propolis is a gelatinous substance formed by bees collecting secretions from plant buds and tree trunks, mixing secretions from their own maxillary glands and wax glands. It is a substance used by bees to resist the external diseases and pests of honeycomb , pathogenic microorganisms html A bee colony with 50,000 to 60,000 bees can only produce more than 100 grams of propolis [2], which is enough to show the rarity of propolis.
propolis is so
propolis has a variety of chemical ingredients and has a variety of pharmacological activities
propolis was officially included in the " Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China " in 2005. Its functions and indications are: " replenishes weakness, dissolves turbid lipids, quenches thirst; detoxifies external detoxification and swelling, and astringes muscle growth. It is used for physical deficiency, premature aging, hyperlipidemia, thirst ; external treatment of skin cracks, burns and burns " [3] .
Scientists have isolated and identified more than 300 chemical components in propolis, mainly including flavonoid compounds, acid compounds, alcohol compounds, alkenes, terpenes, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, ether compounds, amino acids, fatty acids and fatty acid esters, vitamins and minerals, etc. [4]. At the same time, the types and contents of propolis, such as the source of propolis, the geographical location, bee species, and the collection season of . For example, Brazilian green propolis is rich in atipilin C, while Chinese poplar propolis mainly contains flavonoids [5].
Due to the rich variety of chemical components of propolis, it has a variety of pharmacological activities [1]: such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory , antibacterial, anti-tumor, improve immunity, regulate blood lipids, blood sugar, etc. A large number of domestic and foreign studies have shown that propolis in almost all origins of have certain anti-pathogenic microbial activity. In addition to some common Gram-positive and negative bacteria, propolis has good antibacterial effects on periodontal pathogenic bacteria and even some antibiotic-resistant bacteria [6][7].
propolis has a long history of use, and its antiviral effects have become a key point in recent years
propolis. The application of anti-pathogenic microorganisms can be traced back to the Ancient Egyptian era. Ancient Egyptians learned to apply propolis as an anticorrosion material very early. The systematic study on the antibacterial function of propolis first began in the 1940s [8]. In the past 20 years, a large number of related research on the antibacterial activity of propolis have also been carried out, and as people's attention gradually increases, the antiviral effect of propolis has also attracted more and more attention.
Recent studies have found that propolis has good antiviral effects and can resist a variety of viruses: such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), influenza virus (H0N1, H1N1, H3N3, H3N2 and H7N7), herpes simplex virus (HSV1, HSV2), pseudorabies virus (PRV), livestock and poultry infectious virus, etc. . In addition to its direct inhibition and killing effect on the virus, propolis can also be injected into the body as an adjuvant combined with specific antigens, so as to enhance the body's -specific immune response to help the host resist and clear the virus [9].
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused the pandemic, and propolis has further attracted attention
2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on human health and economy. Researchers have begun to explore some natural alternatives that can be used as auxiliary treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection [10]. Propolis has received everyone's attention because of its relatively cheap price, wide application and high security [11].August 17, 2020, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy published an article in which reviews the potential of propolis to resist SARS-CoV-2 infection and treat COVID-19 disease [12]:
Overall, the mechanisms for propolis to resist the potential possibility of COVID-19 include the following Surface:
(slide left and right to view)
ACE2 enzyme: The potential mechanism of propolis assisted in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection
In the above potential mechanism of propolis resisting COVID-19, the inhibition of ACE2 enzyme is an important goal in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection and an important mechanism of propolis assisted in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 can bind strongly to ACE2, using this enzyme as a receptor to invade and replicate in host cells, causing damage and increasing interpersonal transmission. Therefore, ACE inhibitors are considered useful drug alternatives.
Osés et al. [13]
[13]
in vitro tests and found that most types of propolis have strong inhibitory effects on ACE, among which the propolis component catechin and the inhibitory effect on coumaric acid are the best. kaempol in propolis may also be an important component for combating COVID-19, because it can inhibit the expression of TMPRSS2 and in addition to its antiviral activity, it also interacts with ACE2, RdRp and spike glycoprotein (SGp).
(the main pathway for propolis to interfere with SARS-CoV-2 attachment to host cells, viral replication and pathological processes)
In view of the potential mechanisms found above, propolis may be used as a potential means to assist in the treatment of COVID-19 in the future. However, the current mechanism of propolis to resist COVID-19 is more limited to in vitro research. Only a few clinical trials have studied the effect of propolis to alleviate complications in COVID-19 patients. In the future, more clinical trial results on propolis will be published, which will further reveal and verify the mechanism of propolis' antiviral effect.
Propolis is suitable for consumption. Please purchase the blue hat
. Currently, limited clinical data support . 375-500mg of propolis are safe. [14][14]. Previously, propolis products on the market were mixed. In 2009, the Ministry of Health included propolis in the "List of Items Can be Used for Health Foods" (Wealth Fajianfa [2002] No. 51), and was included in the management of health foods and may not be produced and operated as a raw material for ordinary foods. Therefore, when buying propolis, you should remember to identify the blue hat.
References
[1] Jiang Chunhong, Lu Wuqing, Hu Tanghong. Overview of the pharmacological effects of propolis [J]. China Medical Guide, 2011, 9(17): 42-43+349.
[2] Shao Xingjun, Ma Haiyan, Mao Japanese. Methods of efficient and high-quality production of propolis [J]. China Bee Industry, 2011.
[3] National Pharmacopeia Commission. Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (Part 1) [M]. Beijing: China Medical Science and Technology Press, 2015: 358.
[4] Peng Liying, Liu Gongliang, Li Nanwei, Zhao Wenhong, Bai Weidong, Cai Jinxin, Tan Dongshan. Research progress in the detection of active ingredients of propolis [J]. Agricultural Product Processing, 2019(04): 75-78+83.
[5] Hu Fuliang. Research progress in chemical composition, quality control and biological activity of propolis [J]. Journal of Economic Zoology, 2017, 021(004): 187-196.
[6] Runyoro D, Ngassapa O, Kamugisha A. Antimicrobial activity of propolis from Tabora and Iringa regions, Tanzania and Synergism with Gentamicin [J]. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2017, 171-176.
[7] El-Guendouz S, Lyoussi B, Lourenço J P, et al. Magnetite nanoparticles functionalized with propolis against methicillin resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus[J]. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2019, 102: 25-33.
[8] Kuropatnicki, A. K., Szliszka, E., & Krol, W. (2013). Historical aspects of propolis research in modern times. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM, 2013, 964149. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/964149
[9] Hu Fuliang. Research progress on the antiviral effect of propolis[J]. China Beekeeping, 2020, 71(03):20-21.
[10] H. Maruta, H. He, PAK1-blockers: Potential Therapeutics against COVID-19, Med Drug Discov (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100039.
[11] D.A.C. Cusinato, E.Z. Martinez, M.T.C. Cintra, G.C.O. Filgueira, A.A. Berretta, V. L. Lanchote, E.B. Coelho, Evaluation of potential herbal-drug interactions of a standardized propolis extract (EPP-AF(R)) using an in vivo cocktail approach, J Ethnopharmacol 245 (2019) 112174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jep.2019.112174.
[12] Berretta, A. A., Silveira, M., Cóndor Capcha, J. M., & De Jong, D. (2020). Propolis and its potential against SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms and COVID-19 disease: Running title: Propolis against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy, 131, 110622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110622
[13] S.M. Oses, P. Marcos, P. Azofra, A. de Pablo, M.A. Fernandez-Muino, M.T. Sancho, Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Capacities and Enzymatic Inhibitory Activities of Propolis from Different Geographical Areas: Needs for Analytical Harmonization, Antioxidants 9 (1) (2020) 75, https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9010075.
[14] Berretta, A. A., Silveira, M., Cóndor Capcha, J. M., & De Jong, D. (2020). Propolis and its potential against SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms and COVID-19 disease: Running title: Propolis against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy, 131, 110622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110622
