. Styling characteristics
Xuande porcelain has a kind and solemn shape. No matter the large sketches, the production is very exquisite. Even if the shape of the instrument is large, it is not dull, heavy and clumsy. It has a wide variety of products and a wide range of unique works.
Common types of instruments:
plum bottle, small mouth plum bottle, jade pot spring bottle, gallbladder bottle, four-sided Japanese horn bottle, flat belly ribbon gourd bottle, pendant bottle, cong bottle , small wall bottle, aromatherapy, back pot, holding pot, teapot, monk's hat pot, military holding pot, pomegranate bottle, lid bottle, lion lid bottle, melon edge bottle, xuan jar, turn head candle, bird food jar, cricket jar, eight-sided candlestick, lion button square seal, box, turtle, lamp, bean, bowl, three feet The barrel furnace, pen tube, bucket, folding edge basin, flower pot, daffodil basin, sunflower washing, bowl, rock, brick, jue, dice helmet, close bowl, bowl, sunflower mouth bowl, chrysanthemum mouth bowl, chicken heart bowl, lying foot bowl, big pier bowl, ten-ring bowl, ten-ring high-legged bowl, high-legged bowl, high-legged cup, closing plate, sunflower mouth plate, folded edge plate, cup holder , large jar, large plum bottle, day ball bottle , large mouth bottle, flat pot, fish tank, large flower pot, sunflower mouth plate, closing plate, etc.
2. Pattern and pattern features
blue and white patterns of the Xuande period have outstanding characteristics of the times. They are not only bold and vivid in painting, but also have smooth and fluent brushwork, with both thickness and thinness, but also have a wide range of content and themes.
In the past, it was believed that the Ming Dynasty's Wingdow Dragon and Flower-Wedding Dragon Pattern utensils began with Zhengde. According to real evidence, the era of appearance can be traced back to the Hongwu, Yongle period or earlier. In addition, in the past, it was generally believed that characters were rarely depicted in "Xuanqing", but now, from the utensils and related materials, I found many rich character scenes. Combined with the large number of characters with characters as the theme that appeared in Qinghua porcelain later, it further shows that the Xuande period had laid the foundation for vivid blue and white porcelain story figure paintings.
The commonly used craft decorations at this time include: printing, engraving, drawing, carving, cone arch, painting, etc.
3. Body and glaze characteristics
(I) carcass
During the Xuande period, porcelain clay was more refined and more meticulous and harder after sintering. The body of Yongle is fine and moist but not hard enough. Therefore, for the same size, the body of Xuande is more important than Yongle.
At the same time, the body of the Xuande instrument is also divided into thickness. The large vessel has many thick tires, and the base is an unglazed sand bottom. It is smooth and natural, without any spiral marks, and often has flint red spots. Later, it imitates Xuande objects, and the carcass is rigid and artificial, and clear spiral marks can often be seen on the sand bottom.
carcass body is generally cross-sectional and cross-sectional. Although the treatment is good, it can still be seen.
The body of the slurry body is loose and yellow in color, and the carcass is white in color, making the cross section impossible to sinter, and the sound of the buckle is hoarse.
(II) Glaze
Compared with Yongle, the glaze is still fine and moist, but has many orange peel patterns. As for blue and white vessels, the glaze surface is mostly green, which is called "bright green glaze". Some blue and white utensils have dense bubbles on the glaze surface, varying in size, and appear cloudy and mist-like, which is called "haze glaze", commonly known as "spicy glaze". This phenomenon of clouds and fog was particularly common in the imitation of Xuande tools in the Qing Dynasty. The high-temperature color glaze of
Xuande instruments all have glaze orange peel patterns and bubble density, with few exceptions. The glaze juice flows unevenly in the carving instrument, and drooping traces can be seen. Except for the large vessels with unglazed white sand base, the base of small and medium-sized vessels are mostly glazed, but the glaze color of the body and foot of the vessel is often different. The glaze surface of the utensil foot is as follows:
1. White and clean, with orange peel patterns and milky.
2. If the glaze is uneven, the color is white; a yellow color appears faintly in the white glaze, which looks like a smoke color, and is less bright, commonly known as "fish belly white" or "yellow sprout".
3. The blue-white one is crystal clear and bright. This phenomenon is common at the bottom of the object and slightly brighter than the body of the object.
4. If the slurry tire is opened, the teeth are yellow.
In addition, there are often emerald green or bright blue glaze at the edges and edges of the body and feet of the instrument.
The glaze in Xuande was the same as in Yongle, and there was no orange peel pattern, and then it increased; the white glaze appeared in the late stage, and orange peel pattern was rare.
The most imitations of Xuande utensils during the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, but the glaze color is blue and white, the glaze bubbles are consistent in size but not layered, and the orange peel pattern is too regular, which is also unnatural.
4. Key points for identification
(I) Styling
Xuande style is characterized by solemnity and thickness. Similar types of instruments are slight differences compared with Yongle, such as flat-bellied ribbon gourd bottles, flower waterings, high-foot bowls, etc. There are also many types of instruments containing foreign colors. At this time, there were many types and varieties, ranking first in the Ming Dynasty.
(II) Cases
Xuande instrument has a delicate body, with more fine sand bottoms, and rare marks of the carving instrument. Compared with Yongle, the carcass of similar instruments are thicker and firm.
(III) Glaze surface
Xuande glaze surface is orange peel pattern. The glaze surface of the blue and white ware is bright blue, with a slightly white glaze surface in the early and late stages, and a blue-white middle stage, with a very fine and moist glaze surface.
(IV) Pattern
The pattern changes to Yongle's slender style, making it look thick and bold, with vigorous brushwork. Especially with the powerful dragon pattern, it is the best in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
(V) Blue and white color
Xuande blue and white color have three color materials: imported "Su Niboqing" material, domestic material, imported and domestic mixtures. Among them, the "Su Ni Boqing" material is the most commonly used. The blue and white painted naturally dissipates, forming a thick condensed crystal spot that penetrates deep into the fetus.
The blue and white colors in the later period are either thick brown or gray, with less dizziness and spots.
(VI) format
Xuande porcelain has a significant increase in the number of official kilns in the year compared to Yongle period. It is generally six-character regular script style, and some of them also have four-character regular script styles or seal script styles. The location of the format is uncertain, and all parts of the body of the utensil are written.
(VII) The instrument has the following forms:
1. The instrument has many fine sand flat bottom wide ring foot, unglazed, no rotation marks, and flint red spots.
2. Bottles and jars have step-shaped bottoms and are convex continuously, which are original in Xuande (this type was also founded in Chenghua). The bases are all glazed and many signatures are signed.
3. Slope-type plate base, with a slightly concave center and shallow circle feet, the outer wall is inward, the inner wall is sloped, and the edges and corners are seen at the ridges; there are also opposite straight outer wall and inner slope feet. During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, it was imitated as a slope-style pan, which was round at the ridge of the foot, like a "loach back".
4, flush feet. The spine of the foot is like a knife cutting, but it is slightly more eye-catching than the Yongmu instrument.
5. High foot bowl and cup include flat bottom high foot, flat bottom shallow ring foot, bamboo joint or hollow handle foot. The first two high foot are handle hollow back cover style. Generally, the soles of high-handled feet are mostly glazed, but the flat bottom is a smooth and fine flat sand bottom.
6. Lying on your feet, arching your bottom, without ringing feet.
7. The exterior wall is restrained and the ring foot is bounded, and the exterior wall is restrained and the inner wall is steep and straight, and is mostly plate-type.
8. Straight wall ring foot. It is found in dice helmets and large bowls, and the inner and outer walls of the ring feet are both straight walls.
