Abstract: In the past 60 years, Taiwan's agricultural management model with family farms as the main body has evolved and developed with the changes of rural society. In the arrangements of intensive farmland management, agricultural association financial organizations, agricultural production and sales organizations and agricultural social service systems, a cooperative modern agricultural management system has gradually formed a cooperative modern agricultural management system with core family farmers (farms) as the main body, gradually realizing the professional division of labor and large-scale production of agricultural operations, which not only achieves the internalization of the external effects of agriculture, but also exerts the maximum efficiency of small farmers' management. Learning from the experience of cultivating agricultural operators in Taiwan, the mainland should further strengthen the innovation of agricultural land system, the cultivation of new agricultural operators, the reform of agricultural land transfer system, and rural financial credit innovation, and accelerate the improvement of the agricultural socialized public service system and the agricultural science and technology promotion and application system.
In the past 60 years, the continuous innovation of agricultural production and operation models in Taiwan has played an important role in guiding agricultural development. It has gradually formed a production and operation main construction model with family farms (self-cultivated farmers) as the main body, diversified functions as the basis, and "core farmers + agricultural production and sales class" as the core. With the support of public policies and social service systems, it has improved agricultural operation efficiency and better adapted to the needs of modern agriculture and rich rural development. Overall, the connotation of Taiwan's "core farmers" is very similar and consistent with the concepts such as modern agricultural operators and new farmers widely discussed by mainland scholars in recent years. We will explore the experience and policy measures for the cultivation and development of modern agricultural operators in Taiwan. There is reference value and practical demand for promoting the development of new agricultural operators in mainland China.
1. Stage adjustment and formation and development of Taiwan's agricultural operators
From the perspective of policy evolution, the formation of Taiwan's modern agricultural operators mainly goes through three different economic development stages. The cultivation of its modern agricultural operators needs to be gradually cultivated and improved from the process of land reform, cooperative concepts, and the formation of core farmers.
(I) In the early stage of industrialization, family management with small farms as the core (1953~1968)
In the early stage of industrialization, Taiwan realized the overall economic strategy of "cultivating industry through agriculture". The main demand for agriculture is to provide low-priced and sufficient agricultural products, mobilizing farmers' enthusiasm and increasing agricultural product output have become the main policy goals. To this end, the "first land reform" policy of "the ploughing people have their own fields" was implemented. Through the reallocation of land rights, Taiwan's agricultural operators with small family farms as the core were created. Since then, the rapid development of Taiwan's industrial and commercial economy has driven the transfer of agricultural labor to non-agricultural areas, and the degree of part-time business of small family farms has further intensified. In 1965, small farms with arable land area of less than 0.5 hectares of accounted for as high as 58.8%, self-cultivated farmers accounted for only 39.8%, and part-employed farmers accounted for 60.2%. Family farms have diversified farming and camp-style operations.
(II) During the period of economic structure transformation, cooperative scale operation characterized by organization (1969-1980)
In the late 1960s, Taiwan entered the middle stage of industrialization of economic structure transformation. The economic form dominated by agriculture turned to an economic form dominated by industry and commerce. Economic policies shifted from "squeezing agriculture" to "supporting agriculture". The government's administrative intervention in agricultural production and sales gradually withdrew from the market, but the scale of agriculture is low, and rural labor is accelerating the transfer of industry and commerce, and extensive operation is emerging. In order to improve the efficiency of farming operations, in 1968, Taiwan began to promote the "second land reform", focusing on promoting the "farmland re-drawing" policy with land leveling, land rights exchange, and water and circuit supporting as the core, and basically realizing direct road access, direct irrigation and direct drainage of farmland in each hill. At the same time, without affecting the ownership of the land, it is encouraged to organize joint management classes with 10 hectares to 20 hectares of adjacent land and 10-30 farmers as a scale, and carry out agricultural management models such as "co-operation", "entrusted farming", "cooperative management", "company management", and "leasing management". More than 60% of family farms have participated in the new form of agricultural management. Some other farmers have participated in the business models of cooperative farms, cooperatives, production professional areas, etc. Cooperative large-scale management has gradually emerged, solving problems such as fragmented and fragmented land division and decentralized management of farmers.
(III) In the post-industrial era, modern farm operators with core farmers and production and sales teams as the core (1981 to date)
After the 1980s, Taiwan entered the post-industrial era. The agricultural policy goals shifted from the past to the increase in the "quantity" of agricultural products to the improvement of the overall "quality" of agriculture, and paid more attention to the improvement of farmers' living standards and the improvement of rural environment, so as to achieve a virtuous cycle of "production, life and ecology". In 1984, the policy of "accelerating agricultural upgrading and developing refined agriculture" was proposed. The goal of cultivating agricultural business entities was to cultivate 80,000 "core farmers" who understand technology, know how to operate and manage, and to drive the common development of surrounding farmers. In terms of policy measures, core farmers are encouraged to purchase and rent land to form a "moderate scale" (3 hectares of paddy fields). The goal is to enable family operators to basically achieve an income balance with non-agricultural operators. The original diversified "co-operation" organizations in rural areas have gradually been replaced by "production and sales class" organizations led by core farmers. The successful operation of the "Production and Sales Class" agricultural policies and practices has also become a symbol of the cultivation, improvement and development of Taiwan's agricultural business entities, and has become the most important and influential direction of Taiwan's agricultural production and operation in this period.
2. Organizational form and organizational characteristics of Taiwan's modern agricultural operators
(I) Cooperative operation of family small farms represented by "co-operation" and " entrusted operation "
Since the 1960s, Taiwan has begun to promote joint operation modes. In 1979, the "Implementation Measures for the Entrusted Operation of Farmland" and the "Implementation Measures for the Joint Operation of Family Farms" were formulated, and the organization of "co-operation" and "entrusted operation" were regarded as important policy directions for concentrating farmers' scattered land and expanding the scale of family farm operations. "Co-operation" is an organization in which 10-30 farmers jointly cooperate in the production and trading links such as land preparation, rice transplanting, harvesting, storage, transportation and sales, or a certain link is responsible for each household; "entrusted management" includes three forms: farming, partnership, and tenancy. On the basis that the principal handed over the land to the principal to cultivate, the "farming-on-place" is to collect wages in accordance with the contract, the "partnership" is to enter into a liability contract for the sharing of costs and benefits between the two parties, and the "tenancy" is to collect only a fixed amount of land rent.
This form of operation that combines small farms into large farms through the power of organization. The main characteristics are: First, part or all operations in the production link are concentrated, and the income of agricultural products is owned by farmers, and the operating costs are distributed according to actual conditions; second, the implementation of professional division of labor, that is, through the division of labor in the production link, the professional division of labor and cooperation in the agricultural product production process can be realized, reducing costs and increasing income. The third is to implement cooperative operation and joint transportation and sales of agricultural products, reduce transportation and sales costs and increase market sales revenue. According to the survey, about 13% of farmers participated in or handled entrusted operations at that time, about 25% were jointly operated, and about 20% were farmers who implemented entrusted farming in paddy fields.
(II) Agricultural cooperative operation represented by "cooperatives"
1974 "Interim Measures for Improving Farmers' Associations at All Levels" lifted restrictions on cooperative farms. Since then, the "Guiding Agricultural Cooperative Farms Improve Business Management Plan", "Guiding Cooperative Farms Implementing Cooperative Business Plan", "Guiding Agricultural Cooperative Farms Strengthening Business Management Plan", etc. have been successively approved, promoting the development of agricultural cooperative farms and the agricultural cooperation cause has regained vitality. To date, a relatively large and complete organizational system has been formed, becoming the main form of agricultural management in Taiwan. It mainly includes agricultural cooperatives, cooperative farms, agricultural production professional zones and other forms of cooperative management organizations. Its commonality is based on common needs and willingness to cooperate, based on the principle of equality, on the basis of mutual assistance organizations, and using cooperative management methods to achieve the purpose of reducing costs, improving operating efficiency and increasing competitiveness. Its main form is cooperative field. According to the business type, it can be divided into a franchise agricultural cooperative and a part-time cooperative farm: "Franchise" mainly includes production franchise and sales franchise, generally "sales franchise" is the most common, including sales of production means and transportation and sales of agricultural products; "Stand-alive" mainly refers to the operation of all or multiple links of production, including pre-production, during-production and post-production.
1. Cooperatives, cooperatives, and cooperatives
"Cooperatives" mainly handle the organizational business of agricultural production materials supply, agricultural product production, processing and transportation and sales, agricultural machinery and equipment utilization and agricultural labor, and through the agricultural cooperation system, it enhances agricultural operation efficiency. "United cooperative" is a joint between cooperatives, and "United cooperatives of cooperatives" is a re-joint coalition of cooperatives. As of 2014, there were 683 agricultural production cooperatives in Taiwan, including 676 units, 7 cooperatives, and 61,672 members. In addition, there are a large number of agricultural product transportation and sales cooperatives, such as the total number of members of the Qingguo Transportation and Sales Cooperatives in Taiwan Province reached 63,811, 580 cooperatives participated in the Taiwan Agricultural Cooperatives Federation, 99 cooperatives participated in the Fruit and Vegetable Transportation and Sales Cooperatives Federation, and 58 cooperatives participated in the Pig Raising and Production Cooperatives Federation. Through shareholding cooperation, these transportation and sales cooperatives have effectively promoted the transportation and sales cooperation of agricultural products such as fisheries, fruits and vegetables, pigs, potted flowers, tea, fruits and vegetables, flowers, and livestock.
2. The cooperative farm established in accordance with the cooperative regulations of the cooperative farm mainly uses the cooperative management form to hand over the cultivated land that some farmers or farmers who may become farmers are unwilling or unable to operate to the cooperative farm for operation. All farmers are responsible for all the operating expenses and share all the product harvests. Without changing the land ownership of the field staff, cooperative farms have become an important organization for agricultural cooperation in production, transportation, sales, supply, and utilization in grassroots rural areas of Taiwan. According to the survey, almost all cooperative farms in Taiwan are divided into farms. The average operating area of cooperative farms is more than 100 hectares, and the total area of commercial farms remains between 24,000 and 30,000 hectares, accounting for about 3% of the total cultivated land area in Taiwan. This kind of operating production costs are relatively low, which can increase the net income by about 30%. As of 2014, there were 225 farms in Taiwan, including 223 farms and 2 union agencies. Its characteristics: (1) The cooperative farm has legal status and has laws and regulations to protect the interests of the farmer; (2) The ownership of the land is separated from the management right, and the farmers still own the land ownership, and the management right belongs to the cooperative farm; (3) The cooperative farm implements joint operations such as large-scale mechanized cooperative operation.
3. Agricultural Products Professional Zone
The basic idea of setting up an agricultural production professional zone is to set up various professional zones based on the development potential of the location or section, such as crop distribution, geographical and urban conditions, market needs, etc. The common feature of professional zones is production specialization, and each specialized in producing one or several specific agricultural products. In addition to the investment and construction of production and sales public facilities in each district, the government will guide family farms to participate in joint operations, and cooperate with the promotion of agricultural mechanization operations, as well as land relocation, water conservancy development, product grading treatment, storage, transportation and sales equipment, etc., to expand the scale of business and form an industrial agglomeration. The original types of professional areas are mainly mixed grain crop production areas, special export crop production areas, agricultural and animal husbandry comprehensive business areas, etc. The "agricultural production area" is generally organized in 200 hectares and is jointly organized by several nearby small joint management teams. It is actually a large-scale joint venture organization that combines agricultural and commercial and production and sales. As of 2014, the total production area of Taiwan’s rice production and sales area and the flower and fruit export area is 26,302 hectares. Pingtung Agricultural Biotechnology Park and Taiwan Orchid Biotechnology Park have 75 and 63 operating manufacturers. By 2016, Taiwan has planned four group production areas in the north, central, south and east, and promoted cooperative production, sales and cooperation operations. It is estimated that the area of miscellaneous grain planting in 2020 is expected to reach 100,000 hectares.
(III) The production and sales integration and enterprise management represented by the "production and sales class"
The predecessor of the Taiwan Agricultural Production and Sales Class was the "agricultural research class" established by the township farmers' association in 1952 with the purpose of spreading new knowledge and technology for sowing. After several changes, it was renamed as "Co-operation Class" in 1985, and the "Agricultural Production and Sales Management Class Integration Registration Requirements and Tutorial Measures" issued in 1992 was officially named as "Agricultural Production and Sales Class". In 1994, the "Integration of Core Farmers Organizations and Tutoring Plan" was started, and the inventory, registration, filing, update, education and training and evaluation of seven important production and sales organizations, including vegetables, fruits, flowers, aquatic products, pigs, broilers, and laying hens, were carried out.In 1995, integrated tutoring for production and sales classes in seven major industries was implemented, and the types of production and sales classes were increased to 16 categories, and they actively tutored production and sales classes with corporate business philosophy. Agricultural production and sales teams are gradually moving towards enterprise-oriented operations. The agricultural production and sales classes have been transformed from an early educational, labor-combining and comprehensive joint management group to a comprehensive, professional and enterprise-oriented production and sales organization. In December 2001, Taiwan issued the "Agricultural Production and Sales Organization Guidance Measures" to strengthen the enterprise, informatization and institutionalization of agricultural production and sales classes. In September 2004, the "Agricultural Production and Sales Class Establishment and Tutoring Measures" was issued and implemented, including production and sales technology, enterprise management, talent cultivation, information system application, brand and marketing channels, and loan financing assistance. Its vision is to cultivate farmers with the ability to think about enterprise-oriented business management, promote enterprise-oriented business management of production and sales classes, improve agricultural operation efficiency, and promote sustainable agricultural development.
Agriculture production and sales classes have different levels of participation in joint operations, and their organizational operation types can be divided into 6: (1) Co-research type: combine farmers with the same interests nearby to jointly study business management technology, share knowledge, etc. (2) Co-procurement type: production and sales materials or equipment required for production and sales teams, implement joint procurement to reduce procurement prices, transportation costs, etc., to achieve the purpose of saving costs. (3) Resource sharing type: The production and sales team purchases common equipment or facilities, provides for joint use by class members, or sets up manual exchange systems, etc., to improve the operating efficiency of family small farm team members. (4) Co-marketing type: that is, gather the whole class of product supply, handle systems such as joint transportation and sales, joint grading and selection, joint pricing, and electronic network marketing to improve market bargaining and sales capabilities, and achieve increased product sales or stable prices. (5) Co-operation type: investing in and establishing joint business, with class members participating or investing in operations, sharing profits and bearing risks. (6) Diversified business type. Production and sales classes sometimes have multiple types of operations at the same time, or carry out diversified operations to increase the income of class members.
(IV) The new agricultural management form characterized by "small landlords and big tenant farmers"
is the introduction of young farmers. Taiwan began to carry out the "small landlords and big tenant farmers" policy planning in 2008, and selected 10 pilot areas. After summarizing the experience, it promoted the "small landlords and big tenant farmers" policy since May 2009. Farmers who own land ownership (small landlords) rent the land to young and professional tenant farmers with farming ability (including professional farmers, production and sales classes, farmers' associations, cooperatives or agricultural enterprise companies) through leasing. Its main features: (1) Adopt the principle of contract liberalization and agree on the transfer of use rights on its own, and promote refined and economical large-scale operations. (2) The long-term rent will be paid in one lump sum through the township farmers' association "one-time rent payment and year-on-year repayment", and then the large tenant farmers will repay it in year-on-year. It is also supplemented by policy-based agricultural land rent and operating rent loan measures, and provides preferential loan interest subsidies for project financing, so that large tenant farmers can obtain farmland at a lower price and conduct integrated operations, significantly reducing the burden of land rent and working capital, and enhancing their willingness to expand scale operations. (3) Create the Agricultural Land Bank as an intermediary service platform, with township farmers' associations as the specialized management agency, strengthen the management functions of agricultural land banks to provide information services, negotiation services, transaction services and other management functions for both the agricultural land leasing parties, and cooperate with agricultural government units to supervise and inspect illegal utilization of agricultural land, so as to reduce the supervision and execution costs of agricultural land transactions through systematic information.
In terms of policy, Taiwan’s “Committee of Agriculture” has launched a series of subsidies to provide environmental improvement subsidies, production and sales facilities subsidies, enterprise-based management guidance, and health and safety agricultural product production verification guidance and subsidies. Such as technology research and development, production and sales integration, brand building, Farmers' College and Qingnong Agricultural Counseling Counseling Counseling, etc. In 2016 alone, 26.391 billion yuan of policy-based agricultural project loans were provided (NT$1, NT$2, the same below). As the agricultural operation funds of 44,100 "tenants", they promoted "youth entrepreneurship loans from farmers" and "farmer organizations and agricultural enterprises production, sales, operation and R&D innovation loans", etc.; and used the agricultural credit guarantee mechanism to assist 30,000 "tenants" in successfully obtaining agricultural financing of 20.5 billion yuan. Judging from the implementation results, as of 2013, the number of large tenants leased has increased to 1,578, and the average farming area of large tenants is 8.4 hectares, which is 7 times the average farming area of the farmers.The average age of large tenant farmers is 42 years old, which is 20 years lower than the average age of farmers. It shows that the goal of rejuvenating the structure of new agricultural operators and expanding the scale of business has begun to take effect.
(V) Comprehensive and multifunctional enterprise-oriented organization represented by the "Farmers' Association"
Farmers' Association, fishermen's association, and farmland water conservancy association are the most widely distributed and influential farmers' organizations in Taiwan. They are also two important successful factors for agricultural development compared with "land reform". Taking the Taiwan Farmers Association as an example, it is mainly engaged in public welfare promotion, commercial economic entities and rural financial service activities, and has several major business functions such as agricultural promotion, supply and marketing, credit and livestock insurance. From an economic perspective, by establishing a wholesale market for agricultural products and organizing joint transportation and sales, providing production means and financial service products, and establishing direct agricultural product processing and sales institutions, we assist agricultural operators in developing production and sales business, and become an important supplement and organized comprehensive agricultural operator for the cultivation of agricultural operators. Farmers' associations, fishermen's associations, and farmland water conservancy associations have also become farmers' groups that provide comprehensive prenatal, during and after-natal services to family farms. As of the end of 2013, Taiwan had 302 farmers' associations at all levels, 1.9095 million members, 4815 agricultural groups; 40 fishing associations and 426,758 members; 17 farmland water conservancy associations, 1.5193 million members, 3,477 water conservancy groups and 11,622 water conservancy operation classes. According to the survey, fruits and vegetables organized and marketed by farmers such as the Farmers and Fisheries Associations account for 53% of the total circulation in Taiwan, of which fruits and vegetables traded through the agricultural product wholesale market account for 87% of the total circulation in the fruit and vegetables wholesale market in Taiwan.
3. Strategies and Inspirations for the Cultivation and Development of Modern Agricultural Business Owners in Taiwan
(I) Land policy reform is the institutional basis for promoting modern agricultural business entities
Taiwan's agricultural land system reform has gone through three different stages of evolution of economic structures. It is not only a requirement for economic development, but also lays the foundation for the cultivation and development of agricultural business entities in the process of agricultural modernization. The agricultural land reform aims to adapt to the needs of the reform of the agricultural land management system that improves Taiwan's agricultural productivity level and agricultural operation efficiency. The first farmland reform with "the tiller has his own land" as the core, cultivated small family farms and mobilized farmers' enthusiasm for production through measures such as "reorganization of farmland and large-scale management" as the center, guided fragmented land and farmland management rights to "reorganization of farmland and joint management, and promoted large-scale and cooperative management of agriculture, focused on resolving the contradiction between small farmers' business and large market in the middle of industrialization, and improved the level of mechanized production, guiding traditional agriculture to transform into modern agriculture; the core of farmland reform at this stage, marked by guiding the development of "core farmers" and "small landlords and big tenants", is to relax agricultural land controls and release farmland in a planned manner to meet the needs of agricultural industry transformation and industrial and commercial development land, and promote the concentration of farmland to actual agricultural operators.
The problem of land transfer in mainland China is similar to that in Taiwan, and Taiwan’s experience in agricultural land policy reform is worth learning from. Mainland should promptly solve the actual difficulties of rural labor after the non-agricultural transfer, and actively explore the "three-rights separation" mechanism between rural land ownership, contracting rights and management rights. First, promote agricultural land transfer mechanisms such as subcontracting, transfer, exchange, leasing, equity investment, and mortgage, and guide the transfer of land management rights to professional large households and core farms; second, actively explore restricted and purposeful opening of agricultural land, introduce industrial and commercial capital, and implement enterprise-oriented and intensive modern agricultural development paths; third, focus on learning from the Taiwan Land Bank model, and build a new type of transfer guarantee system and agricultural land rights protection mechanism for agricultural land cooperation, entrustment and leasing operations.
(II) The construction models of agricultural operators are different, but their core is to achieve internalization of external agricultural effects
From the perspective of development form, Taiwan has explored a variety of agricultural operators suitable for large-scale agricultural operation and development, including farmers' groups such as farmers' associations, cooperatives, cooperative farms, agricultural production and sales classes, etc. Moreover, its agricultural production and operation models in different periods also show different characteristics of the times. However, in terms of its essence, each model is built around making up for the shortcomings of small farmers' operations, effectively helping and organizing farmers to achieve professional production and large-scale operation.Its biggest feature is that based on family small-scale farmers' management, under the guidance and support of the township agricultural (fishing) organization system, through diversified organization methods, specialized division of labor and cooperative management are established for different links of agriculture before, during and after production, so as to internalize the transaction process to reduce transaction costs and reduce uncertainty, and absorb external costs through economies of scale, which not only realizes the internalization of the external effects of agriculture, but also gives full play to the maximum efficiency of small-scale management.
Both sides of the Taiwan Strait are based on small farmers' management. From the perspective of the mainland, the existing farmers' professional cooperative organization form is still a single cooperative, with loose organization and small scale; the industry types are mainly concentrated in seedling, breeding, production, sales and purchasing, while processing and transportation are less distributed, and there are fewer cooperative organizations for financing, brand building, and marketing; in terms of functional realization, an effective internal cooperation mechanism and a comprehensive service system for production, supply and sales have not yet been formed, and it is difficult to achieve link connections in the industrial chain and the exploration and intensive and branded value of agricultural products. To this end, we must first learn from Taiwan’s experience, establish a diversified new business entity, and through policy support, promote the construction of industrial chains within and between various entities, especially internal service mechanisms and external production and sales comprehensive systems, and gradually realize enterprise-oriented operations; second, we must pay special attention to the training of professional business capabilities such as production technology, business management, marketing, etc. of the leader of the business entity, and put people first, and build a standardized and institutionalized mechanism within the business entity and its social service system; third, through policy guidance, we will increase entrepreneurial subsidies and loan support for the weak industrial chain links of the new business entity, gradually establish a corresponding cooperative organization for each link, establish a contract-style full-industry chain close alliance, reduce internal transaction fees, enhance external economies of scale, and resolve the contradiction between small farmers and large markets.
(III) The reform of the agricultural financial system is an important policy tool to promote the formation and agglomeration of production capital of agricultural operators
Taiwan According to agricultural financial policies, each township farm association has its own credit department, and the government and agricultural and fishermen's associations at all levels invested in the establishment of agricultural vaults. The business of the Agricultural Association’s Credit Department includes accepting transfer deposits, financial and financial communications, and implementing low interest rates for agricultural loans through financial subsidies. Agricultural vault business includes financing for major agricultural construction, financing for government agricultural projects, and financing for agriculture, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry in cooperation with the Agricultural and Fisheries Association. The above two form a rural financial structure and form the core system of Taiwan's agricultural financial reform. The proportion of agricultural loans issued to agricultural financial institutions is also strictly stipulated by corresponding rules. The proportion of agricultural loans to cooperative treasuries, land banks and farmers' banks must reach 27%, 30%, and 60%, respectively, while the proportion of agricultural loans to agricultural and fishermen's credit unions must even reach 85%. In essence, the Ministry of Credit of the Farmers Association is a cooperative financial bank funded by the government and the Farmers Association, which plays a public welfare service role in the entire agricultural capital chain. Taiwan currently has 302 credit departments for the Agricultural and Fishermen Association, including 277 credit departments for the Agricultural and Fishermen Association and 25 credit departments for the Fishermen Association. In addition, in response to the problems of the farmers' associations and their credit department systems of each township are independent legal persons, with self-profit and loss, low scale benefits, large competitive risks, limited business scope, fierce competition and market saturation shocks, the Taiwan authorities have cooperated to donate funds by relevant government affairs, finance, financial departments, etc., and successively established consortium legal persons - "Agricultural Credit Guarantee Fund" and "Central Deposit Insurance Company" to implement the agricultural credit guarantee system. The former provides loan credit guarantee, and the latter provides loan security and financial guarantee for agricultural financial institutions.
From the perspective of implementation results, in the past 30 years, agricultural loans provided by Taiwan, including fiscal funding, policy-based agricultural loans, agricultural financial institutions, etc., have effectively improved the scale and efficiency of agricultural loan supply, ensured the demand for funds for agricultural development, and solved the worries about agricultural development. The agricultural credit guarantee system has played an important role in enhancing farmers' trustworthiness, diversifying the loan risks of agricultural lending institutions, and ensuring the creditorial security of agricultural lending institutions. From the perspective of the mainland, it is necessary to further promote rural cooperative financial reform.First, gradually build an agricultural financial cooperation organization with family farmers and major professional households as the main body, and standardize their agricultural lending ratio through relevant policies, "agricultural supplies and agricultural use" to provide financing support for grassroots agricultural operators; second, reform rural credit cooperatives, expand the scale of rural credit cooperative construction with family farmers directly participating, and highlight the credit capacity of rural credit financial cooperation to support modern agricultural operations; third, rely on government finance, policy banks and commercial banks, gradually establish a flexible and efficient agricultural financing guarantee system to alleviate the difficulty of financing for new agricultural operators.
(IV) The government must assume the role of cooperative entrepreneurs and jointly build an agricultural business entity and social service system with grassroots farmers' organizations
Japanese scholars took the lead in proposing the "role of government cooperative entrepreneurs" based on Schumpeter's innovative theory in 1961. "Entrepreneurs" refers to various production factors that can dominate and efficiently allocate agriculture. Taiwan also has the characteristics of clear hierarchy, complete functions and reasonable structure in terms of policy arrangements for agricultural operators and agricultural social service systems. Its government role mainly includes: tutoring the establishment of farmers' organizations and strengthening farmers' education, as well as tutoring farmers to improve business management methods, farming methods, and machinery use methods; as the main investors in agricultural science and technology plans and R&D, and providing means of production, machinery subsidies and preferential loans, promoting technological improvement and the application of advanced means of production; according to the characteristics of the production area and sales area, it leads the construction of the wholesale and retail market system, and standardizes and manages the factor market and product market. The modern transformation of farmers' organizations such as township agricultural (fishing) associations, water conservancy associations and cooperatives was developed by government investment, top-down implementation and granting them cooperative financial rights. By organizing agricultural production and sales teams, production and sales strategy alliances and other cooperative economic organizations, it has become the main system of agricultural science and technology promotion, wholesale and wholesale markets for agricultural products production and production areas, forming an appropriate economic distance, and coordinated arrangement of agricultural product trading hours and transaction volume, effectively saving the product trading costs of farmers and farmers' organizations. In the development of agricultural operators in mainland China, we should also actively play the role of government cooperative entrepreneurs: First, create a good external environment through policy support and legal protection; Second, take the interests of farmers as the starting point, strengthen top-level design, and standardize production and operation behaviors, and give full play to farmers' autonomy; Third, integrate fiscal support funds, directly invest in comprehensive and standardized agricultural operators, or provide low-interest loans, expand agricultural insurance, financial management and other services; Fourth, the government should play a leading role and all-round support, guide and determine multi-form, diversified, and cooperative social service organizations and democratic management systems construction, and farmers should pursue their own interests through cooperatives; Fifth, actively establish rural and town banks and other agricultural financial institutions through franchised agricultural social service organizations, and stipulate that a certain proportion of their interest income will be used to support the operation and development of agricultural operators.
To sum up, in terms of cultivation and policy support of agricultural operators, compared with Taiwan, the mainland must reform and innovation of a series of systems and mechanisms such as rural land, finance, market, and social services to more effectively promote the construction and cultivation of new agricultural operators, and thus improve agricultural operation efficiency.
Author: Zeng Yurong Xu Wenxing
Source: Asia Pacific Economics 2017 Issue 06
