Preface
Picture | Deng Xiaoping
On September 18, 1997, Liu Xiyao, the former Minister of Education, was interviewed by Luo Jianhua, a reporter from " Yangtze Daily ".
It was 20 years since the college entrance examination resumed. The Yangtze River Daily was preparing to plan a group of special topics "20 Years of College Entrance Examination". When the reporter worked hard to find the old man, the old man happily accepted the interview and prepared a large amount of desk information, including more than 60 treasured photos:
"There are Deng Xiaoping, Zhou Enlai, and the photos of the meeting where the college entrance examination was decided to resume at that time. This is the first time that the old man has provided these photos to the media."
hour hand turned back to September 1977, The Ministry of Education of China held a national college entrance examination in Beijing and decided to resume the national college entrance examination. As soon as the news came out, all the intellectuals were excited. The moment to change destiny is here.
"I was indeed the current Minister of Education who made the decision to resume the college entrance examination system, but that was mainly due to Comrade Xiaoping's credit. Without Comrade Xiaoping's decisive decisions and bold decisions, nothing could have happened."
The Minister of Education who fought the war
Many people may not have noticed it. As the Minister of Education, Liu Xiyao, was awarded the rank of colonel in 1955 and was promoted to the rank of major general in 1963.
is a soldier.
If you have never fought a war, how could you have such high military achievements?
Liu Xiyao is from Changsha, Hunan. He was born in 1916 at the level. His family is a big businessman and very wealthy. Liu Xiyao once studied in elementary school in Beijing.
In 1934, Liu Xiyao was admitted to the Department of Physics of Wuhan University with excellent results.
Picture | Liu Xiyao When he was young, he
It is said that he was admitted to the Department of Physics of Wuhan University and was strongly advocated by General Liu Xiyao's uncle. At that time, the whole family had high expectations for Liu Xiyao and always hoped that he could study abroad.
Ko, during his college study, Liu Xiyao was influenced by Marxism and was determined to embark on the revolutionary path.
that year was not peaceful. Since the September 18th Incident in 1931, the Japanese army not only occupied the three northeastern provinces , but also extended its tentacles to North China. However, the National Government and Chiang Kai-shek at that time still pursued the policy of "first to calm the country before fighting foreign countries."
Nanjing National Government successively signed the Hemei Agreement and Qintu Agreement with the Japanese invaders, selling off part of the ex-rights in North China to the Japanese invaders. Japan fully implemented the "Anti-Communist Autonomy Movement" in North China and launched political, cultural and economic invasions.
The whole country is in full swing
As the saying goes, "North China is so big that it can no longer accommodate a quiet desk" .
In order to oppose Japanese imperialism and North China Autonomy, on December 9, 1935, thousands of students from several universities and universities in Peking held a demonstration of anti-Japanese and national salvation, marking the outbreak of the " One 29 Movement ".
immediately launched a huge response across the country, and major cities such as Shanghai, Hangzhou, and Wuhan successively set off a climax of anti-Japanese demonstrations.
In August 1936, Liu Xiyao, who was only 20 years old, led the march of Wuhan University in response to the "October 29th Movement" in Peking.
After the outbreak of Anti-Japanese War , Liu Xiyao could no longer sit still. In October 1937, Liu Xiyao joined the Communist Party of China at school and set off for Qiliping, Hong'an County before graduation. So later, Liu Xiyao filled in the information in the Wuhan University column to "drop out".
Picture | Liu Xiyao
Intellectual Liu Xiyao joined the army and embarked on the journey.
Liu Xiyao went to Huanggang to lead the anti-Japanese work. He was assigned by the Hubei Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China and served as the secretary of the Huanggang Central County Party Committee. On the surface, Liu Xiyao was just a substitute teacher in primary school, but in fact, Liu Xiyao was in charge of the training of local cadres.
In October 1938, Zhang Tixue and Liu Xiyao officially launched the banner of the "East Hubei Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Advance Team" in the Hubei area. Zhang Tixue was the captain and Liu Xiyao was the political commissar. The troops later developed 400 guns.
Until the end of 1943, Liu Xiyao left East Hubei area. Liu Xiyao was very impressed by this experience of fighting guerrillas. He had described it in his memories:
"Although we did not build a large base in Dabie Mountains , it played a great strategic role: we surrounded the enemy across Wuhan from the east; in the anti-friction, I We almost 'muggled' the four columns of the anti-communist treacherous Cheng Ruhuai . Shen Guangwu's army collapsed later; the direct troops of the 39th Army could not withstand our attacks and were transferred away; then they led the main force of the Guangxi Army (189th Division), which supported the anti-stubborn struggle of the brothers of the East China 2nd Division and 7th Division. From a global perspective, it was precisely because we had a base and more importantly, there was a Wushan Mountain in the Big and Big Mountain that we were able to complete the above tasks. "
Although Liu Xiyao was responsible for more local work, he always held military positions. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Liu Xiyao served as the Minister of the Political Department of the Central Military Region of Shandong and the reconstruction of the Central Plains Military Region on May 9, 1948. Liu Xiyao served as the political commissar of the First Military Sub-district of the Jianghan Military Region, the secretary of the Daye Prefectural Committee and the political commissar of the Daye Military Sub-district.
1949 After the founding of New China , Liu Xiyao was transferred to the position of deputy secretary-general, secretary-general, and deputy secretary of the provincial party committee of the Hubei Provincial Committee. Although he had left the army, when he was awarded the title in September 1955, Liu Xiyaoren was awarded the title of colonel and was promoted to major general in 1963.
Photo | Some personnel from the front line command center of the first atomic bomb test took a photo, from left to Bi Qingtang, Zhang Aiping, Liu Xiyao, Liu Boluo, Zhang Yunyu, Yuan Huabing
"I'm making a car with a fake shot"
Two months after the founding of New China, Chairman Mao led a delegation to visit the Soviet Union for the first time.
At that time, Chairman Mao discussed with the Soviet leader Stalin to establish an automobile manufacturing plant in China.
However, after FAW was launched quickly, it quickly considered the construction of 2V.
In 1954, the central government approved Liu Xiyao, then the first deputy secretary of the Hubei Provincial Party Committee, as the director of the Second Automobile Construction Preparatory Committee. The initial location of Second Automobile was set in Wuhan, Hubei.
Even after many years, Liu Xiyao still has a deep memory of this time in Second Automobile.
In fact, my country's automobile project was just launched that year. At that time, the Ministry of Machinery Industry had no confidence in the construction of FAW in three years at the beginning. Later, with the support of the people of the whole country, FAW was successfully completed and put into production. Second Automobile, which has been launched in a hurry, is very short of construction funds, manpower and material resources.
In 1955, Erqi's site selection was changed to Sichuan. After several twists and turns, it was finally down.
Liu Xiyao worked on it for more than a year, but in the end he did nothing. In his later years, he recalled this incident and joked:
"I just fucked a car."
Although the car project was not completed in a hurry, Liu Xiyao soon ushered in the most important moment of his life.
As the deputy director of of the National Science and Technology Commission of , Liu Xiyao has been working tirelessly to develop two bombs and one satellite.
"We also want to do artificial satellite ! I think it is completely possible to do atomic bomb , hydrogen bomb, missile , I think it is completely possible to do 10 years of hard work."
Although China's conditions were still simple at that time, Chairman Mao was still full of confidence.
Faced with the successive withdrawal of Soviet experts, the question of whether we should continue to engage in two bombs has caused great controversy in the central government.
pic | Premier Zhou
In October 1961, Liu Xiyao and Zhang Aiping, then the deputy chief of staff, went to the Second Ministry of Machinery for inspection. After a month, Liu Xiyao conducted in-depth argumentation and investigation of the factories and mines under the Second Ministry of Machinery, and jointly proposed with Liu Jie, the Minister of the Second Ministry of Machinery, that
"in 1964, it can be made into an atomic bomb and nuclear explosion can also be carried out. "
Although faced with many difficulties, someone raised doubts about the development of the "two-year plan" for the atomic bomb. Liu Xiyao, along with the National Defense Science and Technology Commission and the National Defense Public Inspection Team, conducted detailed inspections and assistance, and again proposed:
" The two-year plan is completely feasible. "
On October 16, 1964, the first atomic bomb exploded successfully in Chinese history.
The first atomic bomb was tested. Liu Xiyao, as the deputy commander-in-chief of the test, after everyone evacuated from the cordon, Liu Xiyao solemnly handed the button key to the deputy secretary-general of the National Defense Science and Technology Commission Zhang Zhenhuan , and he pressed the button.
Although Liu Xiyao, as a non-professional, did not participate in the actual research and development The process, but his support is one of the important factors that contributed to the success of the two bombs and one satellite. After the atomic bomb was successfully tested, Liu Xiyao continued to devote himself to the development of the hydrogen bomb.
recalled his experience working in the field. Even in his later years, Liu Xiyao was still very moved:
"From 1963 to 1966, I stayed in Qinghai for more than a year, where the altitude was 3,200 meters. Due to the thin air and lack of oxygen, I also seemed to sleep but not sleep at night. At the beginning, there was no pressure cooker, and the rice and steamed buns were all raw. In order to make the appetizer, I had to bring a few bottles of the spicy hot pepper every time I went there, and I had to rely on it to eat. Life is really hard. "
Picture | General Liu Xiyao's later years
In August 1966, facing the possibility of work in the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Premier Zhou sent Liu Xiyao as the Prime Minister's liaison officer to enter the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Although Liu Xiyao's ability at the time did not reverse the bad situation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liu Xiyao was in the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The old master has taken on many scientific research projects.
, such as the first satellite of New China, Dongfanghong-1, went to the sky in 1970, was responsible for the investigation of restoring the Huaihai Plain, artificial synthesis of insulin, and synthesis of macromolecular nucleic acids, etc.
Considering the important task of satellite , Liu Xiyao suggested that the central government:
"change the artificial satellite project to be directly led by the National Defense Science and Technology Commission." "
The central government completely adopted Liu Xiyao's opinion, and Luo Shunchu was responsible for the organization and leadership of the satellite.
Although he faced many difficulties at the time, especially with human factors, Liu Xiyao still insisted on his leadership position and made great contributions to the success of these major projects.
What made Liu Xiyao sighed was that Premier Zhou's strong support for these scientific research projects.
Liu Xiyao has a straightforward personality and is not afraid of power.
Pictures | Liu Xiyao
By chance, Liu Xiyao accompanied Jiang Qing to meet foreign guests. Jiang Qing talked about his achievements when he participated in land reform in Hubei in 1951, and said to foreign guests that Liu Xiyao knew.
Liu Xiyao was unwilling to lie to her, so he said: "I only learned about these situations you said today. "
Because of various reasons, Liu Xiyao often faces the doubts around him and is difficult to argue. Premier Zhou then stood up and said:
" I asked Comrade Liu Xiyao to do this matter as I want. The matter has nothing to do with him. Don't cause trouble for him."
Personally experience resume college entrance examination
html In the early 670s, Liu Xiyao transferred Science and Education Group to work in the State Council and served as deputy group leader and group leader. Liu Xiyao has a deep understanding of the difficult work of the education front in the past.
In December 1976, Liu Xiyao was transferred from the Second Ministry of Machinery to the Ministry of Education as Minister.
After many years, when recalling his experience of just taking office at the Ministry of Education, Liu Xiyao was still a little moved. At that time, the Ministry of Education had a lot of work and was not very sufficient. Just facing letters from the people, Liu Xiyao had to transfer two secretary to take charge of the task. Responsible for this matter. The most important thing about
is that in the minds of the vast number of intellectuals, there is still one of the most important things, that is, to restore the college entrance examination system.
In fact, Premier Zhou had already paid attention to the admission examinations of colleges and universities earlier.
On October 14, 1972, Premier Zhou pointed out when meeting with Dr. Li Zhengdao:
"Young people who have a future in their development for learning social science theory or natural science theory do not need to work for two years after graduating from middle school, and can go directly to college, study and work. "
Picture | At the National Science Education Work Symposium in August 1977
1975, after Deng Xiaoping presided over the daily work of the party, government and military, he criticized the university enrollment methods and teaching quality at that time:
"We have a crisis that may have occurred in the education department, which has delayed the entire modernization level. "What role does universities play? Who are they cultivating? Some universities only have the level of secondary technical schools, so why do they have to run a university? There is no foreign language knowledge, mathematics, physics and chemistry knowledge, so what are the peaks? The middle peaks are not good, and there are still problems with the low peaks."
After Liu Xiyao presided over the work of the Ministry of Education, he also faced a series of dilemmas.
At the beginning of 1977, issues related to the enrollment of higher education institutions across the country were put on the agenda.
On June 29, 1977, the Ministry of Education of China held a national college enrollment work meeting in Taiyuan. Before the meeting, Liu Xiyao reported to the State Council on the admissions measures for higher education institutions and received instructions that " agree that this year's admissions will basically be in accordance with the original method ".
pic | Deng Xiaoping
Considering that many rules and regulations should be broken, Deng Xiaoping's initial idea was: 1977 took one year to prepare, and the college entrance examination was officially resumed in 1978. Half of the students were high school graduates, half from society, and then gradually got on track.
can make people who are deeply worried about the prospects of China's education even more anxious.
Liu Xiyao received a call from Jiang Nanxiang, who was in charge of work in Tianjin. From the phone, Liu Xiyao heard Jiang Nanxiang's anxiety:
"Cultivating talents is like planting crops. You must select good seeds and require higher education institutions to recruit students, not just based on the recommendations of the unit."
Jiang Nanxiang proposed on the phone that he hoped to allow him to select students in the city. Liu Xiyao thought about it over and over again, but finally agreed to his suggestion.
But on the day of the meeting, a representative from Tianjin City proposed on the spot that Jiang Nanxiang’s opinions did not represent Tianjin Municipal Party Committee . During the final discussion, this suggestion was invalidated.
In short, although the National Higher Education Enrollment Work Conference held at the end of June 1977 has undergone some changes and clearly stipulates that ordinary colleges and universities need to have high school graduation or equivalent to high school graduation, the enrollment methods still follow the past principles.
On August 1, Deng Xiaoping heard about Jiang Nanxiang while listening to reports from Fang Yi (then Vice Premier of the State Council) and Liu Xiyao, and praised his behavior:
"It means to dare to think and speak, and not hesitate. We must advocate seeking truth from facts."
During two consecutive days of meetings, Deng Xiaoping's clear thinking on higher education made Liu Xiyao and others feel enlightened.
pic | Professor Ha Quanxing
Deng Xiaoping proposed an idea at this time. A symposium on science and education work should be presided over recently, and a requirement for the Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Education:
"Look for some people who dare to speak and have insight, who are not administrative personnel, and who are talented in natural sciences to participate."
On August 4, 1977, under the auspices of Deng Xiaoping, the National Science Education Work Symposium was held in Beijing.
"This is a truly free-spirited symposium."
Associate Professor of Chemistry at Wuhan University called for reforming the enrollment system of colleges and universities that year. The opinions of experts also moved Deng Xiaoping. He said to Liu Xiyao around him:
"Is it still too late to resume the college entrance examination this year?"
6 Liu Xiyao was very happy, so he immediately answered:
"It's still time to postpone the enrollment for half a year."
After hearing this, Deng Xiaoping decided on the spot:
"Since there is still time this year, then we should re-write it! Take back the original enrollment report and rewrite it according to everyone's opinions. The enrollment involves millions of young people going to the countryside. We need to come up with a solution. Let's start to change this year, don't wait."
also because of Deng Xiaoping's proposal, the Ministry of Education has also begun to prepare one after another.
pic | In August 1977, participants in the National Science and Education Work Symposium took a photo
Considering that the National College Enrollment Conference would be reopened in August, Liu Xiyao presided over the compilation of the report. As a result, the first draft of the report sent to Deng Xiaoping was returned. At that time, most of the Ministry of Education were still conservative in their thoughts. A lot of words in the report did not conform to the situation facing the education front at that time and the problems that need to be solved urgently.
Deng Xiaoping later appointed Hu Qiaomu and Deng Liqun to help. Several people worked together all night long, and finally wrote the second version of the report and agreed after sending it to Deng Xiaoping for approval.
On August 13, 1977, the second national college admissions meeting was held in Beijing.
Even though Deng Xiaoping had set the tone of resuming the college entrance examination at that time, there were still great differences at the meeting at that time, and there was endless debate. The meeting lasted for more than two months and could not come up with a feasible plan.
On September 19, Deng Xiaoping convened a conversation between Liu Xiyao, the head of the education department, and pointed out clearly:
"The Ministry of Education must strive to take the initiative. You have not taken the initiative yet, at least it means that you are timid and afraid of making "mistakes" with me again. You must let go and catch them, boldly, and think independently. Find out the problem and do what you should do. The problems that should be solved by yourself will be solved by yourself; if you cannot be solved, report to the central government. In terms of education, you must understand the problem and solve it yourself. There are many problems, and you must figure it out. Now that the masses are in full swing, the Ministry of Education should not be a resistance. He clearly instructed: The admissions meeting should be concluded as soon as possible. The admissions documents should be modified, simplified as much as possible, and made it out as soon as possible. Do things quickly, don’t delay. ”
Picture | In December 1977, a certain examination room for the Beijing College Entrance Examination
Deng Xiaoping turned the world around in one sentence. A few days later, the new admissions report was successfully released.
On October 12, the State Council approved the "Opinions on the Admissions of Higher Education Institutions in 1977", stipulating that from 1977, the admissions system of higher education institutions will be reformed and the unified examination system will be restored.
Due to the rush, the national college entrance examination was resumed that year, and all work was not arranged. At that time, time was limited, and no national unified questions were made. Instead, local education departments set the questions themselves and then submitted to the Ministry of Education.
Liu Xiyao's son Liu Jianghan heard that the college entrance examination was restored and was about to try, but was dissuaded by his father. Liu Xiyao said to his son:
"I know all the questions in this exam. In order to avoid suspicion, you cannot take this exam."
Liu Xiyao's selfless spirit is admirable.
Picture | Liu Xiyao
The college entrance examination was resumed in 1977, which changed the fate of countless educated youth across the country. Many students who later entered the university were deeply impressed by this exam. On December 10, 1977, Liu Yuejin, who took the exam in Miyun Mountain District, remote suburbs of Beijing, still remembered many years later the composition title of the Chinese test "I'm in this year of fighting":
Liu Yuejin suddenly became excited and felt that this composition title seemed to be talking about himself.
Reprinted from: Walking History Book
copyright belongs to the original author, paying tribute to the original author!
Disclaimer: This article has indicated the source of reprinting. This article is reproduced for the purpose of conveying more information and is not for any commercial purpose. If there is any source labeling error or infringes on your legitimate rights and interests, please send a private message to us to delete it. Thank you.
