1. Let me tell you a story first. Some may have heard of it, and some may have not. One day in 1995, a large middle-aged man robbed two Pittsburgh banks in broad daylight. He didn't wear a mask or any disguise and even smiled at the surveillance camera before stepping out of the

1. What is " Dak effect "

Let me tell you a story first. Some may have heard of it, and some may have not.

One day in 1995, a large middle-aged man robbed two banks in Pittsburgh in broad daylight. He didn't wear a mask or any disguise and even smiled at the surveillance camera before stepping out of the bank.

Later, when the police showed the arrested MacArthur Wheeler the surveillance video of the day, Wheeler said in disbelief: "But I applied juice." He gulped.

It turns out that Wheeler thought applying lemon juice to his skin would make him invisible, so the camera would not be able to capture him. Lemon juice can be used as invisible ink, and the handwriting written with lemon juice will only appear when it comes into contact with a heat source.

So Wheeler felt that as long as he was not close to the heat source, he should be completely invisible. Finally, the police investigation believed that Wheeler was neither crazy nor drug-taking, and he just "mistaked" the invisible usage of lemon juice.

This legend caught the attention of Cornell psychologist David Dunning, who started his research with graduate student Justin Kruger.

so this phenomenon is defined as the "Dunning-Kruger effect". Some are also called the Dunk effect, or the Dark effect.

Dak effect refers to people who lack ability to draw wrong conclusions based on their own lack of consideration, but are unable to correctly recognize their own shortcomings and identify wrong behaviors. It is a cognitive bias phenomenon.

These lack of abilities are immersed in the illusory advantages of self-creation, often overestimating their own abilities, but unable to objectively evaluate the abilities of others.

multiple trials were performed on different individuals with differentiation. The researchers found that subjects at various positions in the grade ranking showed different degrees of deviation.

Among them, those who are at the bottom of the ability ranking show the most obvious deviation, and even think that their ability ranking exceeds the average level, while those who are at the top of the ability ranking show a certain degree of underestimation deviation.

2. The "Dak effect" happens around us.

I have a deep impression of the Daak effect. After the students complete the midterm exam or the final exam, the teacher will ask the students to estimate their grades or rankings. This Dark effect often occurs in

. Students with good grades dare not evaluate too high, and always feel that they have done wrong questions and cannot do them.

Because they focus on the part of their points they lose, they always think that others may do a good job in the part of their points they lose.

On the contrary, students with poor grades have completely different psychological states. It focuses on how many questions I did correctly this time. So I feel that my score may rise all of a sudden, and I often overestimate my grades.

Only the students in the middle can calmly and correctly evaluate their own questions.

In fact, in daily life, each of us will also encounter this Dark effect.

For example, as a driver, you will also encounter this Dak effect.

In the first two years when you just learned how to drive, you may be very cautious and cautious. Because you can correctly evaluate your driving skills, there will generally be no major problems.

After two years of opening, usually in the 3 to 5 years, you will think you are an experienced driver, and your skills are already quite skilled. At this time, you will be braver and feel a little paralyzed and relaxed in your mind.

so the most dangerous period has arrived, which is the high incidence of accidents. Because you have reached a burnout period, you are prone to overestimate your driving skills. The driving speed is usually very fast during this period, and some emergencies will appear in front of you, catching you off guard.

After this period, after years of hard work, your technology has become very mature.But at this time you became timid, because there was a lesson from an accident before, so you became cautious again.

3. The root cause of the emergence of the "Dak Effect"

Generally, our human cognition has four stages of development:

The first stage is that you don’t know and you don’t know, and you will be arrogant at this time.

The second stage is when you know you don’t know. At this time, you will be humble and anxious, so you will try your best to learn new knowledge.

The third stage is that you don’t know you know. At this time, you will calm down and focus, because you have internalized many things in your heart, and you will still explore more profound things in depth.

The fourth stage is when you know, you know, at this time you are completely awake and clear, not only seeing the ins and outs of things, but also knowing the essence of things.

So, when we are still in the first stage and do not know that we do not know, it is normal to draw some one-sided conclusions. This cognitive bias is essentially caused by cognitive lack. The less capable and experience it is, the less able it is to draw a correct conclusion. The

Dak effect is caused by our cognitive bias. Because of the lack of cognition, I do not have the ability to see my true level.

4. How to avoid the "Dak effect"

If you want to avoid the Daak effect, you must first break the cognitive boundaries. The best way is to look back on oneself, constantly reflect on oneself and understand oneself, accept one's mediocrity and ignorance, and then make up for it through learning.

In the process of work, we should not compare our own weaknesses with other people’s strengths in mistakenly, nor should we compare our own strengths with others’ weaknesses.

Maybe a person who thinks incompetent in your eyes has certain advantages in the eyes of the boss; things you think are easy may not be able to achieve perfection.

We should maintain an empty cup mentality, be humble all the time, try to see our own shadows from the eyes of others, and keep learning and making progress, so that we will find that we have gained more.

so, we must start by knowing ourselves and understanding ourselves. Being a person who understands ourselves is a compulsory course in our life. Only by reflecting on yourself and reminding yourself frequently can you avoid falling into the trap of the Dark effect.