""Gentleman" has always been disdainful of doing "blood on his hands". The UK only "slightly provocative" Sarawak and Brunei locals are "already intense" The contradiction.
Authorl大尾熊
European modern history lovers
There is a small country south of China and north of the equator, called Brunei . Friends who have paid close attention to the map of Southeast Asia may find that the territory of Brunei is divided by Malaysia into 两半, and the east and west parts are both in the "territorial encirclement" of Malaysia.
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However, Brunei in history once had a glorious past and a vast territory. In the heyday of 文莱帝国, its entire territory occupied the entire island of Kalimantan and now Barra in the Philippines. Wang Island and part of Luzon...
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Everything has to start from the beginning.
From weak to strong-Brunei savior, "side by side king" Huang Senping
"Brunei" was not originally the name of this country. This land was first called "浡泥" or "Bharat", the latter comes from the ancient Chinese name of Kalimantan.
浡泥国 has had a history of close and friendly exchanges with China since 北宋时代. It has been dispatched twice in the second year of Taiping Xingguo in the Northern Song Dynasty (977) and the fifth year of Yuanfeng (1082) Messengervisithua.
Hunni was enslaved by 马六甲王朝 and Jawa Manjapahit dynasty in history. It was not until the 14th century that the Huni kingdom was controlled from the Malacca Kingdom. In the true sense, 独立.
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However, at that time, the nation’s national power was declining and its military morality was low.
浡泥国Located in Nanyangzheng 中心, the geographical and commercial conditions are superior. Because of this, the south of Huni State is often threatened by the Java State. It has repeatedly asked Huni State to pay tribute, otherwise it will take the coast by force. Residents, burn, kill, and looting.
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Misfortunes never come singly, east of Huni is the Sulu country in the southern Philippines. At the same time, it continues to harass the coastal areas of Huni, which is even more threatening and even attempts to annex. Fall out of the hunni country. It can be said that it is 四面當歌, the people do not live.
The peaceful life of "boil the sea as salt and make wine as wine" described in ancient books by Huni no longer exists.
In the middle of the 14th century, at the end of Yuan Dynasty, the officials of the Yuan dynasty of 不民心 were corrupt, and the people were not living. Natural disasters also ruthlessly destroyed the hope of ordinary people's lives.
Yuan Dynasty end-year uprising
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The Yellow River is flooding, and the folk rumor that "Mo Daoshi's one eye provokes the Yellow River against the world" spread all over the Yellow River, and the Red Turban army blew it. The horn of resistance sounded all over the mountains and the Yuan Dynasty was plunged into turmoil.
The people of the land of Shenzhou are the same as the people of the Huni country at that time, trapped in 水深火热.
At that time, a young man named Huang Yuanshou came out of the Quanzhou area on the coast of Fujian. He was repeatedly appreciated by Zhu Yuanzhang for being able to conquer and fought, and he was an official to the Tengchong Guard in Yongchang, Yunnan. Zhu Yuanzhang specially named 黄森屏, and sent him to foreign countries, looking for 黄金 (Zhu Yuanzhang was still short of money at the time).
黄森屏
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So Huang Senping tookWith their families and some local people in Fujian who suffered from famine and war, they traveled south from the coast of Fujian to search for the so-called golden foreign states (one is now the southwestern coast of Myanmar). Of course, this golden kingdom does not exist at all. .
After years of incident, we have no way of knowing how dilapidated the ship Huang Senping and his party were riding on was, how insufficient the food was, and how many winds and waves were even encountered in the South China Sea. But we can learn some information from the historical records of Brunei.
Huang Senping and his group landed at the mouth of a large river in eastern Borneo. When they were exhausted, a shipwreck occurred and some of them broke their arms. The local aboriginal people called this river "Zhinabatangan River", meaning "Chinese 断手之河".
支纳巴唐岸河
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After going through hardships, Huang Senping gained a foothold in the local area and began to use the advanced productivity of the Central Plains to make efforts Develop coastal land , Destroying forests and reclaiming wasteland, teaching locals to produce, planting rice, and fishing out (today East Malaysia also has specialties of southern Fujian, Fujian meat dumplings, fried fish cakes, fried kway teows)...
They are working as hard as we are today in this foreign land, striving for a better tomorrow.
Huang Senping relied on the advanced productivity of the Central Plains and the hard-working Chinese, and the local leader or hit or and to successfully consolidate a "small China" sphere of influence in the South China Sea, and became famous.
Fan people respectfully call him "拉阇(she two sounds)" (meaning "king"), and the Fujian militia who comes with him call him "Huang Zongbing" in a true sense ".
At the time, the 浡泥国素丹 Mahmosha heard of Huang Senping’s reputation and decisively realized that it was a good time to save the invaded Huni country from the fire and water, so he quickly sent his men to黄森屏求援.
"After three cups of wine, you will become a confidant", Makhmosha hit it off with the Fujian hero Huang Senping.
He not only married his daughter to Huang Senping, but also let his younger brother Ahmed marry Huang Senping’s sister Huang Yuanli, and grandly gift Huang Senping the title of "同肩王", of course. I hope to fight side by side with Huang Senping to drive away the invaders.
The facts are true. Huang Senping, who has even fought against the Yuan army and the Nanyang, will certainly not be afraid of the small Sulu country. He has led the soldiers of the Junni Kingdom and the Fujian militia to succeed again and again. Repelling The invasion of the Sulu country, the Huni country successfully avoided the fate of the fall of the country.
The soldier of Sulu in the film and television drama
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140 Makhmosha Sudan died in 2 years. The Huni Dynasty experienced internal power struggles, and finally Huang Senping 众望所归, who has experienced many battles, became the king of the Huni Kingdom.
黃森機個遊時不忘老土, leaving his sister Huang Yuanli to guard Funni, regardless of his old age, Beidu paid tribute to Daming in the name of Funni Kingdom, and Ming Chengzu happily received him.
The King of Nanyang and the Emperor of China in the film and television drama
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Unfortunately, Huang Senping has been unable to bear the toil of the journey, and died in 1408年12月. Before his death, Huang Senping still had two wishes. One was that Daming could include the Huni Kingdom and its sphere of influence in the Chinese territory, "改土归流"; the other was to "bury the body and soul in China" on the Chinese soil. rest in peace.
Although Ming Chengzu agreed to him, the promise of inclusion in the territory was lost because of 海禁政策 in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. Because of this, the power of China has almost completely withdrawnNanyang.
But the history of Huni country will continue with Huang Senping's influence.
Today, today, there is still the Tomb of the King Funni (also known as the Tomb of Manarjana) built by Ming Chengzu for Huang Senping in Shizigang outside Andemen, Yuhuatai District, Nanjing.
Nanjing Boni King’s Tomb
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Two lines on the Brunei flag slash One of them refers to Huang Senping. Brunei still repaired the "Tomb of Huang Zongbing" in Brunei through the ages, and was sacrificed by the Brunei royal family from time to time.
Brunei national flag
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A ray of Chinese blood is mixed into the bone marrow, and the history of the Huni country will continue.
From Prosperity to Enslavement-the Modern and Contemporary History of Brunei’s Humiliation
attributed to Huang Senping and his later King of Funni 黄克孙, from 1408年Funni Since the beginning of the kingdom, relying on Huang Senping’s military virtue and the protection of Daming, expansion, in 1500 years completely occupied the entire Kalimantan Island, and partially annexed the Sulu Sultanate that had bullied him. .
This entire "Borneo Empire" period can really be said to be the proudest moment for Brunei people; it was also during this time that the title of Huni country was changed to "大文莱帝国", Known as "Brunei" in history.
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But the great scene of the Great Brunei Empire is not long at all. In the middle of the 16th century, it was the beginning of the Western era of great voyages. As Magellan circled the world, the Western colonial rule also arrived on schedule.
First Spain, who had been infected with the blood of Indians, took the Philippines with guns; even Brunei was captured and looted by the Spanish.
The Spanish entered the Indonesian archipelago
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followed by the fierce Netherlands and Portugal competed with Portugal for the southern Java and established the East India Company. Spices made countless Europeans blush. The south bank of Kalimantan, which is suitable for spice planting, was directly classified as a reclaimed farm in the Netherlands 东 India公司 without even a sound, and became today's Machen and Samarinda.
Dutch East India Company
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Dutch Indonesia
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Once a map workshop 4da1a7d# Under such circumstances, the Great Brunei Empire was forced to withdraw its power back to its original north shore, hoping to stay in the land of its ancestors.
With the European hegemony of Spain and the Netherlands, 日薄西山, the coming is "Pian Pian Gentleman" UK and France.
"Gentleman" has always been disdainful of doing "blood on his hands". The United Kingdom only "slightly added provided " to the "already fierce" conflict between Sarawak and Brunei.
184A British "gentleman" James Brooke assistance The Kingdom of Brunei went to suppress the rebellion around Kuching (actually based on him as the Governor of Sarawak Condition), Sarawak separated from Brunei the following year and established an independent 沙劳越王国, and claimed to be the Brooke Dynasty. The founder of the dynasty was the Lord James Brooke mentioned earlier.
James Brooke
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Brunei is naturally anxious and wants to rush to regain himselfLand of the ancestors.
But the royal fleet of "gentlemen" soon came to Brunei offshore.
184 In 6 years, the city of Hanni was occupied, Brunei was defeated, and was forced to sign «Labuan Treaty », ceding Labuan in Sarawak to the Brooke Dynasty of Sarawak.
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This is just the beginning of humiliation, realizing that Brunei’s inability to maintain a system of governance, the local ruling aristocracy soon fell and fell to the side of the British cannon ship.
So no one can stop the collapse of the Kingdom of Brunei.
1853, 1861, 1883, 1890, 1905 in Brunei, just the right " Rebellion " broke out, by this unconvinced " The "Four-unlike" kingdom came forward to "suppress" the rebellion with "justifiably", and "买" these territories were enriched into the kingdom of Sarawak, and its territories formed the present state of Sarawak.
Sarawak State
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188 In 8 years, Brunei became the British protectorate. In order to cut off Brunei’s confidence in restoration, at the same time humiliate and humiliate Brunei. The Brunei royal family dared to resist. Among them, the Sarawak "rebellion" of 1890 annexed 林梦地区 that separated Brunei today and became part of the Kingdom of Sarawak.
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The United Kingdom transferred the entire Kingdom of Brunei to North Borneo Standard Chartered and became a part of the British colony.
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From Greater Brunei to Little Brunei-Unyielding Resistance
The British incorporated Brunei into the colony by all means, naturally because of the profitability. In addition to Brunei’s excellent geographical location and commercial port conditions, there is also precious 油.
As early as 1899, the British drilled the first exploratory well in Banda-Seri-Biga Bay. Finally, in 1929, Shell Petroleum Company successfully ejected oil from the exploratory well S-1 of Shiliya. The Shiliya Oilfield produced 1 billion barrels of crude oil until 1991 year.
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Such a huge oil wealth is from the United Kingdom 独享, no matter which country it is, it will be jealous; at that time, aggressive Japan threw out the "Basic National Policy Outline", It is clearly stated that the crude oil of Borneo shall be used for its own use.
Shell Oil Company
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As expected, Japan focused on attacking Brunei during World War II, and the Kingdom of Brunei suffered from the British civilization "戲戲" again Had to be trampled by the iron hoof of the Japanese invaders once. The Allies paid a huge price, and World War II finally came to an end with Japan's defeat.
The war is over, but when the Japanese invaded, Britain and the Netherlands were completely powerless to protect the colony. Only the inability of the colonial people to be poisoned could let the Brunei people see the reality; this brought about the post-war great The scale of the nation Independence Movement .
After the 1950s, there was a lot of anti-British rule. During World War II, the Netherlands had already had enough control over Indonesia but lacked enough power. So Indonesia took the lead in independence in 1945 and was finally officially recognized by the Netherlands in 1949. The British scolded the Dutch for not being able to keep up with their ancestors' inheritance.
Indonesians fight for independence
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But since the trend of thought cannot be blocked, then when retreating, we must also seek the interests of 大的, this is the British. idea.
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Indonesia has become independent. In such a large regional country, it is inevitable to think about the rich oil resources of the Strait of Malacca and North Borneo, which indirectly equals the thought of British property. In fact, in the early stage of Indonesia, it was indeed planned to unifiedNorth Borneo.
Britain, who is good at "supporting the enemy and dealing with the enemy", thinks that if Southeast Asia is broken up into a country of its own, it will inevitably be affected by Indonesia. It is better to integrate into a country, but it is beneficial to confront Indonesia. This is the concept of "马来亚联合".
In 1962, Britain vigorously promoted the "Malaysia Plan". But Brunei people can die or die, they have already seen see clearly.
There are three reasons.
First, the allocation of petroleum interests . If you join Malaysia, the oil interests will inevitably be handed over to the Federation of Malaya Government. Brunei is not interested in sharing one more person's golden rice bowl.
Today, Brunei’s oil exploration and production
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Secondly, among the Malaysian states, Brunei is almost the latest to join the British colony and has the longest history. As early as the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, it was a 独立王国. No matter what, it is not a direct colony of Britain, but a nominal protectorate.
In the end, Indonesia wants to fight over, and it is not necessary to pass through Sarawak and Sabah first. This makes Brunei people have the courage and determination to resolutely resist this proposal.
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Annoyed the "seemingly moderate" British gentleman. The United Kingdom granted Malaya federal independence in 1957, and it made Sarawak's Limbang County always stuck. At the two ends of Brunei, 恶心 Brunei.
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But Brunei is a 硬骨头, even this will never yield. Finally, in 1971, the United Kingdom could not withstand the scolding of the international community and signed a treaty with Brunei, gaining complete internal independence, but diplomacy was still controlled by the United Kingdom.
Until the end of 1983, Brunei won full independence.
After independence, Brunei relied on abundant oil and gas resources to make a fortune. Although the territory has shrunk to only a small area, it is one of the best in Southeast Asia. 富裕, with very high welfare and living standards.
Per capita GDP of Southeast Asian countries (2017)
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But the Linmeng area’s barrier to Brunei is more like this once huge The empire’s scar . Although the Brunei royal family is dressed in glamorous fashion, it is a shame that will never be erased.
Brunei has not healed, the scars have forgotten to hurt, and I still have to worry about it.
To this day, Brunei still has not given up its claim to the Limbang area, even if this time the small Brunei has a relationship with the relatively large Malaysia 力量, Brunei is still deadly firmRequires the sovereignty and territory of the Linmeng area.
林梦地区
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I think, in Brunei today, we can still vaguely see Huang Senping’s backbone and soul.
References
History of Colonialism-Southeast Asia Volume. Liang Zhiming
Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. Nicholas Tallinn
The History of Brunei. Sura Vivi Yefanova
