Text/Zhang Xiuyang
According to historians and sexual culture scholars, marriage in matriarchal society is based on group marriage and hybridization, and people know their mother but not their father. With the development of social productivity and the emergence of surplus products, men gradually occupied a dominant position in production, and the matriarchal society gradually changed to a patriarchal society. At this time, in order to pass on his property to his children of his own blood, the man began to strictly demand his wife's chastity. In this way, group marriages and hybrids gradually disappeared and the single marriage system began to be established. However, this is a long development process. From group marriage and hybridization to single marriage system, there are many contradictions and conflicts. Abandoned son and killing the first son is one of the manifestations of these contradictions and conflicts.
However, due to the initial stage of single marriage (polygamy or monogamy), the sexual intercourse customs of joint marriage and pair marriage have not yet been eliminated. Women can have sex with multiple men before marriage, so most women get married after pregnancy. Of course, the first child is not necessarily the husband's blood. In order to choose the property and family inheritance rights of their own children, the husband will kill or throw away the first child born to his wife and concubine. This is the cruel custom of "killing the first son" and "abandoning the son" in sexual culture and marriage history.
"Chu Ci·Tianwen": "Ji Wei Yuanzi, who is the emperor? If you throw it on the ice, why does the bird burn it?"
translated, that is, " Hou Ji was originally the eldest son of the legitimate son, why did the Emperor ruthlessly poison? Throw him on the ice, why did the bird cover it with its wings to bring warmth? "
These two questions are the great poet's inexplicable questions about the custom of "killing the first son" and "abandoning the son". This question has been answered for thousands of years, and it is still debated today.
Wang Yi's " Chu Ci Zhangju " bets: "Yuan is a great one. Emperor means the Emperor of Heaven. Zhu is a great one. ... Zhu is a great one. "Zhu is a great one." Hong Xingzu's "Chu Ci Bu Notes" quoted in "Er Ya": "Zhu is a great one, the same as Du." However, why did the emperor "put it on the ice" again "thank it"? It is inconsistent with reason. Jiang Ji of Qing Dynasty said in the "Shandaige Notes on the Chu Ci": "According to the three words "Zhu, Du and Du" are common. ...This article is suitable for the use of Zhu and Du. It is said that Ji is the son of the Yuan Dynasty, and the emperor should love it, so why should he suffer it?" Hu Wenying said in the "Qu Sao Zhizhang·Volume 3": "Zhu and Du are connected, such as " Shanhai Jing " that "Tianzhu" is used as "Tianzhu". ... Poisoning means that he is unwilling to collect and abandon it." In other words, Ji is the eldest son of Emperor Ku. For the eldest son, who originally wanted to inherit the throne, why should he poison and abandon it?
"The Book of the Great Dai Rites·The Emperor's System": "The Emperor's Concubine was the son of the four concubines, and they all had the world. The concubine had the daughter of Tai, called Jiang Yuan, who gave birth to Hou Ji; the concubine had the daughter of the Emperor, called Jiandi , who gave birth to Qi; the concubine Chen Long, who gave birth to Emperor Yao; the concubine Zuo Zi, who gave birth to Emperor Zhi." This record proves that Ji was indeed the eldest son of Emperor Ku. Regarding the arrival of this eldest son, when Lao Tzu's Emperor Ku took a damn move, the records in " Records of the Grand Historian: " are more detailed and magical: "After Ji was born, his mother thought it was ominous, and abandoned it in the narrow alleys, and those who passed by horses and cattle did not perish; when they moved into the forest, there were many people in the mountains and forests, they moved it; and on the ice in the canal, birds recommended it with their wings. Jiang Yan thought it was a god, so he adopted it. He wanted to abandon it at first, so he called it "gathering."
In this record, Ji was thrown on the small road in the alley, and the cattle and horses did not step on him, and threw him on the ice, and the birds used their wings to protect him, which was painted with a layer of mythical color; the question is why he should abandon him? It is very likely that he is not so glorious in childbirth because he is not from his father's blood.
Ji's mother is Jiang Yuan, and it is amazing that she is pregnant with this son. Once she went to play in the wild and saw a huge footprint on the ground. Jiang Yuan stepped on it. This step happened to make a big deal, and Jiang Yuan became pregnant with Ji.
Mr. Wen Yiduo wrote in "A Study of the Traces of Jiang Yuanlu" on a poem "Shengmin": "Since the poem records the symbolic dance played during the sacrifice, the plot and the truth of its ability are far away from it, and it is not enough to say.The truth was that when he was farming, he was just a combination of people and wild things. Later generations disliked the combination of wild things, so he said that the traces of people were lu and wanted to be miraculous, so he called the traces of emperors. ”
In addition, according to "Shengmin", Ji was born in a winter with "ice", and the time of pregnancy should be spring, which is also in line with the "Zhou Li·Diguan Situ": "In the middle of spring, we will meet men and women. So at that time, those who run can't help but run. "The record of ". Zheng Xuan's notes say: "In the spring, yin and yang are in harmony to form rituals and follow the heavenly times." Among them, "the one who runs cannot resist", that is, men and women are combined by themselves without "medial". "Mozi Minggui" says: "Yan has an ancestor, and the country of Qi, the Song has a mulberry forest, and the Chu has a cloud dream, which is where men and women belong and observe." Sun Yirang's "Mozi Jiangu" quotes Zheng Xuan's notes saying: "Affiliation is just like a combination, and gathering." Based on this, we can say that the abandoned mother Jiang Yuan is indeed with others In spring, the age of marriage is conceived, and this kind of "combination" is not a "wild marriage" in the modern sense, but it is very likely that "'then the time is also uncontrollable' is also a kind of etiquette, that is, a system norm."
According to some scholars, the era in which Jiang Yan was in an era when only knowing his mother but not his father. The "Punaru Marriage" mentioned by American ethnologist Morgan in his book "Ancient Society" is popular. , which is the second family form mentioned by Engels in "The Origin of Family, Private Property and the State", "It is uncertain who is the father of a certain child, but it is certain who is the mother of a child."
For the Emperor of the Great Emperor, he was probably confused by whether the eldest son was his own. Because at that time, he "only knew his mother but not his father", or "all saints had no father." So, for In order to ensure the purity of the bloodline of the Emperor's family, this eldest son, who had an unknown origin, would rather kill a thousand people by mistake than letting go. So the scene of "abandoned son" or "killing son" appeared.
From a rough perspective, the reasons for "killing the first son" quoted by the above documents can be roughly classified as: one is "for his younger brother"; the other is "sweeping the heart and correcting the world", that is, correcting the bloodline. Among them, the second statement has been recognized by many scholars, and the representative figure Zhang Binglin said in "The Preface of the Castes": "When the father's line was created, the husbands were all jealous of their sons, and their mothers were very jealous. Therefore, Qiang and Hu killed their first son, so they were distracted from the world (Wang Zhang of Han to Emperor Cheng). ...When the wife first came, she suspected that she had taken the family and left behind her, so she gave up her elders and became a child. Their inheritance was also due to the youngest son. "
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