, the cruise ship of the century that carried almost all the glory in the history of world navigation at the beginning of its birth, was hit by ice and sank on its maiden voyage. It was destined to envelop its dramatic destiny and live forever in people's criticism.
Today, let's talk about the extraordinary "life" of this legendary ship.
was born
On April 2, 1912, the Titanic (also known as Titanic) was launched at Harland and Wolf Shipyards, as one of the most important cruise ships of the White Star Shipping Company (hereinafter referred to as White Star Shipping). The original intention of the Titanic was not merely to carry tourists to make a profit.
Titanic
At that time, White Star Line’s biggest competitor, the British Canad Shipping Company, was sitting on two of the world’s fastest super cruise ships-Lusitania and Mauritania, and the former was also Holder of the world's largest cruise ship record at that time. Z1z
was shown off by competitors, coupled with year-on-year poor revenue, so that White Star Shipping Company desperately needs an unparalleled cruise ship to regain its strength and regain its former glory.
So, with the help of the parent company American International Shipping Company and the old shipbuilding company-Wolfe Company, an ambitious plan came out.
According to the agreement made by the three parties, the White Star Shipping will build three new ships. These will be three unprecedented giant ships. Whether in tonnage, speed or luxury, they will far defeat his opponents and become a veritable Atlantic Ocean. overlord.
Unlike other companies’ practices of keeping the names of new ships secret before launching, White Star Shipping soon announced the names of the ships: Olympic, Titanic, and Giant.
On March 6, 1912, the last photo of Titanic (right) and Olympic (left)
This abnormal behavior is certainly related to marketing strategy, but it also illustrates from the side that White Star Shipping can’t wait for these three giant ships. . In this context, the construction of the Titanic only took less than two years, but during the period, 246 workers were injured and 9 people died. The accident injury rate is surprisingly high.
and the maiden voyage was not smooth. First, the sister ship of the Titanic, the Olympic ship, which was shipped a year earlier than it, collided with the Royal Navy’s cruiser Hawke at sea in September 1911, forcing it. The maiden flight had to be delayed, from March 20, 1912 to April 10th.
followed by a strike by coal workers at Southampton, the maiden voyage port, which caused a bit of setback for the coal refueling work of ships.
However, American International Shipping Corporation did not want to postpone the Titanic's maiden voyage. In order to minimize the risk, they searched all the coal in the coal bunker of all cruise ships moored in Southampton Port.
set sail
In the early morning of April 10, 1912, the Southampton Port was surging, and this century cruise ship finally lifted its mysterious veil in the eyes of everyone.
According to the data given by the White Star Shipping, the displacement of the Titanic exceeded 46,000 tons, the highest at the time, almost 1.5 of the previous record holder Lusitania (31,550 gross tons) and Mauritania (31,938 gross tons). Doubled. Z1z
has a length of 269.06 meters and a width of 28.19 meters. It has an area comparable to a standard football field, can accommodate 3547 people at the same time, and has both extremely high speed and comfort. The scale of construction is also the largest in the world. Its unprecedentedly huge reciprocating engine is 12 meters high and has a diameter of 2.7 meters. It needs to burn 610 tons of coal every day. It can be called an "unsinkable" sea fortress.
According to the evaluation of the ship magazine "Shipbuilder" (The Shipbuilder) at the time, the standard of passenger accommodation (especially the first class) of the Titanic reached "unparalleled luxury scale".
Main staircase
Smoking room
Reading room
Reading room
The most expensive and luxurious suite in First Class is the "Palofi Suite", which also includes a private waterfront corridor. The one-way ticket for this suite is more than US$4,350. The currency value is equivalent to $107,955 in 2018).Although the luxury of third-class cabins is much lower than that of second-class and first-class cabins, according to modern standards, even third-class cabins are very comfortable and provide a lot of food.
According to the original voyage, the Titanic will depart from Southampton Port, and after passing through the two ports of Serbo, France and Queenstown, Ireland, across the entire Atlantic Ocean to reach the Port of New York, USA.
Titanic route map
captain is served by Edward John Smith, the most senior of White Star Shipping. As an old captain with 40 years of sailing experience, Colonel Edward has not only won the Royal Navy Reserve Officer’s Long Service Medal, but also served as the Olympic The captain of the captain.
Colonel Edward
is in sharp contrast to the fact that only 45 of the 891 crew members serving under him have seafaring experience, including 9 senior seamen and 36 capable seamen, accounting for only 5 of the total crew members. %. The rest are ordinary sailors who have not been trained, and a large part of them are even temporarily recruited in Southampton Port. They have not done emergency drills and are not familiar with the ship.
and level Like the uneven crew, the passengers of the Titanic are also mixed.
Among the 1322 passengers boarding, there are like John Jacob Astor IV (founder of St. Regis) and Benjamin Guggenheim (World Pipeline Tycoon) Such multi-millionaires also have poor people from Armenia, Ireland, Italy, Sweden, Syria, Russia and other countries. Many of them have immigration plans to go to the United States to seek a new life.
in the movie " In "Titanic", the male and female protagonists are the representatives of these two types of people. One lives in a luxurious suite and enjoys the sea life piled up with money; the other can only live in the third-class cabin near the bottom of the ship. More than a dozen people live together in a harsh environment.
In fact, the living environment of the third-class passengers on the Titanic in real life is worse than described in the movie, because according to the then "American Immigration Act" It is stipulated that all ships must isolate third-class passengers in order to control foreign immigration and prevent infectious diseases.
third-class tickets
first and second-class passengers on transatlantic shipping routes disembark at the main terminal on Manhattan Island, but third-class Passengers are compulsorily required to undergo physical examinations and be questioned by immigration officers on Ellis Island. Z1z
even in order to prevent third-class passengers from running on the deck, White Star has not only set up many obstacles on the passage, but also some passages (such as iron gates , Gangway, elevator) were blocked and guarded.
So the encounter between Jack and Ruth in the movie is almost impossible in reality.
alarm
at 12 noon, the Titanic set off on time. 18:30 Arrived at the first port of call-Cherbourg, France, and left the port at 20:10 after carrying 274 passengers.
arrived in Queenstown, Ireland at 11:30 on April 11 (currently Cobh), this is the second port of call. After carrying 123 passengers and more cargo, it left the port at 13:30 that day and officially sailed to New York, USA.
But the voyage is not peaceful. The cruise ship is responsible for sending and receiving telegrams. Telegraphers in, frequently received early warning messages from other ships, reminding them of icebergs and floating ice in the Atlantic Ocean.
At 9 o'clock on April 14, the first warning came from the Caronia, short but important:
"icebergs, ice floes and sea ice appeared". Captain
confirmed receipt of this message.
At 13:42, the Baltic forwarded the constant alarm from the Greek ship Athena:
"(We) are passing through icebergs and a large amount of sea ice." Captain
did receive this news, and he will make the first voyage. The situation was reported to Bruce Ismay, the chairman of White Star Shipping, who was also on the Titanic. Subsequently, the captain ordered the route to be moved south as a preventive measure.
At 1345, the German ship Americana not far to the south reported that it had "passed two big icebergs."
However, according to subsequent investigations, it was discovered that this telegram was never transmitted to the captain or other adjutants on the Titanic bridge. The reason is unknown. Maybe it was because the telegrapher of the Titanic was repairing the malfunctioning equipment at the time, so I forgot. Convey.
19:30, The Californian cruise ship issued an alert: "There are three big icebergs."
At 21:40, the Messabi issued an alert:
"saw heavy sea ice and many large icebergs, in addition to large ice floes." The news of
has never entered the Marconi telegraph room of the Titanic. The reason may be that the telegrapher at the time did not grasp its importance because he was focusing on serving passengers through the telegraph relay station in Cape Place, Newfoundland. Sending and receiving messages, due to equipment failure the day before, caused a backlog of many customer telegrams to be processed.
The reason why the telegraphers would turn the cart before the horse is because at that time almost all the telegraphers of the ocean liner were employees of Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company, not the crew of the ship. Their main responsibility was to send and receive for paying passengers. Telegram messages and weather reports between ships are instead a secondary responsibility.
At 22:30, the Californian strayed into an iceberg. For safety reasons, it had to drop anchor and stop the ship, and issued a final alert to the surroundings:
"We were blocked by surrounding icebergs..."
It was less than 20 nautical miles from the Titanic, but such warnings were ignored by the telegrapher who was dealing with the backlog of passenger information.
In fact, just over an hour ago, at 9:20, the captain of the Titanic, Colonel Edward, before leaving the bridge, also instructed:
"If you have questions to a certain extent, please tell me"
21 o'clock At 30 minutes, Letoller instructed the six officers of James Moody to call the mast observation deck, asking the watchman on duty to "keep a keen observation of the ice conditions, especially the small icebergs and ice floes[c]", and relay this instruction To the other watchmen who will succeed later [30].
At 22 o'clock, Letolle's duty was over and he completed the procedures for handing over the ship's course, speed and rotation speed. He also let the successor William Murdoch know that he had instructed the watchman to pay attention to the small iceberg, and then took a break.
emphasized that the watchmen paid attention to the ice on the water surface in real time, but ignored the equally important telegraph warning, which paved the way for the subsequent impact of the Titanic.
In fact, until the Titanic approached its fatal collision point, two watchmen, Van Derek Flett and Reginald Lee, still stood on the mast observation deck 29 meters above the bow deck. On duty. At that time, the temperature at
dropped to close to freezing, and the sea was completely calm and waveless. According to one of the survivors of the disaster, Archibald Gracie IV later wrote:
"The surface of the sea is as flat as glass, so smooth that even the stars in the sky can clearly reflect." The
first-class passenger Jack Sayer also wrote in his memoir:
"It was a starry night without a moon. I have never seen stars so bright, they shine like cut diamonds in the sky. . There is a mist on the water that is difficult to detect. I often take a boat to cross the sea, but I have never seen an ocean smoother than that day. It is as pure and innocent as a pond, allowing the ship to pass by quietly. it".
has now known after research that this kind of particularly calm sea actually means that there are a lot of ice floes and even icebergs nearby.
Although the air was clear, there was no moonlight that night, and because of the calm sea, there was nothing to highlight whether there were icebergs nearby. If the sea is not calm, the waves can hit the iceberg and make them easier to identify.
touched the ice
at 23:30, the two watchmen on duty noticed a slight mist on the horizon in front of them, but did not take any action.
At 23:39, 9 minutes after driving into Glacier Alley, watchman Van Derek Fleet finally found an iceberg, but at this time, the Titanic was less than 450 meters away from the iceberg.
He rang the watchtower alarm bell three times (three rings represent obstacles at the current speed and threat of collision), and called the bridge sixth officer James Moody. Moody's immediately reported the incident to one of the officers on duty, William Murdoch. William Murdoch immediately ordered the helmsman Robert Higgins to change the course of the ship.
But it was too late, and the Titanic avoided the bow, but hit the iceberg with a more destructive scrape. The
iceberg was in contact under the water along the starboard side of the ship for about 7 seconds, and a large amount of ice fell from the iceberg onto the well deck.
After a few minutes, all startedThe planes stopped, and the bow of the boat headed north, drifting in the Labrador currents in southern Newfoundland.
If the Titanic stops here and waits for rescue quietly, then the following tragedies will not happen, but the next order of the chairman of the White Star Line, Bruce Ismay, has completely pushed the Titanic into the abyss.
After learning that the Titanic had hit an iceberg, Bruce still insisted that the captain order the ship to continue traveling because he firmly believed that the "sea fortress" would never sink.
However, he highly appreciated the robustness of the huge ship and underestimated the complexity of the situation. The wrong order not only prevented the Titanic from sailing away from the ice mountain, but also tore the steel plate of the hull that had been buckled by the iceberg. 6 huge breaches.
seawater was poured in from the breach at a rate of 7 tons per second. In just 45 minutes, at least 13,700 tons of seawater entered the hull, filling the five watertight compartments near the bow.
(Note: The lower deck of the Titanic is designed with 16 watertight compartments)
Although the crew is working hard to pump water during this period, the total pumping capacity of all the pump combinations can only pump 1,700 metric tons per hour , Far from being able to keep up with the speed of Shanghai's flooding Compared with the harsh conditions of underwater hull damage and flooding, people’s response to emergencies on water is also a mess. The captain in the dormitory of
felt the collision and immediately came to the bridge and summoned Thomas Andrews, chief designer of the Titanic.
At 23:45, the captain and chief designer went under the main deck to inspect the damage to the hull, and found that the cargo hold, mail room and squash room in front were submerged. The No. 6 boiler room was already 4.3 meters high and the sea water also flowed into the No. 5 boiler. Room, the crew there are trying to pump water, but everything is in vain.
After listening to the sailor’s report, the chief designer told the captain that the Titanic was destined to sink due to the flooding of the first five watertight compartments. The design of
is to maintain the best floating power. Any two cabins are submerged in water. No matter which combination it is, it can sail normally. Even 3, 4, or even the first 4 cabins can be filled. Full of water, the Titanic still won't sink.
But what made the chief designer Thomas miscalculate was that once the first five cabins were flooded at the same time, the seawater could cross the bulkhead between each watertight compartment by the inclination of the bow and continue to flood backwards.
When the captain asked how long the ship could last, Thomas gave a desperate answer:
"1 hour, up to 2 hours."
fled
At 0:05 on April 15, the captain ordered The lifeboat was opened and passengers were called to evacuate. He also ordered the telegrapher to start sending the "CQD" distress call, but the information given by the fourth officer Joseph Dr. Er was inaccurate. He incorrectly positioned the ship on the west side of the ice belt and deviated 25 kilometers from the actual shipwreck location.
(Note: CQD was a universal international signal before 1908, but it was abolished by international organizations in 1908 and SOS was officially launched. When the Titanic touched ice, the captain still chose to use CQD.) The evacuation process of
is the same Not going well, because there is no public address system on the Titanic, which makes the attendants need to knock on the door one by one, wake up the sleeping passengers and crew, and tell them to go to the boat deck.
The first-class attendants are okay, because there are not many senior passengers, so they can guide them to put on life jackets and lead them to the boat deck without a hassle; the attendants in charge of the second and third class have to work hard Many, because they need to notify a large number of passengers, sometimes they can only open the door in time, hurriedly tell the passengers to put on the life jackets and then find a way to go upstairs. What's more terrible is that the passengers did not realize the seriousness of the situation, because in their subconscious, the cruise ship could not sink at all, so many passengers were still packing their luggage slowly after receiving the notice, even Some people who had been on the deck returned to the room again because of the low outdoor temperature.
0:15, the attendants began to force the passengers to put on their life jackets. Even so, many passengers still take this order as a joke. Some people started playing football games with ice scattered on the deck of the well. The crew of
began to prepare lifeboats, but the Titanic was equipped with only 20 lifeboats. Each lifeboat can accommodate 65 people.Admitted to 1,300 people, only half of the number of people on board.
This means that even under ideal conditions, at least 1,000 people will die in the ocean.
In fact, the Titanic is designed to accommodate up to 68 lifeboats, which is enough to meet the needs of everyone on board, but White Star Line hopes that this cruise ship has a wide promenade that provides space for passengers to enjoy the sea. Too many lifeboats will hinder this goal.
The ship is in critical condition and the lifeboats are insufficient. This should be when the captain came out to take charge of the overall situation. However, Colonel Edward, who has worked at sea for 40 years and has 27 years of command experience, faced the first crisis in his career. It was very abnormal, and seemed to be frightened by the accident.
Although he had first ordered passengers and crew to gather together, but after that, he did not order his crew to put passengers into lifeboats, did not fully lead the crew or assign emergency tasks, and failed to communicate key decisions to his superiors and crew , Sometimes vague or unrealistic orders were issued, and orders to abandon the ship were never even issued. As a result, some bridge adjutants did not realize that the ship was sinking for a while after the collision.
The fourth officer Joseph Dr. Er didn't find out until 1:15, when it was only one hour before it was completely sunk. The helmsman George Rowe did not know that there was an emergency evacuation. He called the bridge from the observation station and asked:
"Why did you see a lifeboat rowing past?". Captain
did not inform his subordinates-the ship did not have enough lifeboats to save everyone, he did not supervise the lifeboat loading, and he did not seem to try to find out whether his orders were actually implemented.
Until 0:20, at the reminder of the second officer Charles Letolle, the captain nodded in a daze, and ordered the second officer and first officer William Murdoch to take charge of port and starboard respectively, "let the women and children board the boat. Evacuate".
At this time, 40 minutes have passed since the collision, and the sinking angle of the Titanic was 4.5°.
At this moment, the passengers on the ship finally began to panic. The nervous mood mixed with the huge noise from the chimney spread across the entire deck.
may be affected by this atmosphere, or it may be that the captain's command is not accurate. The first and second mates have completely different interpretations of the phrase "let women and children board and evacuate". Murdoch, one officer of
, believed that this meant "women and children first" boarding, while the second officer Letoler believed that it meant that "only women and children" could board the boat.
If there are no women or children waiting to board the boat, the second officer Letoller launches the "lifeboat with an empty position" while the first officer Murdoch confirms that all the women and children in the vicinity are seated before allowing it. A limited number of men board the boat. The two adjutants
didn't know how many people could safely descend to the sea. They were afraid that the rope would break or the lifeboat would capsize, so they didn't dare to be full. But they didn't realize that being too cautious would make a big mistake.
In fact, they can fully load the lifeboat with 65 people and launch it safely, especially when the weather and the sea are very favorable that night, even if it is overloaded with four or five people, there will be no accidents, which will add at least 500 people. survivor.
At first few passengers were willing to board the lifeboat, and the adjutants found it difficult to convince them. The multimillionaire John Jacob Astor declared:
"We are safer here than in that small boat", and some passengers refused to set foot on it.
White Star Shipping Chairman Bruce Ismay realized the urgency of the situation and wandered on the starboard deck, calling on passengers and crew to board the lifeboat. A group of women, couples and single men were persuaded to board lifeboat No. 7 on the starboard side and began to descend at 0:40. Five minutes later, they carried two people to the sea and became the first lifeboat to be evacuated.
At 0:55, lifeboat No. 6 on the port side began to lower. Originally, it only carried 27 people. Since no one on board could row a boat, the second officer Letoller asked an experienced man on the spot-Robert the helmsman. Hitchens boarded the ship, and Robert became the only male allowed to board the lifeboat during Letoller's command.
As more and more sea water entered the hull, the sinking angle of the Titanic began to increase and the speed became faster and faster.
But the lifeboat descends very slowly. These crew members are startingThere was only one simple emergency drill before the journey, and the experience was almost zero, so the lifeboat was lowered every few minutes, and most of them were not full. There are only 36 people in lifeboat
, 32 people in lifeboat 3, 28 people in lifeboat 8, and 12 people in lifeboat 1. And the evacuation work did not go smoothly. When the lifeboat
10 was lowered, a female passenger stepped on her feet and hung between the boat and the Titanic. Fortunately, the attendant on the corridor on deck A immediately reached out and grabbed her ankle and hugged her back to the promenade deck. Later the female passenger boarded another lifeboat.
When an obese German-American doctor and his younger brother jumped into lifeboat No. 5, they bumped into another passenger and broke her ribs and fell into a coma. The lifeboat
13 was almost submerged by the water column discharged from the side of the ship during the lowering process. The cascading water came from the condensate drain pipe (in order to extract the invading seawater), and the passengers had to use the oars to push the lifeboat off the side of the ship. But when it arrived at the sea and the ropes had not been untied, the No. 15 lifeboat was about to descend on their heads. The passengers could only take out a knife and try to cut the rope. The last two lifeboats staggered the distance and were launched safely. The ropes of the
3 lifeboat were repeatedly stuck in the pulleys, almost causing the passengers to lose their balance. Fortunately, they finally reached the sea safely. As
was evacuating from the deck, the two telegraphers on board were also constantly trying to contact other ships and seek external assistance.
The distress telegram sent by the Titanic
Among the several ships that responded, the Carpaphia cruise 107 kilometers away was the closest to the Titanic, but her speed was much slower than the Titanic. Traveling at the extreme boat speed of 17 knots (31 kilometers per hour), it also took four hours to reach the accident site. Another ship, the Temple Mount, responded that she had set up a new route towards the Titanic, but the route had been blocked by the ice floes.
In fact, the Californian was the closest that night (the two were only about 20 kilometers away). A few hours ago, it warned the Titanic about the severity of sea ice conditions, but it was caught by the telegrapher who was processing passenger information. Neglected.
and Stanley Lord, the captain of the Californian, ordered the stop of the ship at 22:30. He used binoculars to observe the bright spots 20 kilometers away, but he only regarded it as a small boat and did not take it to heart. After asking the telegrapher to give warning to the surrounding ships, he went back to his bedroom to rest.
Until the next day, at 1:00 am on April 1, the second officer on duty, Herbert Stone, saw 5 white flare bombs rising from a distance, but he was not sure what the flare bombs meant, so he went to the chart room. Reported what he saw to the captain, but the captain did not take action on this report.
At 1:30, the sinking angle of the Titanic in the water continued to increase. At this time, the seriousness of the situation was obvious to the passengers on the boat deck. They knew that the huge ship was going to sink and there were not enough lifeboats on board. People Begin to despair, and this despair reached its peak with the failure of the ship's power supply system.
In the darkness, the roar of the chimney has already stopped, only the whirring cold wind mixed with one after another crying spreading on the deck, there were also a few shots in the middle. It was the second Charles Letolle jumping on several intentions. The man on the lifeboat fired a warning shot.
But this did not succeed, and the few people successfully jumped onto the lifeboat.
At 2:05, the last lifeboat was lowered with 25 people. At this time, the captain walked to the deck for the last patrol. He told the telegrapher and the other crew members:
"Escape for your own lives."
Submerged by sea water, the deck and stern were raised high and slowly plunged into the sea in a diagonal way.
sank the rest of
, some of them started looking for something to escape, but more chose to say goodbye to the world. As in the movie, some couples cuddled with each other and waited for death; after American businessman Benjamin Guggenheim gave up his lifeboat position to a female passenger, he returned to the first-class suite and took off his life jacket and warm sweater. Change into an evening dress and a top hat, and then tell the waiter:
"We are ready, even if it sinks, we will be like a gentleman." The two bands on the
ship still insist on playing.Responsible for different time periods and areas, but on the same day, they came to the deck and completed the first and last ensemble between each other.
At 2:18, a huge bang came, and the huge body of the Titanic was broken from the middle, and the turbulent water was like a hungry beast, frantically tearing the ruined hull.
Two minutes later, this "unsinkable" ship of the century completely disappeared from people's vision, leaving only debris on the ground and the victims who were struggling frantically in the water.
and it only took 2 hours and 40 minutes from when it hit the iceberg to sink completely.
The temperature on the sea has dropped to freezing point, and the temperature in the water is even a lethal -2°. Staying in such seawater is tantamount to a thousand cuts. It only takes a few minutes to cause cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, and coldness. Shock, hypothermia; within 15 to 30 minutes, hundreds of people will die collectively due to cardiac arrest or other physical reactions.
And at this time, the lifeboats have not gone far.
Although they were hovering on the sea a hundred meters away, and although there were still a lot of vacancies on the lifeboat, no one chose to turn around to save people. The
survivors were worried that they would capsize in the process of saving people. Among them, the No. 6 boat-the helmsman Robert Hichens, who had been allowed to board by the second officer Letoller before, told the women on board that it was "useless to go back." , He shouted, "There are only a lot of zombies. It is us who are alive now, not them."
In this way, more than ten lifeboats drifted farther and farther, only the No. 4 lifeboat remained near the sinking location of the Titanic, and the distance was lower. The sinking site was only 50 meters away, and they immediately rowed the boat back to rescue those who fell into the sea.
About 20 minutes later, as the person who fell into the sea lost consciousness and died, the crying and cry for help on the sea began to disappear. The five mate Harold Lowe who commanded lifeboat No. 14 instructed the other crew:
"Before we wait for the rescue boat, we must shout loudly to keep people conscious and rescue them quickly."
Immediately after sinking, he leaned several lifeboats together, diverted many passengers on his ship, and vacated many places. Then he brought 7 crew members and 1 male passenger who volunteered to the shipwreck site to try to find the survivors. The entire operation of
took about 45 minutes. When the No. 14 lifeboat returned to the sinking site, almost all the people who fell into the sea lost consciousness or died, and only a few people could still hear the sound.
Harold Lowe immediately rescued the four men who had fallen into the sea, but one of them died shortly afterwards.
At 4 o'clock on April 15, the survivors waited for the Kabofia who came to rescue.
At 9:15, two other ships appeared to participate in the rescue-the Temple Mount freighter and the Californian cruise ship.
When the Californian telegraphers were on duty again, they learned of the disaster-but there were no more survivors to rescue. Three days after
followed by
, the Carpafia arrived in Hong Kong smoothly. At this time, the disaster of the century had already spread to the world through wireless telegraphy. While mourning the loss of lives in the disaster, the sad people strongly condemned the White Star Shipping, and their anger focused on several questions:
1. Why are there so few lifeboats?
2. When many people die, why does White Star Shipping boss Bruce Ismay only save himself?
3. Why does the Titanic sail at high speed in the dangerous ice floe area? In addition, the victims are determined to "awaken public opinion to ensure the safety of future ocean voyages", and wrote an open letter to the New York Times, urging governments to revise maritime safety laws.
Under pressure from public opinion, two years after the Titanic accident, that is, in 1914, various countries reached a consensus on maritime safety regulations and passed the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. These two measures are still being administered. Maritime safety worldwide. More than a century has passed since the
Titanic accident. If we carefully review the causes and consequences of the incident, we can find that its sinking is almost an inevitable result.
is an arrogant and profit-only captain who is a high-level company with poor commanding ability, a crew with a shortage of experience, chaotic evacuation, lax maritime safety laws, and even the unique background of the times...
It is difficult to attribute the main responsibility for this accident to any one of them, because this is the result of their joint efforts.
Tombstones of the victims of the accident
If the telegrapher on the Titanic can communicate the Californian’s warning to the captain; if the White Star Shipping Chairman Bruce can order the ship to stop immediately after being touched by ice; if the captain is able to stay in danger at a critical moment, Issue effective and accurate instructions; if the crew can be more familiar with the operation of lowering lifeboats; if the relevant maritime laws can be more strict...
even if only one of them is done, I think the damage from this accident will not be the case It is painful, at least there will be hundreds of survivors.
But there are so many ifs in the world, and the consequences of every mistake can only be made up for by something more precious.
And it was hundreds of lives that made up for this accident.
cherish the memory of Titanic, the memory of the dead.
(to this point)
