, lanceolate or linear; The cauline leaves are heteromorphic or identical to the basal leaves. The cauline leaves gradually simplify and become smaller upwards. The upper stem leaves are usually stalkless, with only leaf sheaths and . Compound umbels terminal and lateral, with or without involucral bracts and involucral bracts, linear, sparsely lanceolate, entire, occasionally 3-lobed; the umbrella spokes are nearly equal, unequal, or extremely unequal in length. Long; small umbels usually have many flowers, rarely 2-4; calyx teeth are usually not obvious, or triangular or lanceolate; petals are ovate, broad ovate or obovate, white, rarely light red or purple , the base is generally wedge-shaped, with few claws, the top is sunken, with an infolded tongue, or the whole edge, not infolded, and the back is hairy or smooth; the style base is conical, short conical, rarely cushion-shaped, and the style is generally longer than Style base, curved to both sides, or almost as long as style base. The fruit is oval, long oval or ovoid, with a heart-shaped base, flattened sides, hairy or hairless, and linear or indistinct ribs; the cross section of the meriste is pentagonal or nearly round; the oil tube in each rib groove is 1- 4. 2-6 vittae on commissure; ventral surface of endosperm straight or slightly concave; carpel stalk 2-lobed to middle or base.
(2) Anise
Anise (scientific name: Pimpinella anisum, English: Anise, Aniseed), also known as Western fennel, fennel, anise , European anise, is native to Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean An umbelliferous plant with sweet fruits and a fragrance similar to licorice and fennel. It is often used to refine essential oils, make candies and make wine. It also has certain medicinal value and has been cherished since ancient times.
① Growth environment
Anise likes a mild climate and is not resistant to high temperatures. It can grow at 10-20°C. The suitable temperature is 18-20°C. It grows slowly below 12°C and above 29°C and can tolerate short-term low temperatures of 0°C. The initial temperature for seed germination is 10℃, and the optimal temperature is 15-20℃. The lighting requirements are not strict and it is more tolerant of low light. It is a long-day crop that bolts and blooms under high temperature and long days. The soil requirements are not strict, but moist fertile sandy loam is suitable, with a suitable pH of 5.5-6.8. It requires sufficient fertilizer and water during the growth period. It mostly grows on hillside forest edge grasslands and valley shrubs.
②Origin
Anise was first discovered in Egypt and the Middle East, but was brought to Europe because of its extremely high medicinal value.
It is cultivated in Urumqi, Turpan, Ili and some parts of southern Xinjiang in China. It is also cultivated in Europe and North America.
Anise essential oil used to be a mass-produced product, but statistics in 1999 showed that the world's production of anise essential oil was only 8 tons, while the production of anise essential oil has reached 400 tons.
③Flavour
Anise has a very high anethole content. This phenolic compound not only has a special smell, but also has the aroma of sweet fruits, similar to licorice and fennel. It is mainly used to extract essential oils and make desserts (such as anise candy) ) and alcoholic beverages (Pernod, Pastis, Ouzo).
④ Food
The fruit of anise has a sweet taste and a special licorice-like aroma, which makes it used in making a variety of pastries all over the world, including fennel balls in the UK, Humbugs in Australia, New Zealand 's anise wheel candies, Italian flannelette, German pfeffernüsse and springerle, Austrian anisbögen, Dutch muisjes, New Mexican bizcochitos and Peruvian picarones. It is an ingredient in drinks such as atol and champurrado in Mexico.
In Indian food, there is no distinction between fennel and anise. So both vanilla are called saunf. But some people call it patli saunf or Vilayati saunf to differentiate between anise and fennel.
⑤Winemaking
Anise can also be added to wine to provide a special aroma. The most famous of them is France's use of anise, fennel and Central Asian bittersweet to make absinthe . After Central Asian bittersweet was banned from being used in winemaking in 1915, France developed anisette . Many countries in Eastern Europe also commonly use anise to increase the aroma of wine, such as Bulgarian frankincense wine, Greek Ouzo wine, Sambuca in Italy and Aguardiente in Colombia.
⑥Medicinal
Anise is similar to fennel in that it contains the chemical anisole. This is a phytoestrogen.
Anise is also made into a mild insect repellent.
In aromatherapy , anise essential oil is widely used to treat coughs, bronchitis, colds, flatulence, colds, rheumatism and muscle pain.
In the 1860s, American Civil War nurse Maureen Hellstrom created the original antiseptic from anise seeds. This method was later found to cause blood toxicity and was subsequently discontinued.
47. Acronema
Acronema (scientific name: Acronema) is a genus of the Apiaceae family and is a biennial or perennial herbaceous plant. There are about 23 species in existence, mainly distributed in the Himalayas. There are 18 species and 2 varieties in my country, which are produced in southwestern provinces.
(1) Morphological characteristics
Biennial or perennial herb. Roots are tuberous, rarely carrot-shaped and bead-shaped. Stem erect, striped, hairless. The outline of the leaves is usually broad triangular or broad ovate, with three pinnate lobes or 1-3 (-4) pinnate lobes; the final lobes of the stipules are usually linear.Compound umbel, involucral bracts and microinvolucral bracts are usually absent or rarely present; umbrella spokes are usually unequal in length; flowers are bisexual or mixed; calyx teeth are absent or present; petals are white or purple-red, flat, ovate or even ovate. Oval-lanceolate, apex filamentous or tail-pointed, rarely short-pointed or blunt; filaments short, anthers oval or nearly round; style base flattened or slightly raised, style short, upright or reflexed outwards . The fruit is ovate, broadly ovate or ovate-oblong, with slightly flattened sides, constricted commissure, hairless, 5 main ribs, filamentous, and thin peel; the top of the carpel stalk is 2-lobed or split to the base; The cross section of the meriste is nearly semicircular, the ventral surface of the endosperm is nearly straight, there are 1-3 oil tubes in each furrow, and 2-4 oil tubes on the commissure surface.
(2) Acronema tenerum
Acronema tenerum (scientific name: Acronema tenerum) is a plant of the genus Acronema tenerum in the family Apiaceae. Distributed in Sikkim, India, Tibet, Yunnan and other places in China, it grows in areas with an altitude of 3,500 meters. It mostly grows on rock edges or in moist rock crevices. It has not yet been artificially introduced and cultivated.
48. Harrysmithia
Harrysmithia (scientific name: Harrysmithia) is a genus under the Apiaceae family and is an annual, branching plant. There are two species of this genus, which are native to Sichuan and Yunnan in my country. This genus includes Harrysmithia heterophylla and other species, which are distributed in Sichuan, China and other places.
(1) Morphological characteristics
Annual herb, plant body is slender. The basal leaves have 2-3 pinnate lobes; the upper leaves are simplified, sometimes heteromorphic, and the last lobes are slender. No involucre or only 1 involucre; few small involucres; flowers bisexual; no calyx teeth; style base oblate conical, base entire, style usually very long, forked. The fruit is ovate and spherical, slightly flattened when mature, the commissure surface shrinks slightly, the fruit ribs are obviously protruding or narrowly winged, the wings are equally wide, the edges are corroded or have irregular blunt teeth or the entire edge, with ribs and grooves. Wider, with scattered verrucous or papillary hairs on the fruit epidermis; 1 oil tube in each furrow and 2 oil tubes on the commissure surface; the transverse section of the meriste is nearly pentagonal, and the ventral surface of the endosperm is nearly straight; the carpel stalk has 2 lobes near the top.
(2) Harrysmithia heterophylla
Harrysmithia heterophylla (scientific name: Harrysmithia heterophylla) is a plant of the genus Harrysmithia in the family Apiaceae and is endemic to China. Distributed in Sichuan and other places in mainland China, it grows at an altitude of 3,300 meters. It mostly grows in alpine grasslands. It has not yet been artificially introduced and cultivated.
49. Aegopodium
Aegopodium (scientific name: Aegopodium) is a genus under the Apiaceae family and is a perennial herbaceous plant. There are about 7 species in this genus, distributed in Europe and Asia. There are 5 species and 1 variant in China, mainly from the northeast to the northwest.
(1) Morphological characteristics
Perennial herb. There are creeping rhizomes. The stem is upright, with or without branches at the upper part. The leaves are petiolate, and the leaf sheaths are small and membranous; the outline of the basal leaves and the lower stem leaves is broad or triangular, with three or three-pointed 2-3 pinnate lobes, and the last segment is ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Shape, with serrated, notched or lobed edges; the uppermost cauline leaves are usually three-pronged pinnately compound leaves, and the tips of the leaflets are acuminate or tail-shaped.
Compound umbel terminal or lateral, the peduncle is longer than the leaves; the umbrella spokes are slightly spread; there are no involucral bracts and small involucral bracts; the calyx teeth are small or absent; the petals are white or light red, obovate, slightly concave at the apex, and The lingula is infolded; the style base is conical, the style is slender, and the top is forked in the shape of a horn.
The fruit is oblong, oblong-ovate or egg-shaped, with flat sides, smooth, and filamentous main ribs; there are no vittae; the cross section of the meriste is nearly round, and the ventral surface of the endosperm is straight; the top of the carpel stalk has 2 shallow lobes.
(2) Aegopodium latifolium
Aegopodium latifolium (scientific name: Aegopodium latifolium) is a plant of the genus Aegopodium latifolium in the Apiaceae family, and is the type species of the genus Aegopodium latifolium. It is widely distributed in temperate areas of Eurasia and has been introduced to North America, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, the British Isles and other places to become an invasive species. Distributed in Xinjiang, China. It is also distributed in Russia. It grows in areas with an altitude of 1,000 meters, mostly in moist areas of grass at the foothills.
The larvae of some moths feed on celery.
is a wild vegetable that has been eaten in Europe from ancient times to the Middle Ages. It has been artificially introduced and cultivated for ornamental use.
Broad-leaf celery is known as "gout grass". It has antihypertensive and other effects and can be processed into celery leaf powder and other products for development and application. Its stems and leaves are beautiful and are also used in gardening, landscaping, and ground cover plants.
[For more exciting articles, please follow the WeChat public account " Earth's Creatures and Human Civilization "]
