The rise of the Chinese submarine force
In 2020, China has won another world number one, which is the number of submarines and . China has 74 ships, ranking first, the United States is second with 66 ships, and Russia is third with 62 ships.
China, the United States and Russia are in a three-legged position
Today we will take a closer look at the various types of submarines that China has equipped, and also review the arduous development of the People’s Navy submarine force from scratch, from weak to strong.
Soviet Type 613 medium-sized diesel-electric attack submarine
1. Soviet Whiskey-class diesel-electric attack submarine (Soviet code: 613, NATO code : Whiskey class, W class). It was the first submarine produced by the Soviet Union after World War II. It was designed by the Ruby Design Bureau and referenced the U-XXI submarine of the Nazi German Navy. The first submarine was built at the Soviet Red Solmovo factory in March 1950, October 1950. Launched on the water in December 1951, the Soviet Union built a total of 215 ships. The boat has a length of 74.7 meters, a width of 6.3 meters, a draft of 4.3 meters, a surface displacement of 1050 tons, an underwater displacement of 1320 tons, a diving depth of 200 meters, a self-sustaining force of 30 days, a crew of 52, and a power of 2 diesel engines, diesel-electric Propulsion, the surface speed is 18 knots, and the underwater is 7 knots. The main weapon is torpedo , four launch tubes in the bow and two in the stern.
China’s "Whiskey" 03 submarine
In the early days of the establishment of New China, the People’s Navy was almost impoverished, the domestic economic situation was very difficult, and the industrial foundation was also very weak. In order to build up a capable naval force as soon as possible with limited resources, It has formulated a priority for the development of "air, submarine, and fast" directions, that is, naval aviation, submarines, and speedboats. The development of submarine forces is the top priority. In 1954, the Soviet Union signed the "Navy Order Agreement" with the Soviet Union in 1953 at the Port of Lushun. The Soviet Union transferred all the technical data and construction rights of the Type 613 to China for a fee, and sent experts to guide it. China named it "Type 6603 Medium "Conventional submarine", was later renamed Type 03 submarine , and China also imported 5 original submarines from the Soviet Union.
On June 19, 1954, China's first submarine force, the Independent Naval Submarine Brigade, was formally established in a military port in Qingdao. The bottom line is the 4 S-class submarines (old submarines of World War II) and 4 W-class submarines handed over to China by the Soviet Union in 1954, all of which are second-hand. However, the emergence of submarine forces has made China's coastal waters a dangerous sea area with hidden murderous intent. Foreign warships and the Kuomintang navy no longer dare to approach easily.
Underwater Great Wall is beginning to emerge.
In 1955, Jiangnan Shipyard built the first Type 03 boat, launched in March 1956, and entered service in October 1957. By 1964, Jiangnan Shipyard and Wuhan Shipyard had built a total of 21 ships. Through the Model 613, the Chinese Navy learned how to use submarines, and through the construction of the Model 03, China trained the first batch of submarine design and manufacturing technicians, laying the foundation for future self-research and self-building. After the Sino-Soviet relationship broke down in 1960, the Soviet Union withdrew experts and interrupted the supply of equipment, China still had the ability to manufacture Type 03. The Type 03 remained in service until the 1990s before being fully retired. During the period, China also exported 4 ships each to Albania , Bangladesh, Egypt and Pakistan. The
633 type has no place in the history of Soviet submarines
2. The Soviet Romeo-class diesel-electric attack submarine (Russian code 633, NATO code: Romeo-class, abbreviated as: R-class). Designed by the Soviet Celestine Design Bureau in the 1950s, it is an upgraded version of the Model 613. It has improved diving depth, endurance and self-sustaining power, and is easier to operate. Construction of the first boat started at the Red Solmovo Shipyard in October 1957. Originally 56 ships were planned to be built, but only 22 were actually built because the Soviet Union turned to full-scale nuclear-powered submarines.
blossoms in the wall and fragrance outside the wall. Chinese favorite 033
Chinese version of the "Romeo" 033 diesel-electric submarine
After being equipped with the Type 03 submarine, China found that its level can only be regarded as World War II level, and many designs are a little outdated, such as naval guns. This kind of cumbersome useless. Khrushchev's visit in 1958China, China and the Soviet Union signed a new technology transfer agreement, and China obtained the latest model 633 technical data. Although it didn't take long for China and the Soviet Union to turn their faces again, with the drawings and materials provided by the Soviet Union and the technology and talents accumulated in the production of Class 03 submarines, China still carried out imitation work in an orderly manner. In 1966, the first domestically-made 033 submarine was built by Jiangnan Shipyard, launched in 1968, and entered service in 1969. By 1984, China had built a total of 84 submarines of this type, the largest number of submarines produced in China. Chinese engineers also made a lot of improvements and modifications on its basis. One of the Type 033 has been modified to carry 6 Eagle Strike-82 anti-ship missiles , namely Type 033G submarine (NATO code name: Wuhan-class, Wuhan-class).
The 033G type
033 basic boat that can launch anti-ship missiles is 76.6 meters long, 6.7 meters wide, has a draft of 5.2 meters, a surface displacement of 1475 tons, an underwater displacement of 1830 tons, a diving depth of 300 meters, and two 37-D diesel engines. The dual-axle propulsion speed is 15.2 knots (on the water), 13 knots (underwater), and the endurance is 9,000 nautical miles/9 knots (on the water), and 57 people are organized. The weapons are 8 533 torpedo tubes, or 28 mines and . The domestic production of the Type 033 has realized the leap from assembly to imitation in China's submarine manufacturing. Various changes, modifications and new technology experiments have also allowed Chinese engineers and technicians to accumulate experience and technology, and become more and more confident. The Type 033 was completely retired from the People’s Navy in 2009. The current largest user is North Korea, with a total of 22 ships, 12 of which were provided by China in 1973 with free semi-finished parts and guided North Korea’s self-assembly. The golf-class
is the pioneer of submarine launching missiles
3. Soviet golf-class diesel-electric ballistic missile submarine (Russian code: 629, NATO code: Golf Class, golf class, referred to as G-class). It is the only conventionally powered ballistic missile submarine in the world. Designed by the Soviet Wave Design Bureau in 1954, built in 1957, and commissioned in 1958, a total of 23 ships were built. The surface displacement is 2850 tons, the diving depth is 300 meters, the water speed is 15 knots, the underwater speed is 12.5 knots, 3 missile launching tubes are arranged vertically in the middle, and 3 "P-11фM" missiles are installed inside. The range is 350 kilometers. Launch, retain the ability of torpedo launching, 4 before the launch tube and 2 after it.
Chinese version of "Golf" 031
Chinese version of "Golf" is named as 031 submarine (only one, hull number: 200), is China's ballistic missile test submarine. The construction of the Type 031 was very bumpy. It was also just after reaching a technology transfer agreement that China and the Soviet Union turned their faces. Soviet experts were recalled. Materials, equipment, and submarine-launched ballistic missiles were not provided. China can only rely on drawings and experience. The construction of the Dalian Shipyard started in 1960, and it was launched in 1964. It was delivered to the Navy in August 1966. The ship number was 1101, which was later changed to 200. Only this one was built. The Chinese Navy uses this submarine as a test platform, and various weapons and equipment are tested on it, making a major contribution to the technological progress of the submarine force. The most important of these is the completion of the verification of submarine-launched ballistic missile technology. The successful development of the Julang-1 and Julang-2 submarine-launched ballistic missiles has contributed to the 031. The ship has now been decommissioned.
Ming-class attack submarine
4. China 035 diesel-electric attack submarine (Chinese code: 035, NATO code: Ming-class, Ming-class). It is the first-generation conventional power submarine that China designed and built by itself, free from dependence on the Soviet Union. The project was established in 1967, and the 701 Institute proposed a design proposal with reference to the 033 submarine. In 1969, the Z7Z Wuchang Shipyard of Z6z started to build the first ship, and it entered service in 1974. Z6z produced a total of 23 ships, including the basic 035 type and subsequent 035A, 035G and 035B types. There are still 15 ships in service, which are the ship types that the Chinese submarine force is gradually phasing out.
Ming class is the beginning of China's independent design
Bangladesh bought two second-hand shipsMing-level
035 has an underwater displacement of 2113 tons, is 76 meters long, 7.6 meters wide, and has a diving depth of 300 meters. The main engine is a GE390-ZC-1 medium-speed diesel engine, 5200 horsepower, single shaft, single propeller. The speed is 15 knots (on the water), 18 knots (underwater), the endurance is 9,000 nautical miles/19 knots, and 57 officers (including 10 officers). Weapons are 8 torpedo tubes and 16 torpedoes (or 32 mines). In general, the data is not outstanding, and serious accidents have occurred. During the training on April 16, 2003, the Ming-class 361 boat crashed due to mechanical failure due to improper command and control, and all 70 officers and men on board were killed. The reason why 15 ships are still retained is mainly because the new models have insufficient production capacity, which is used to make up the number to prevent the occurrence of combat power failures. However, the Ming-class is very marketable for export. Bangladesh purchased two decommissioned Ming-class ships from China for US$200 million. Other developing countries also like it.
Han-class nuclear-powered attack submarine
4. China 091 nuclear-powered attack submarine. (Chinese code name: 091, NATO code name: Han-class, Han class, nickname: Narwhal), is the first nuclear-powered attack submarine of the Chinese Navy that is completely self-designed and fully made in parts and components. Construction started in 1968, launched in 1970, and entered service in 1974 to build a total of five ships, two of which have been decommissioned, and three are still in service. The displacement is 4500 tons (401, 402), 5500 tons (403, 404, 405), the diving depth is 300 meters, the length is 90 meters (401, 402), 98 meters (403, 404, 405), and the power is a 90 MW pressurized water reactor 1 2 steam turbines (12,000 horsepower), 12 knots on water, 25 knots under water, members: 75 people, torpedoes: 6 533 mm torpedo tubes Fish-6/Yu-3 torpedoes, missiles: Eagle Strike-81 Anti-ship missiles.
nuclear power is the future
nuclear-powered submarines have two outstanding advantages compared with conventional power submarines: one has a high speed, which can exceed 30 knots, while conventional power submarines have a speed of less than 20 knots; the second is strong endurance and can continuously submerged. If the moon does not rise to the surface, the reactor can be used for 25 years when nuclear fuel is loaded at a time, which is almost endless energy, while conventionally powered submarines must supplement energy in a week. In addition, it is large in size, can be equipped with more equipment, personnel, and weapons, and has a stronger and more sustained combat effectiveness. Therefore, since the 1950s, the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain and France have all been working hard to develop their own nuclear-powered submarines. After the first nuclear reactor was officially completed and put into operation in 1958, China also immediately initiated independent research and development projects. The
nuclear submarine technology is really the Chinese explored by themselves. Chairman Mao once said a famous saying: "Z6z nuclear submarine will be developed in ten thousand years." On the one hand, the arrogance is dry, on the other hand, it also shows that the difficulties are beyond imagination. In 1962, the first chief designer of Chinese nuclear submarine Peng Shilu began to preside over the design work. However, he only had 5 vague photographs of foreign nuclear submarines and a toy model for children purchased from an American store. There was nothing else in his hands, even Many engineers involved in the design do not know what a nuclear submarine is all about. However, the tenacious Chinese engineers are still committed to this almost impossible task. By the launch of the first ship in 1970, 46,000 parts and components of the entire ship were domestically produced, and none of the screws were imported. China has finally become the fifth country with nuclear submarines after the United States, Russia, Britain and France. Until now, the world’s nuclear submarines are still the five permanent members of the United Nations. India has a nuclear submarine, which is leased to Russia’s "Acura" ─ Ⅱ-class "Ring Seal". The destroyer, which was built by itself with the help of Russia, was built 20 years ago. When it got into the water, the crew forgot to close the hatch. I was soaked in sea water and made an international joke. It is necessary to overhaul it. It is hard to say when I can serve.
submarine black hole Kilo-class
5. Soviet/Russian Kilo-class submarine (English: Kilo-class submarine, Soviet Russia 877 submarine, code name: flounder). In 1974, the Soviet Ruby Central Maritime Design and Design Bureau began to plan a new type of diesel-electric attack submarine, called the 877 flounder class, and NATO called the Kilo class. The first boat was launched in 1980 and entered service in 1982. Kilo class with firepowerIt is famous for being powerful and low-noise. After modernization and other modifications, it is named Type 636 submarine, nicknamed: Warsaw Worker's Song. Type 636 is the best among diesel-electric submarines and one of the quietest submarines in the world.
China introduced 12 Kilo-class ships.
In 1994, China purchased 2 Kilo-class 877 from Russia; in 1996, it purchased two 636-type ships; in 2002, it purchased 8 636M-type ships. So far, China has purchased 12 Kilo-class ships. Class, is the largest overseas user of this type of submarine. The underwater displacement of the Kilo-class is 4000 tons. It is 74 meters long, 9.9 meters wide, and 300 meters deep. It is equipped with two diesel engines with an output of 1000 kilowatts and a 6800 horsepower electric motor, and a multi-blade fixed pitch propeller. The surface speed is 12 knots and the underwater speed is 25 knots. There is plenty of storage space for 52 crew members to carry 45-day supplies. The weaponry is equipped with 6 torpedo launch tubes, which can launch anti-ship, anti-submarine torpedoes and mines, and can also be equipped with anti-aircraft missile launch tubes. China’s introduction of the Kilo class is mainly because its has advanced mute technology, which is only 118 decibels. It is known as an "oceanic black hole" and is extremely difficult to detect. It can be used to break through the anti-submarine detection network of the US aircraft carrier battle group. Tactical deterrence.
092 class ballistic missile submarine
6. China 092 class ballistic missile submarine (NATO code name: Xia class, English: Xia-class). Improved from the expansion of the hull of the Chinese Type 091 nuclear submarine, the ballistic missile compartment is inserted into the hull. It is the first-generation ballistic missile nuclear submarine of the Chinese Navy. The design was completed in 1970, launched in 1981, and delivered to the Navy in 1983. In 1988, the submarine-launched ballistic missile was successfully launched. Type 092 is 120 meters long, 10 meters wide, and has a draft of 8 meters. The crew is 100 people (12 officers), the underwater displacement is 7000 tons, the maximum surface speed of is 16 knots, the maximum underwater speed is 22 knots, and the diving depth is 300 meters. The hull adopts a single-hull structure, uses a pressurized water-cooled reactor, and is driven by a turbine motor. The boat is equipped with a surface search radar and a radar warning system. The sonar system is an intermediate frequency active and passive search and attack hull sonar. The self-defense weapon is the boat’s first six torpedo tubes, using the "Fish III" deep-water anti-submarine torpedo.
Julang 1 submarine-launched ballistic missile
The most eye-catching feature of the summer class is the 12-tube vertical ballistic missile launching tube protruding from the center of the hull, supporting 12 "Julang"-1 submarine-to-surface strategic missiles. "Julang"-1 can carry nuclear warheads of 20,000 to 30,000 tons with a range of 2500 kilometers. Therefore, 092 is China's first strategic nuclear submarine, , which is responsible for nuclear counterattacks and is an important force for China's strategic nuclear deterrence. The United States believes that China has built two ships. The Chinese government only recognizes one. According to folklore, there are at least three ships. They share the number 406 to confuse the outside world. The most obvious feature of the Song-class
is the stepped control tower
7. China's 039-class diesel-electric attack submarine (Chinese codename 039, called Song-class in the West). The second-generation conventionally powered submarine designed and built by China. Chinese conventional submarines have entered a new stage of completely independent design, development and manufacturing. In the development process, it fully absorbed the new concepts of conventional submarines in western developed countries, and adopted a large number of new types of power, automation equipment, sonar and weaponry. The combat capability is equivalent to the Kilo class and surpasses the German Type 209 submarine. In the 1980s, it was developed by the 701 Research Institute of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation and manufactured by Wuchang Shipyard. The technical origin is the Soviet Union Type 633 (R-class). In the design process, it coincided with the honeymoon period between China and the West. China began to conduct technical exchanges with submarine powers such as Britain, France and Germany. Those technologies that had never been seen opened up Chinese designers' horizons, began to reflect on early design, and sought to introduce the West. technology.
The French Agosta-class submarine
Song is an improved version of
, but the submarine technology is the treasure of the bottom of the pressure box of all countries. All Western countries refuse to cooperate with China, and the normal technology introduction door has been closed. The breach appeared in our iron buddy Pakistan . In 1999, Pakistan purchased three French Agosta-class submarines, one of which was secretly sent to China and was carefully studied by Chinese technicians. So the initial version 039 only produced 1 shipIt stopped abruptly, and all the 12 ships after that were Song class improved type called 039G. The biggest difference in appearance between the two is that the 039 uses a stepped control tower, while the 039G is an integrated one. Song class uses advanced French sonar equipment and imitation of German diesel engine, underwater displacement is 2250 tons, length 75 meters, width 8.4 meters, draft 5.3 meters. The diving depth is 300 meters, the underwater speed is 22 knots, and it is equipped with 60 crew members. The weapon is equipped with 6 torpedo tubes, carrying 18 torpedoes or 36 mines, and can launch Eagle Strike series anti-ship and surface-to-surface missiles. The
yuan-class submarine is a bit like the Kilo-class
8. The Chinese 039A-class diesel-electric attack submarine (Chinese codename 039A, NATO codename yuan-class ). It is a third-generation conventionally powered submarine independently developed by China. The first was launched on May 31, 2004. If 039G represents the Chinese submarine technology's "exit from Asia to Europe", then 039A is the product of "Eurasian integration". 039A is the result of optimized combination of Russian Kilo class, French Agosta class, and China 039 class. The boat is 77.6 meters in length, 8.4 meters in width, 5.5 meters in draft, 2300 tons in water, 3,600 tons in water, 12 knots in water, 20 knots in water, 65 crew members, 400 meters in depth, 533mm torpedo tube weapon system ×6 It has 18 ammunition torpedoes or 36 mines , which can launch YJ8-2 anti-ship missiles. The
meta-level model
meta-level model is called Type 041 abroad and 039A level in China. Although both are named 039, the difference between the two is actually very big. For example, the Song class submarine adopts the whale-shaped hull of the R class and the Ming class, and the Yuan class adopts the teardrop type of the Kilo class. The Song class adopts the design of Agosta’s torpedo tubes that occupy the bow of the ship, resulting in a small bow space that cannot be installed with large sonar. The six torpedo tubes on the bow of the Yuan class have two torpedo tubes up and down four, just like the Kilo class , Freeing up the lower part of the bow to install a large active/passive sonar system. The Song class uses a conventional diesel-electric propulsion system, while the Yuan class uses an AIP propulsion system. This technology may come from the Agosta B submarine purchased by Pakistan later. 039A China has built 4 ships, and its improved 039B is known as China’s strongest conventionally powered attack submarine and 14 ships. Yuan-class submarines are the stars of the international arms purchase market and have been exported to the Thai and Pakistani navies.
China's attack nuclear submarine
9. China's 093 class attack nuclear submarine (Chinese code: 093, NATO code: Shang-class SSN, commercial-class attack nuclear submarine). A second-generation attack nuclear submarine designed and built by China. The Type 091 (Han-class) attack nuclear submarine only solves the problem of nuclear submarine. Its technical level is backward, the noise is huge, and it is easy to be detected. From 1983 to 1998, China began to develop a new generation of nuclear submarines, built by the Bohai Shipyard, launched in 2002, and entered service in 2006. Foreign media said there are 7 ships, including 2 Type 093, 2 Type 093A, and 3 Type 093B. The
093 family
093 has an underwater displacement of 8,000 tons, and uses a high-temperature cold-gas nuclear reactor with an underwater speed of 40 nautical miles per hour. In addition to the torpedoes, the 16 vertical launching tubes in the middle of the submarine can launch supersonic anti-ship cruise missiles (Eagle Strike 12/YJ12) underwater. The noise level is also reduced by the use of damping technology and the installation of silencing tiles. 110 decibels.
Great Power 094
10. China 094-class strategic nuclear submarine. (Chinese code: 094, Western name: 09-Ⅳ, NATO code: Jin-Class, Jin-class) is a second-generation ballistic missile nuclear submarine designed and built by China. There have been great improvements in performance, perception, propulsion systems, and weapon systems. Research and development began in the late 1980s. The first boat was built by Bohai Shipyard in 1999. There are currently 5 confirmed ships, 2 094 and 3 094A, serving in the North Sea and South China Sea Fleet of the Chinese People's Liberation Army.
094 launches the Julang 2 ballistic missile
094 with a full-load underwater displacement of about 11,000 tons and a crew of 120Name, self-sustaining force for 3 months, length 133 meters, width 13 meters, underwater speed 21 knots, diving depth 300 meters, weapon system is 6 533mm torpedo tubes and 12 Julang 1/2 submarine-launched strategic missiles, range Up to 8000 kilometers. 094 can anti-submarine, anti-ship, attack land targets, and can also carry out nuclear counterattack. The U.S. Navy admits that the Type 094 enables the Chinese Navy to truly possess an underwater strategic deterrent. It is a fact that the U.S. forces around the Western Pacific have no advantage at all.
032 clear class submarine
032 four views
10. China 032 class experimental submarine. (Chinese code name: 032, Western code name: Qing Class Qing class) Chinese Navy Type 032 No. 201 comprehensive experimental submarine, replacing the old Golf class No. 200 submarine, serving as a new generation of experimental submarine. The project was approved for development in 2005, construction started in 2008, completed and launched in 2010, equipped with troops in 2012, and the task of testing new weapons has begun in 2013. The self-sustaining force 30 days, the displacement 6628 tons , the length is 92 meters, the width is 10 meters, the draft is 6.8 meters, and the maximum speed exceeds 14 knots. There are 88 crew members, and the weapons are 1 x 650 mm torpedo tubes and 1 x 533 mm torpedo tubes. The ship is equipped with 2 or 3 surface-launched ballistic missiles, a 4-unit vertical launch system , which contains ground attack cruise missiles.
095 type attack nuclear submarine
11. China type 095 attack nuclear submarine. (Z25z Western code name: Sui Class ) is a third-generation attack nuclear submarine designed and built by China. The data of this type of submarine are in the confidential stage, and it can be confirmed that 2 ships have been built. Type 095 has made great efforts in quietness. Back then, the Seawolf class was known as the quietest in the world, with a noise of only 95 decibels, while Type 095 was only 90 decibels. Being so quiet is due to the installation of an advanced shaftless pumping system. Without a propeller, there is no noise caused by the propeller itself rotating and generating bubbles.
095 is the real oceanic black hole
095 is equipped with YJ-12 "Eagle Strike 12" supersonic heavy anti-ship missile and CY-3 "Nangying 3" anti-submarine missile. The vertical launch system can launch the "East China Sea" improved submarine-launched land-to-ship Cruise missiles, the range of this missile can reach 2000 kilometers. The protrusion on the back of the boat in the picture is a cockpit for transporting special forces and other personnel, and the U.S. military often uses this cockpit to secretly transport personnel.
Russia's new generation of strategic nuclear submarine, the North Wind God type
, Ohio and
12. China 096 strategic nuclear submarine. (Western code name: Tang Class Tang Class), no relevant pictures can be found. You can refer to the Russian North Wind God Class and the American Ohio Class. The 096 is the next-generation strategic nuclear submarine of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy. It adopts the latest acoustic attenuation technology to keep it silent, and is equipped with the latest advanced sensors and processing systems. The core weapon system is a 24-tube ballistic missile vertical launch system, which can also launch self-guided torpedoes and cruise missiles. More information will be updated in time.
