Since the beginning of the Opium War, British invaders "based on" the unequal treaties signed by their forced and corrupt Qing government, and used oppressive means such as "cedesert" and "lease lending".

Hong Kong region has been part of Chinese territory since ancient times. Starting from the Opium War , the British invaders "based on" the unequal treaties signed by the corrupt Qing government, and used oppressive means such as "cedesert" and "leasing". This is one of the most serious incidents in China's modern history when colonialism and imperialism invaded China. What this article is about: Hong Kong is part of Chinese territory; the treaty "based on" the British invasion of this region is purely premeditated and forced to sign unequal treaties; the Chinese people, including compatriots in Hong Kong, insist on the struggle against cede, leasing and anti-occupation in order to safeguard the integrity of the motherland's territorial sovereignty. To sum up, the process of the British invaders occupying Hong Kong is also the process of the Chinese people rising up to resist.

, commonly known as "Hong Kong", actually includes three parts: Hong Kong Island, "Kowloon" (South Kowloon Peninsula) and " New Territories ". This is what we refer to as the "Hong Kong Region".

The formation of the Hong Kong region is a historical record of the British invaders repeatedly plundering Chinese territory during the process of expanding their aggression against China from the early 1840s to the late 1890s. The same below. 》.

First, they forced the Qing government to sign the first unequal treaty - " Nanjing Treaty " (i.e. "Jiangning Treaty") on August 29, 1842 (July 24, 22nd year of Daoguang). This has officially taken over the "Hong Kong Island" they had been snatched and occupied by armed forces as a "cedescendant" land.

Secondly, by launching the Second Opium War, they forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-British Treaty (i.e., the "Continued Treaty") on October 24, 1860 (September 11, 1860). Therefore, the "Kowloon Division Local Area One", namely Tsim Sha Tsui District (or "South Kowloon Peninsula") at the southern end of the Kowloon Peninsula, was officially incorporated into the Hong Kong border and was regarded as a "cedescending" land.

Once again, in the frenzy of the great powers dividing China after the Sino-Japanese War of 1895, the British invaders forced the Qing government to sign the "Special Article on Expanding the Hong Kong Border Site" on June 9, 1898 (April 21, 24, Guangxu), and forced the Qing government to sign the "Special Article on Expanding the Hong Kong Border Site", forcing the uncut land of the entire Kowloon Peninsula (North Kowloon Peninsula) to the south of the Shenzhen River and north of the boundary street in Tsim Sha Tsui District, as well as more than 200 islands of large and small, including the vast sea surface from Dapeng Bay in the east, Shenzhen Bay in the west, and Boliaozhou in the south, and Lantau Island. The lease term is 99 years, starting from July 1, 1898. The British side calls these "new rented places" the "New Territories". The Kowloon City Walled , which was not originally included in the "rental" scope, was unilaterally announced on December 27, 1899 that it would be included in the jurisdiction of Hong Kong and dominate it for itself.

Therefore, the process of the formation of the Hong Kong region is the product of a series of unequal treaties imposed by British invaders on China. The so-called "British Hong Kong" is the "British-occupied" area on Chinese territory. It does not fall within the usual so-called "colonial" category at all (a letter from China's representative to the United Nations Huang Hua to the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization on March 8, 1972. See World Knowledge, Issue 15, 1982.)

Hong Kong region is located east of the estuary of the Pearl River in Guangdong and has always been China's sacred territory. It belonged to Boluo County, Nanhai County in the Han Dynasty. Bao'an County was established in 331 AD (the sixth year of Emperor Xianhe of the Eastern Jin Dynasty), and in 757 (the second year of Zhide of Emperor Suzong of Tang Dynasty), it was changed to Dongguan County . The ancient city was located in the east of Bao'an County (the sixth year of Emperor Kaibao of the Song Dynasty) and moved to Dongguan County . In 1573 (the first year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty), it was divided into Dongguan and established Xin'an County. The Qing Dynasty followed it. Since 1914, he has been called Bao'an again. The important position of Hong Kong is as stated in the "Xin'an County Chronicle" compiled in the 24th year of Jiaying (1819): Xinyi "is a vassal of the provincial capital"; Hong Kong Island "are surrounded by mountains and arches and fences outside the sea" (Wang Chongxi's "Xin'an County Chronicle" ( Jiaqing 24th year of Jiaqing ) Volume 4, Volume 12.)

After the establishment of Bao'an County in the Jin Dynasty, in the spring of the Southern Dynasty (the first year of Dabao of Emperor Jianwen of Liang), "Tuen Mun Town was established in Bao'an County and defended it with heavy troops." (Liang Ting□ "Guangdong Sea Defense Summary" Volume 3, page 16.)Tuen Mun is located on the southwest coast of the New Territories of the Kowloon Peninsula. It still has place names such as Tuen Mun, Tuen Mun Old Ruins, and Tuen Mun New Ruins. This is the beginning of the establishment of an important town in Hong Kong. This was inseparable from the development of China's maritime transportation and overseas trade at that time. With the increasing number of merchants from Arabia, Persian, , India and Southeast Asian countries traveling to Guangzhou, during the Tang and Song dynasties, Tuen Mun became the only way for overseas merchant ships to enter Humen and Guangzhou. The maritime transportation route from Guangzhou to Dashiguo (Arab) in the Tang Dynasty was first to go to sea from "Guangzhou... to Tuen Mun Mountain, sailing westward" (Volume 43 of " New Book of Tang ", Zhonghua Book Company reprint, page 1153.) Therefore, Tuen Mun became a major transportation center and coastal defense fortress at that time. The Song Dynasty's defense in this area also expanded to Lantau Island, which was opposite to Tuen Mun, because this island was the "block to the two gates of the rapid water and Buddhist temple" that controlled the sea surface of Hong Kong.

From the Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, this area has been continuously developed. Shipai Bay (now the "Aberdeen" place) on the southwest coast of Hong Kong Island, from the Ming Longqing in the fourth and fifth years of the Ming ; from the "Xin'an County Chronicles" compiled in the 27th year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty, it has called this place a "Hong Kong Village"; from the British's claim that this place is "a good storage place, and this place is also a place where ships from the north gather"; from the Ming Dynasty's specialty "Guanxiang" was transported to coastal provinces and even Japan through sea transportation, Shipai Bay (which was still a member of Dongguan County before the first year of the first year of Wanli ) may be due to the fact that Because "Guanxiang" often transports the concentrated export of this place, it was called the port of "Guanxiang" exported to "Hong Kong", which seems to have a certain basis (see Jin Wenmo's "Xin'an County Chronicle" (revised in the 27th year of Kangxi), Volume 3, page 7; "Guangdong Sea Defense Summary" Volume 40, page 7; "Opium War" Materials Volume 2, page 664; Xu Dishan's "A Brief History of Hong Kong and Kowloon"; Ding You's "A Brief History of the Early Period of Hong Kong" Page 5; Mou Anshi's "Opium War" Page 208.) (To avoid confusion, all those referring to this place below are called "Hong Kong Village" according to Kangxi's "Xin'an County Chronicle".)

Due to the need to resist the invasion of Japanese pirates and early Western colonists, in the early Ming Dynasty, "we built bathrooms and distributed key points", Nanhai bathrooms set up 2 Dapeng and Dongguan. In 1394 (the 27th year of Hongwu), the Kowloon City Wall was built as Dapeng Sou City, strengthening the defenses at the Buddhist temple gate, Tuen Mun and Cold Shui Kok. During the Jiajing period (1522-1566), the water camp generals were stationed in Nantou, and their jurisdiction included the flood areas of Lantau Island (Volume 2 of Guangdong Sea Defense Collection), pages 1 to 3; Volume 3, pages 1, 2, 11; Volume 30, pages 11.) The earliest Western colonists arrived in China were the Portuguese, and the first one to invade the Hong Kong region. They first sailed to Tuen Mun in 1514 (the ninth year of Zhengde in the Ming Dynasty), and then sent a fleet into Tuen Mun in 1517 and headed straight to Guangzhou. In 1518, they brazenly "occupied Tuen Mun Hai O, and plundered at times" and even "set up camps, killing people and robbing ships, and the situation was rampant", and the people suffered greatly. From 1521 to 1522, Wang □, the deputy envoy of Guangdong Haidao, chased Portugal. Due to the strong support of the local people, he "winds greatly" (see Jin Wenmo's "Xin'an County Chronicles" (revised in the 27th year of Kangxi), Volume 3, page 7; "Guangdong Sea Defense Collection" Volume 40, page 7; "Opium War" Materials Volume 2, page 664; Xu Dishan's "Exploration of the History of the Land and the History of Hong Kong and Kowloon"; Ding You's "Early History of Hong Kong" Page 5; Mou Anshi's "Opium War" Page 208. Volume 10, page 1; Volume 11, page 6; Volume 12, page 20, page 21.) In order to defend the sea border of the motherland, the Chinese military and civilians attacked the early Western colonists in the first battle. The victory here will always be worthy of the pride and pride of compatriots in Hong Kong and the people of the whole country! In 1623 (the third year of Tianqi in the Ming Dynasty), the Dutch colonists were frustrated in Penghu and turned to harass Fujian and Guangdong, invading Hong Kong. At that time, the magistrate of Xin'an County, Tao Xuexiu, "personally led the township soldiers to defend Xixi and other places with weapons", and the Dutch bandits "got" (see Jin Wenmo's "Xin'an County Chronicles" (revised in the 27th year of Kangxi), Volume 3, page 7; "Guangdong Sea Defense Summary" Volume 40, page 7; "Opium War" Materials Volume 2, page 664; Xu Dishan's "A Brief History of Hong Kong and Kowloon"; Ding You's "A Brief History of the Early Period of Hong Kong" Page 5; Mou Anshi's "Opium War" 11, page 6.) The patriotic military and civilians have achieved another victory in defending the motherland's coastal areas. Similarly, when Japanese pirates invaded Hong Kong during the Longqing period of the Ming Dynasty, in 1571 (the fifth year of Longqing), Dapeng "was besieged for more than 40 days, and the thief had ladders to dock the city." The patriotic soldiers and civilians defended the city under the leadership of the defender Kang Shoubai and finally repelled the Japanese pirates' invasion (Volume 40 of Guangdong Sea Defense, page 7.)

From the early Qing Dynasty to the Opium War, the Hong Kong region had great development, and the number of people from the mainland moved to the Kowloon Peninsula and Hong Kong, Lantau Island and other islands to make a living was also increasing compared with the previous one. For example, in 1817 (the 22nd year of Jiaqing), the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi sent personnel to inspect the two places of Tai O and Tung Chung on Lantau Island, and then said: "There are villages in both places, and the houses are dense." "There are many fishing boats at the entrance of Ao, and there are no less than thousands of people." Based on this, the administrative measures of "compiling the Baojia and setting the Macau Chief to lead it" were adopted (Volume 3 of "Guangdong Sea Defense Review", page 8).

The British invaders who came to China after the Portuguese stole Macau, increasingly occupied the Hong Kong area, and this place became the front line of the Chinese people's struggle against Britain. In the early Qing Dynasty, Chen Lunjiong, who served as an important post in the maritime border, emphasized the position of Hong Kong in the "foreign defense vessels", and included the "red incense burner" located on the north bank of the central island of Hong Kong and confronting Tsim Sha Tsui at the southern end of the Kowloon Peninsula as the fortification focus ("Guangdong Sea Defense Entertainment" Volume 3, pages 6; Volume 3, pages 8 and 10; Volume 5, pages 18; Volume 7, pages 26.) During the reign of Kangxi and Yongzheng, Dapeng Camp, which was under the jurisdiction of Hong Kong, has been renamed the general stationed in Dapeng City, and the "red incense burner water flood" was also set up in Hong Kong Island. During the Jiaqing and Daoguang period, the British invaders were increasingly rampant in the hindrance of the Pearl River estuary of the British invaders. The Dapeng Camp was changed to two battalions, and the Right Battalion was divided into Dongchongkou, Lantau Island. "Added the city, established more troops, and moved the garrison to station", and set up the "Stanley Flood" in the southeast of Hong Kong Island ("Guangdong Sea Defense Entertainment" Volume 3, pages 6; Volume 3, pages 8 and 10; Volume 5, pages 18; Volume 7, pages 26.) From 1839 to 1840, during the leadership of the anti-British struggle, Lin Zexu and Guan Tianpei further upgraded the Dapeng Camp to the association, and the Dapeng Association was relocated to the capital department. The deputy general of the Dapeng Association moved to the central dispatch of the Kowloon Mountain, and restored the flood prevention that was once abolished, and added forts in Tsim Sha Tsui and Guan Yong. At the same time, the local people were publicly mobilized: "Gathering discussions, purchasing weapons, and gathering Tsim Sha Tsui to protect themselves" (Ma Shi, "History of Foreign Relations of the Chinese Empire", Volume 1, page 272.); in the second half of 1839, the patriotic military and civilians won the Battle of Kowloon and the Battle of Guan Yong that defended Kowloon and Tsim Sha Tsui. In the first half of 1840, the attacks and burning of enemy ships were achieved in the waters of Hong Kong, and severely cracked down on the British army's invasion of our seas. Patriots represented by Lin Zexu solemnly declared: Hong Kong, Kowloon Bay , and Tsim Sha Tsui are all "Chinese treasure land" and "Celestial Ocean". "You must know that the place of the Celestial Empire should not take the liberty and offend lightly!" ("Lin Zexu Collection·Middle Notes" pp. 136-138; " China Collection " Volume 8 (December 1839), the translation is based on the translation of the Guangdong Provincial Museum of Literature and History "Selected Translation of Historical Materials of Opium War" and special Thank you.) As for the Qing Dynasty corrupt group, from Qishan , Yishan to Emperor Daoguang, although he succumbed to the military pressure of the invaders, on the issue of sovereignty, he also clearly pointed out that "the Hong Kong place belongs to Xin'an County" is the "Celestial Territory"; "Hong Kong place belongs to Chinese land" (Daoguang Dynasty's "The Origin and End of the Preparation of the Barbarian Affairs" pages 915, 1075, 1108.)

Historical facts fully prove that:

First, Hong Kong has been part of China's territory since ancient times, and has been a key coastal defense area in Guangdong throughout its dynasties, especially since the Ming Dynasty, it has been a frontier position for the Chinese people to resist the invasion of Western colonial forces.

Second, the Chinese people born here, raised here, and engaged in labor production are hardworking and brave, and love freedom. In order to develop and defend the motherland's coast, they show a high degree of national integrity and patriotic fighting spirit.

It was only since the Opium War that British invaders took advantage of the corruption of the Qing government to forcefully sever the Hong Kong region. This was a naked plunder of Chinese territory; it seriously trampled on China's sovereignty, seriously infringed on China's national dignity and national interests, and completely violated the national will of compatriots in Hong Kong for generations.

Before discussing the British invaders forcing the Qing government to sign an unequal treaty, it is necessary for us to first examine the process of the formation of the treaty "based on" the British cession and lease of Hong Kong. Examining this process makes it clear that whether it is "cedescendance" or "leasing", all are unilaterally planned by the British invaders; the contract negotiations conducted on this basis are nothing more than diplomatic blackmail by the British invaders to turn its ambition to plunder Chinese territory into reality, and its negotiation foundation is no equal.

First of all, the formation of the clause on ceding Hong Kong. On February 20, 1840, British Foreign Minister Bamaitzun issued a letter to the British representatives of the plenipotentiary power to invade China, and the third article was to enact the draft Treaty against China, and "His Majesty the Emperor of China ceded... □□ islands" to Britain ("Modern History Materials" No. 4, 1958, page 73.); Article 3 of the Treaty of Nanjing two and a half years later was rewriten as "The Great Emperor and Brigadier General Hong Kong Island" UK "Compilation of the Chinese and Foreign Old Testament Chapters" (Sanlian Bookstore, 1957 Edition) Volume 1, page 31.) It is obvious that filling in the word "□□ Island" with the word "Hong Kong" is just to fill in the blanks in the agreed treaty according to the will of the British invaders.

1596 (the 24th year of Wanli, Ming Dynasty), the undelivered British Queen asked for the "right to enter and exit" in China (Zhu Jieqin's "Translation of Chinese and Western Cultural Transportation History" (China Book Company's 28th Year of the Republic of China) pp. 196-197). In 1637 (the 10th year of Chongzhen, Ming Dynasty), the British Navy, which created Sino-British relations with the British Navy, was the first to prepare to establish a "residence" for the British in China. During the Opium War, Zhang Piao, a patriotic intellectual who advocated the "recovery of Hong Kong" after the occupation of Hong Kong, pointed out: "The British coveted Lantau Island, which has been the case since the Ming Dynasty." His plan to occupy Hong Kong has "has been aspiring for a long time!" (Zhang Piao: "The Book of the Aftermath of Yanghou Chen"; Chen Li "Dongshu Collection" Volume 5, pages 4 to 7.) Lantau Island's important position in the estuary of the Pearl River is completely possible. However, the British are not coveting this island, nor are they limited to the Pearl River Estuary. From the late Ming Dynasty to the Opium War, they investigated the sea boundaries of thousands of miles north and south of my country, from Hainan Island to islands on both sides of the Pearl River estuary, from Nanao Island to Taiwan Island , Zhoushan Island and even the northern coast, they all tried to occupy them. In 1793 (the 58th year of Qianlong's reign), the British government sent a Macartney mission to China formally asked the Qing government to give the "small island" in the Zhoushan Islands and the "small place" near Guangzhou, but Qianlong flatly refused. Qianlong's correct decision to safeguard China's territorial sovereignty was as said by people at that time: "The one who prevents minor sales and invasions is far-reaching." (Volume 83 of the "Dynasty Jingshiwen" Volume 83, page 5.)

During the Jiaqing and Daoguang periods, the British were both sides of the Pearl River estuary, "and wanted to occupy Lao Wanshan" and "try to seize Macau several times". "It is often said that the Westerners (i.e. Macau) can live, but we cannot live?" In addition, the "English-Geely Flag" also "built the British-Geely Flag, which is very creative." (Volume 3 of Guangdong Sea Defense Collection" Volume 34 of Chen Botao of Dongguan County Chronicles, Volume 34 of the previous incident, page 6; Page 649 of the Opium War Materials Volume 2; Yan Sizong's "Theory of the Sea Defense of the Sea Defense".) However, the British are still paying more and more attention to Hong Kong Island. As early as the 18th century, British merchant ships "went to this island at all times to shelter from the wind and draw water." In the early 19th century, since 1806 (the 11th year of Jiaqing), they conducted comprehensive surveys and mapping of the waters and Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong in a more planned manner.In 1816 (the 21st year of Jiaqing), Britain sent another mission to China. When it was sending Ames to the estuary of the Pearl River, the East India Company, which served as one of the deputy envoys, was stationed in Dabans Dangdong, Guangzhou, and brought his fellow translators and doctors to "secretly cater to foreign countries." The place they agreed to meet broke the tradition and did not live in Macau, but chose to "Hong Kong Waterfall Bay" (i.e., "Hong Kong Village"), and took the opportunity to "make a careful investigation of this port and the entire island". When they returned to China, they also submitted a detailed report, calling Hong Kong an "unparalleled port in the world ("Impression of Hong Kong, Shanghai and Other Chinese Commercial Ports in the 20th Century" (1908 edition), page 56; Sheyou's "Birth, Youth and Adult of Hong Kong" (1937 edition), page 21. Quote and refer to: Ding Mingnan 1, 17, 39, Volume 1, 17, 39; Ding Mingnan's "The Process of British Encroachment on Hong Kong Region" (Research on Modern History, Issue 1, 1983); Mou Anshi wrote "Opium War" pp. 208-210; Ding also wrote "The History of the Early Period of Hong Kong" pp. 21-27; Guo Tingyi compiled "History of Modern China" Volume 1, pp. 291-299; Greenberg's "History of Sino-British Trade Before the Opium War" (translated by Kang Cheng) pp. 163-164, 179. )". Although the Armesh mission failed like the Macartney mission, their investigation into the Hong Kong Island showed that the British invaders' premeditated encroachment on the island had entered a new stage. In 1830 (the tenth year of Daoguang), "forty-seven British merchants traveling to China, including the captain" wrote to the parliament, demanding to learn from the lessons of the failure of "two envoys to Beijing" and use force to seize "an island along the coast of China" instead of diplomacy. Therefore, Hong Kong Island became one of the important targets of encroachment. Especially the British captains who often come here are "very familiar with this port", so they strive to advocate seizing the island and establishing a trade center "out of Chinese control." In 1834 (the 14th year of Daoguang), the first British business supervisor in China, Lu Laobei arrived in Guangdong with the mission of opening up commercial ports, selling opium and "finding" naval strongholds, and believed that Hong Kong could serve as a commercial and naval stronghold for British invasion of China, and formally advocated "Hong Kong, occupying the east of the Pearl River Estuary" (edited by Ryder, "Impressions of Hong Kong, Shanghai and Other Chinese Commercial Ports in the Twentieth Century" (1908 edition), page 56; Sheyou's "Birth, Youth and Adults of Hong Kong" (1937 edition), page 21. Reposted Also refer to: Ding Mingnan et al. Volume 1, pages 17 and 39; Ding Mingnan 's "The History of Imperialist Invasion of China" (Research on Modern History, Issue 1, 1983); Mou Anshi's "Opium War" pp. 208-210; Ding also wrote "The History of the Early Period of Hong Kong" pp. 21-27; Guo Tingyi compiled "History of Modern China" Volume 1, pages 291-299; Greenberg's "History of Sino-British Trade Before the Opium War" (translated by Kang Cheng) pp. 163-164 and 179.)

At the same time, British invaders stepped up their actual control and occupation of Hong Kong Island and its nearby oceans. Since the British moved the opium smuggling center from Huangpu to Lingding Island in 1821, the opium barge "was moved to the Venus Gate, Jishui Gate and Hong Kong to ensure safety" during the typhoon season. After 1828, there were also five or six barges on Lantau Island, mooring. Therefore, the islands and oceans in Hong Kong are like Lingding Island and Venus Gate. "Until 1839, Lin Zexu arrived, it was an opium distribution center." On the eve of Lin Zexu's arrival in Guangdong, opium dealers were "busy to move the opium barge from Hong Kong to the southern part of Lantau [Mountain]", trying to conceal and facilitate "handling a large number of new opium that will be transported from India." During the burning of smoke in Humen in June 1839, the smuggled opium continued to be "transported to Hong Kong" (see: Mass, "History of Foreign Relations of the Chinese Empire", Volume 1, page 204; Greenberg, "History of Sino-British Trade before the Opium War", pages 44-45, 111, and 187; "Opium War" Materials Volume 5, page 39; "Selected Translation of Opium War and Lin Zexu's Foreign Language Materials" (edited by Fuzhou Branch of the Fujian Provincial Historical Society), pages 72-73; , Lin Jixi, translated by Peter Wald Fei, "Opium War, 1840-1842", Chapter 10.) Since then, the British invaders have regarded Hong Kong as a stronghold to fight against China's ban on smoking and armed invasion of China. For this reason, Lin Zexu pointed out that the ocean surface of Tsim Sha Tsui (referring to the sea area of ​​Hong Kong) is surrounded by mountains (islands) on all sides, with wind and gathering air, waves and waves, and water is wide and deep, and British ships have been leaning on as their nests for a long time." Deng Tingzhen also said that British ships often go to Hong Kong to "take refuge from wind and waves, and have been coveting for a long time! ” ("Lin Zexu Collection·Memorials" page 797; Liang Ting□ "Yi Xing Wen Ji" page 51.)

11839, the planners of the war invasion of China declared that they would "get one of our own residence areas through the war so that they could settle down under the British flag. "The plan to seize Hong Kong Island as a "residence zone" has entered a new stage. When Elliot negotiated the ceasing of Hong Kong with Qishan in January 1841, he could not wait to unilaterally announce that he and Qishan "signed" the so-called "Shuobashi Treaty" which was actually an undecided but unconfirmed (see Hu Siyong , Zheng Yongfu "A Brief Study of the "Shuobashi Treaty"" (Guangming Daily, February 2, 1983).), the armed occupation of Hong Kong Island. However, due to this ceasing of the unconventional treaty, it was not only an informal treaty, but also allowed China to collect taxes on the island, making the island's status similar to Macau at that time, and was still "not the territory of the British King." The British government was not satisfied and denied the ceasing of this ceasing of the ceasing of Hong Kong. Bamaitun accused Elliot of: "Whether you and Qishan, the ceasing of Hong Kong is not like signing any formal treaty"; And "it doesn't look like ceding Hong Kong to Britain in absolute sovereignty." It fully exposes the ambition of the British government's attempt to seize Hong Kong's "absolute sovereignty" and turn the island completely into "the territory of the British king". In order to realize this ambition, when Bamazun ordered Pu Dingcha, who served as the representative of the plenipotentiary of the invasion of China, he repeatedly emphasized that no matter what method is taken, a formal "contracted in the name of the Chinese emperor" should be signed (Ma Shi, "History of Foreign Relations of the Chinese Empire" Vol. 1 Pages 306-307, 334-335, 344, 354, 728, 733, 735, 739-740, 748-750, 754. ) Pudingcha According to this deployment, the Nanjing Treaty finally filled in the name of the proposed island that was left blank in the Draft Treaty against China on "Hong Kong". After achieving this aggression, Bamaitun confessed: "The peace agreement clause proposed to the emperor is exactly the clause that we ordered our plenipotent representatives Elliot and Pudingcha to achieve. "("Selected translation of the Opium War and Lin Zexu's research on foreign language materials" (edited by Fuzhou Branch of the Fujian Provincial Historical Society), pages 12-13; translated by Lin Jitao Fei Zhengqing "Opium War, 1840-1842" Chapter 5.) The cedes nakedly confessed that the clause of ceding "Hong Kong Island" was just their premeditation of "to achieve" the plunder of Chinese territory.

ceding "Jiulong The same is true for the local area. The area in Tsim Sha Tsui on the southern end of the Kowloon Peninsula has long been spying on by British invaders. In July 1839, British sailors who went to Tsim Sha Tsui to harass them also committed the incident of killing the villager Lam Weixi. In January 1841, after the British army captured Dakota and Sha Kok, when Elliot negotiated the withdrawal conditions with Qi Shan, he openly proposed to "replace Sha Kok with Tsim Sha Tsui, Hongkang, Hong Kong and other places on the oceanic surface of Tsim Sha Tsui. "That is, "they all the places in Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong and other places were given to the British as a place for resident trade." In an attempt to seize two places in one fell swoop. When the British army occupied Hong Kong with armed forces, and then broke through Humen and invaded Guangzhou, Elliot further threatened Qi Shan in his "Appointment to the Soldiers Agreement" to "give Hong Kong and other places a place name must be added with the Tsim Sha Tsui place, and should be rewritten in Kowloon. ” (Edited by Masaya Sasaki, "Research on the Opium War, Materials", pages 62 and 69; pages 86-87.) Therefore, when mainland merchants refused to go to Hong Kong for trade, there was a saying that "please change Hong Kong with the two places of Tsim Sha Tsui and Kowloon Mountain" (Liang Ting□ "Yi Xing Wen Ji" page 80.) In fact, the change of place is false, and the picture is true. The Queen of England and her husband were so happy that they wanted to name their daughter "Hong Kong Princess" (quoted from Jiang Meng cited , "The Second Opium War", page 221.) In his order to Pu Dingcha in June 1841, Bamaitun emphasized that Hong Kong Island must be retained, and at the same time, he instructed him to "occupy Tsim Sha Tsui or neutralize it", that is, China is not allowed to fortify the place (Ma Shi, "History of Foreign Relations of the Chinese Empire", Volume 1, pages 326, 754.) After Pu Dingcha arrived in Hong Kong and conspired with the opium dealers, the local ministers tried their best to advocate the need to retain Hong Kong and occupy Kowloon (South Kowloon).In a letter sent to other planners of the war invasion of China, such as Chaton, on August 25, 1841, he said about Hong Kong and South Kowloon: "Many people prefer Kowloon (Guide to Kowloon), but we should have both!" (Grimburg "History of Sino-British Trade Before the Opium War" page 194.) It can be seen that the British invaders' goal of making Hong Kong and Kowloon both have basically been determined in 1841.

Therefore, as Hong Kong "growsed" and in 1847, the commander of the British fleet, Ximali, proposed more specifically the "reasons" and suggestions that "occupation of the Kowloon Peninsula (Guide to Kowloon) is absolutely necessary." This suggestion was sent to the British and French coalition forces to invade Guangzhou in August 1858, under the fanatical sponsorship of British leader Strobenze, and the representative of the British government was asked for instructions. In October 1859, the British government officially "ordered the commander of the Royal Army in China to occupy that peninsula as soon as possible whenever there was a chance." However, in order to make it easier for public occupation, the cunning invaders first took the lead in threatening the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi through the Consul in Guangzhou, Baxiali , "to hand it over to the British government by renting it." Bashali completed the "permanent rent" procedures within one day from the afternoon of March 20 to the afternoon of the 21st of March 1860; and stated that he would not give up the original goal: to "cede" this land in the Qing Dynasty, "just like ceding Hong Kong." The British government then ordered Erkin to "must work hard to achieve this goal" "Jiang and Meng quoted "The Second Opium War" pp. 221-223, 225-228, 230. 》. Since they had already made a "very secret" arrangement: after actual occupation, they could take advantage of the opportunity of "any adjustment of British-China relations in the future" to force the Qing government to "make excuses through formal transfers." (The Second Opium War Materials Volume 6, page 233.) Therefore, after receiving the order, Erkin took advantage of the opportunity of the Sino-British exchange of " Tianjin Treaty " and signing the "Beijing Treaty" on October 21, 1860 (the tenth day of the 10th day of the 10th year of Xianfeng) and continuing to use the lightning tactics. Just the day before (the ninth day of the 10th day of the lunar month), he suddenly proposed that the "Beijing Treaty" should be added. Added three items, including "Guangdong Kowloon Division and belonged to the British Hong Kong border"; on the occasion of the court representative Yi□'s "thinking one by one" (the tenth day of the first lunar month), a note was issued, which forced Yi□ to "go on the 10th day of the lunar month," and forced Yi□ to "go on the term" (Volume 5 of the Second Opium War, pages 198-200, 203-204.) It can be seen that the British side proposed the clause to ced the "Kowloon Division One District", and the Qing court representatives only took two days from the time they learned about it and signed it. However, the facts fully prove that the invasion of China was a premeditated by the British invaders for twenty years.

Regarding the lease of the "New Territories", it was certainly the product of the powers' division of China at the end of the 19th century; however, this was also a long-planned dirty thing. As early as 1839, among the British planners invading China, there was a discussion that it was impossible to turn China into a "province of English" at once; therefore, he advocated "temporarily taking the islands along the coast", the first step was to "acquire Mogu Island in the Guangdong Sea, and station troops to guard the troops" (note: Hong Kong is also called "Xianggu Island", and Guangdong people call mushrooms); the second step was to "mother the bays of each ship in Tsim Sha Tsui, be careful to stick to it"; the third step was to "move Huizhou , Chaozhou , Nan'ao , Xiamen , Quanzhou , Fuzhou, Taizhou , Ningbo , Shanghai, Yangzijiangkou, Yellow Riverkou, Shandong, and Tianjin, occupy islands in turn, set up strong troops, stationed and held them to hold them to hold them, and raised the British flag" (Page 388 and 390, Volume 2 of the Opium War.) After the first and second steps were completed, they had to take the third step to expand their invasion of China. In fact, when they forced the Tsim Sha Tsui District of Kowloon, they thought "the total amount of this land is so small!" (Jiang Meng quoted "The Second Opium War" page 230.) Therefore, they began to expand the Kowloon territory since the 1960s.By the 1890s, with the transition from to the imperialist stage, the expansion of Hong Kong's territory, and further plundering Chinese territory, it was closely linked to the activities of dividing China's export of capital to China, seizing China's railway construction rights and dividing the sphere of influence.

1889, a group of London "China Association" organized by a pioneer invading China and its branch established in Hong Kong in 1892 became the main planners for further conspiring to "extend Hong Kong's borders." In 1894, after the outbreak of Sino-Japanese War of 1895, they advocated "seizing the opportunity to... force the Chinese government" in an attempt to achieve "tremendous changes in trade and overseas Chinese conditions" (Bercowitz's "China and the British Foreign Office" (co-translated by Jiang Zaihua and Chen Yan, Commercial Press, 1960 edition) pp. 194-196, 202, 207-209, 227.) On May 13, 1895, the United Kingdom's Joint Defense Committee of the Navy and Army proposed the issue of "requiring the expansion and adjustment of the Hong Kong border" as a "strategic consideration", but did not take action due to concerns about France (Ding Mingnan's British occupation of Hong Kong, "Research on Modern History" Issue 1, 1983). In June 1895, France used its participation in the "Three Kingdoms Interfered in the Far East Liao", forcing the Qing government to sign two treaties that were conducive to strengthening its status in Yunnan and Guangdong and Guangxi. At this time, the British pioneers invading China suggested that the British government take this opportunity to "force the territorial and commercial requirements for the expansion of Hong Kong's borders and the opening of the Xijiang River" to the Qing government, and emphasized that "for a long time, Hong Kong's 'residents' (referring to China's invaders) were concerned about the uncovered status of this colony (referring to Hong Kong), and urged to expand Hong Kong's territory and include Kowloon Bay." A plan to expand Hong Kong's territory to include Kowloon Bay on the grounds of "uncovered" by Hong Kong was officially proposed. In order to achieve these privileges, the "China Association" also "started campaigns" in London and Hong Kong. ("China Communications and the British Foreign Ministry" pp. 221-225, 229, 246, 257.)

It is worth noting that they are not satisfied with the above-mentioned expansion plan. Therefore, William Ksey, the chairman of the General Association of the "China Association" - who became a shareholder of Jardine Mahjong Hong Kong in the early 1960s and served as the president of the Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce, put forward a new proposal at the London headquarters meeting on November 8, 1895: the Hong Kong border should be expanded to "own the Dapeng Bay and the Kowloon Peninsula." This proposal made a major revision to the first boundary expansion plan that only "includes Kowloon Bay". After two days of discussion, this proposal was formed as the second expansion plan. On November 16, the delegation of the "China Association" was submitted to the British government. Subsequently, Dou Nele, a "pet of the Chinese Association" was stationed in Beijing. ("China Communications and the British Foreign Ministry" pp. 221-225, 229, 246, 257.) The "Special Article on Expanding Hong Kong Border Sites" in 1898 was based on the second boundary expansion plan revised by the "China Association" in November 1895, and was signed by this envoy threatened Li Hongzhang.

British invaders forced the Qing government to expand the borders of Hong Kong and expand the plunder of territorial plunder of China. Even British bourgeois scholars who defended the British policy of aggression admitted that this was their use of "appropriate opportunity to realize its long-standing ambitions" ("China Communications and British Foreign Affairs" pp. 221-225, 229, 246, 257.)

When exposing the process of European governments dividing China, Lenin once pointed out: "They were not divided openly at the beginning, but were carried out secretly like thieves." ("Selected Works of Lenin" Volume 1, page 214.) British invaders have inherited the tradition of "civilized" robbers who have always attached importance to "contracting covenants". However, before they proposed the "covenant", they had already acted secretly like thieves. They used greedy eyes and despicable plans to seek to plunder China's territory. Therefore, the process from the formation to the proposal of the "treaty" is purely a process from secretly planning the preparatory plan to the open fire holding a rod and open blackmail.Obviously, this kind of treaty that was built on all efforts to plunder China's territory and long-term premeditation, and ultimately forced to sign by force was purely aggressive and unequal.

supports diplomatic negotiations with military occupation and force the signing of a "peace agreement" by force is a common method of imperialism in China's modern history to occupy our country's territory. The first one to open the door were the British invaders; as early as 1836, they had planned to send a fleet to invade China "with a draft treaty that the Qing court had signed." Some people accused them of "not having the power to do this", and they shouted:

"Are we bound by public international law?" "If we want to enter into a treaty with China, the treaty must be written under the tip of a bayonet, according to our orders, and aimed at the cannon before it will take effect." "China Congbao" Volume 4, Issue 10 (February 1836). Note: The translations of the "China Congbao" used in this article are all translated by the "Selected Translation of the Opium War Historical Materials" of the Guangdong Provincial Museum of Literature and History. We hereby explain and thank you. 》This complete pirate declaration exposes the pirate nature of the British invaders who disregard the constraints of international public law. The treaty they forced the Qing court to sign the "cedescend" and "leasing" of Hong Kong, my country, was precisely this type of piracy plundering treaty that ignored the constraints of international public law. Its inequality and illegality not only lies in the fact that the manuscript of the treaty they had already planned, as mentioned above, was purely unilateral premeditation; and, from beginning to end, the Qing court signed and stamped according to their orders under their "bayonet tip" and "targeted by cannons".

(I) Cessing "Hong Kong Island" - from forcing the signing of the so-called "Sichuan Nose Grass Treaty" to forcing the signing of the "Nanjing Treaty".

The British invading China brought the "Draft Treaty against China" that planned to be ceased "□□ Islands", following the coercive measures pointed out by Bamazun in the "Term" "Mass: History of Foreign Relations of the Chinese Empire", Volume 1, page 721; pages 305; pages 740-741; pages 331; pages 337; pages 750, 752, 754. 》, first of all, it conquered Dinghai in July 1840 as a capital for threats. They went to Dagukou to submit the "Bamazun Note" to the Qing court and formally proposed to sign a treaty of cede land and compensation, claiming that if they were not "full of them", they would "will still fight each other." When Elliot and Qishan held a big talk, they also reiterated that if they did not allow what they wanted, they would "start a war"; as for the location of the "ceded island", although Hong Kong was not clearly stated, they have stated that they could choose a "corner" in the "coastal coast of Guangdong Province". "Daoguang Dynasty's "The Preparation for the Armed Forces of the Barbarians" pages 386-387, pages 425-426; pages 686-687; pages 735; pages 832; pages 813-815; pages 773-774, 834, 1291-1292, 1800-1807; pages 2054-2055, 2262-2263, 2277, 2305-2307, 2317. 》. It can be seen that the gunpowder smell of forcing the land cedes by force was very strong from the beginning. The British ship "was driving to a place as close as the capital, and it was effective. The tone of the Qing court changed." "China Congbao" Volume 10th Issue 2 (February 1841). 》, agreed to punish Lin Zexu, and sent Qishan to Guangdong to "discuss the final solution" with the British side. The Guangdong negotiations forcing the so-called Sichuan-Nipe Grass Treaty began after Qishan arrived in Guangdong at the end of November. Before the negotiations began, the British representatives had formulated a "temporary settlement" plan: through "continuing military operations", the British army withdrew from Dinghai as the condition, obtain compensation and obtain "an island near Guangzhou". "Ma Shi: "History of Foreign Relations of the Chinese Empire", Volume 1, page 721; pages 305; pages 740-741; pages 331; pages 337; pages 750, 752, 754. 》, namely Hong Kong Island. Therefore, after the negotiations began, Elliot made progress step by step with the main goal of seizing a Hong Kong island, and even tore up the "cease-fire" agreement, and used military attacks and armed occupation of Hong Kong islands to force Qishan to sign the contract.

The first step is to propose "temporary garrison" the army on Hong Kong Island. On December 12, while the British army "fleet is closer to the Kawabi Forts", Elliot told Qishan: If the plan to open Guangzhou, Xiamen and Dinghai to exchange for the British army's withdrawal from Dinghai, "the British soldiers should be kept temporarily in Hongkan Mountain (i.e. Hong Kong Island) and wait until all the matters are completed, then withdraw to their own country." "Edited by Masaya Sasaki: "Research on the Opium War" (Data Section) pp. 32-33.》In the name of "temporary garrison", he proposed the "arrangement of troops" for the first time, trying to make an excuse that the matter was not "complete" and occupied the island forever.

The second step is to imitate the example of Portuguese in Macau and “stand up the flag and autonomy” on Hong Kong Island. Since Qishan did not dare to immediately agree to the request for "temporary garrison", Elliot made an appointment to "fight"; Qishan begged him not to "force each other hard", and Elliot "is increasing the requests, but seeking the strengthening of Hong Kong's intentions." Liang Ting□: "Yi Xing Wen Ji" page 51. 》, on December 29, further requested that "a foreign countryside residence be given a place to allow British people to raise flags and govern themselves, such as Westerners (i.e. Portuguese) raising flags and governing themselves in Macau." "Edited by Masaya Sasaki: "Research on Opium War" (Data Section) Pages 32-33; Pages 46. 》Qishan did not dare to refuse strictly, nor did he dare to give up lightly, and sighed, "I feel that it is a dilemma of hardness and softness!" "Daoguang Dynasty's "The Complete Works of the Wild" pages 386-387, pages 425-426; pages 686-687; pages 735; pages 832; pages 813-815; pages 773-774, 834, 1291-1292, 1800-1807; pages 2054-2055, 2262-2263, 2277, 2305-2307, 2317. 》But the British side issued a video: If "If you don't send a satisfactory reply, start fire immediately" "The Opium War Material Volume 5, page 162. 》.

The third step is to force Hong Kong and Tsim Sha Tsui to the UK to be the chief executive. Ji Shan's request for the British side to "autonomous" was "still in preparation for maintenance". The British army suddenly captured Shakao and Dajiao Fort on January 7, 1841; then threatened Shakao forever to break the Humen to "go to the provincial capital to discuss" and threatened Qi Shan: If the British army asked to withdraw from Dinghai, Shakao and Dajiao, they must "give Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong and other places to the British chief." "Edited by Masaya Sasaki: "Research on the Opium War" (Information Chapter) Page 69". The original "sent-home" of one place to two places is changed from "autonomous" to "British rule".

The fourth step is to seize the entire island of Hong Kong with an armed force and unilaterally declare "cedescendance". Elliot took advantage of Qishan's begging for "stop choosing one place" and proposed to "receive one island from Hong Kong", which changed the original "one" place on the island (referring to the Hong Kong village) to "one island from Hong Kong"; it also used the name of "received" as the basis for the forced occupation; it also said that it would "consult each chapter and write a copy of the alliance" and asked Qishan to meet and "declare" "Edited by Masaya Sasaki: "Research on the Opium War" (Information Chapter) pp. 70-71. 》, prepare for the appointment drawn by the party. Qishan succumbed to British military pressure and even arbitrarily "means what he wants". This crime of betraying our territory and Hong Kong cannot be erased. But he did only "persuad" to report to "imitate the example of Westerners living in Macau, and allow them to moor boats and live in Hong Kong places outside eastern Guangdong"; on January 20, he also stated that although the place has been surveyed, the scope is still not determined, and "after the order is approved, we must decide the restrictions with the barbarians." "Daoguang Dynasty's "The Beginning of the Preparation of the Barbarian Affairs" pages 386-387, pages 425-426; pages 686-687; pages 735; pages 832; pages 813-815; pages 773-774, 834, 1291-1292, 1800-1807; pages 2054-2055, 2262-2263, 2277, 2305-2307, 2317. 》It can be seen that Qishan's "responsible" "Hong Kong place": First, it is still a place on the island that is still waiting for "discretionary restrictions", "there is no word on the entire island, nor does it refer to the location" "Daoguang Dynasty's "The Beginning of the Preparation of the Barbarian Affairs" pages 386-387, pages 425-426; pages 686-687; pages 735; pages 832; pages 813-815; pages 773-774, 834, 1291-1292, 1800-1807; pages 2054-2055, 2262-2263, 2277, 2305-2307, 2317. 》; Second, it is still a Macau-style leased land, not a cedent land; third, it still needs to be "permitted according to the order" and cannot be "received" immediately. However, on January 20, Elliot notified Qishan: The British army was about to go to "Hong Kong Island" "Edited by Masaya Sasaki: "Research on the Opium War" (Data Section) Page 74. 》; At the same time, in the form of an "announcement", he and Qishan "have signed a preliminary agreement" (the so-called "Chuanzi Treaty"), "Hong Kong's main island and its ports ceded to the British King" "Ma Shi: "History of Foreign Relations of the Chinese Empire", Volume 1, page 721; pages 305; pages 740-741; pages 331; pages 337; pages 750, 752, 754. 》. Then the warship "Liuyu" was sent to occupy Hong Kong Island on January 25, 1841.The captain of the ship, Edward Baierqiu, confessed:

, "On Monday, 25th, landed at 8:15 am. We were the first real occupiers, so we shouted long live on the territory and raised our glasses to congratulate Her Majesty on the health of Her Majesty. On the 26th, the fleet arrived, the Marines landed, and the national flag rose in our camp,... Commander Bomer officially held a ceremony to occupy the island." "Edward Baierqiu's Chronicle of the Cyclade of the World Navigation of the British 'Sulphur'" Volume 2, pp. 147-148, China Congbao Volume 12 Issue No. 9 (September 1843). 》.

After the British invaders seized the Hong Kong Island in our territory, they openly fabricated the facts, pretending that "the island in Hong Kong was stamped with the seal of the British monarch by the imperial envoy Qi Shan." The two sides have signed a "formal agreement" "The Opium War Materials Volume 5, pages 326 and 328. 》. This fully exposed the pirate faces of the British colonists.

Step 5: Make up for the contract and sign it, and it will make it more obvious if you want to cover it up. Fake is fake after all. Elliot later confessed that his strategy was to occupy first, and then, with the determination to "never give up the island", and by "taking advantage of the situation...forced by force", the Qing court agreed to "conclude an agreement on the basis of direct cede the island" "Mass: History of Foreign Relations of the Chinese Empire", Volume 1, page 721; pages 305; pages 740-741; pages 331; pages 337; pages 750, 752, 754. 》. It was precisely according to this strategy that Elliot "was willing to meet" Qi Shan on January 27th the day after the British army officially occupied Hong Kong Island, and held its first signing talks at the foot of the Lion Yang Lotus Mountain. He took out the "preliminary agreement" unilaterally announced on January 20 as the "State of the Charter" (the first plan of the "So-Chenji Grass Treaty"), "to the entire island of Hong Kong". Qi Shan did not agree and still "only give one place" "Opium War" information, Volume 3, pages 258-254. 》. On February 10, Qishan invited Elliot to hold the second signing talks at the Sichuan-nosed Snake Head Bay with his own draft "Draft of the Constitution" (the second plan of the so-called "Shuowen-nosed Grass Treaty". Because only the British were allowed to live in "one place in Hong Kong", Elliot also disagreed with the "Daoguang Dynasty's "The Complete Works of the Barbarians" pages 386-387, pages 425-426; pages 686-687; pages 735; pages 832; pages 813-815; pages 773-774, 834, 1291-1292, 1800-1807; pages 2054-2055, 2262-2263, 2277, 2305-2307, 2317. 》. On February 13, Elliot proposed the "Shan Ding Matters" (the third plan of the so-called "Shunji Grass Treaty"), insisting on cutting off the "Hong Kong Island" and repeatedly urged Qishan to designate a location to "stamp it in person", otherwise "the war will still start again." Qi Shan initially asked Elliot to postpone the processing of "Sasaki Masaya edited by: "Research on the Opium War" (Information Chapter) pages 80-84. 》; Later, when Elliot heard "deciding to fight regularly", he was preparing to "give him the whole island" "Daoguang Dynasty's "The Complete Works of the Arrangement" page 835; "Opium War" material volume 3, page 253. 》. It was only because the Chinese people's struggle against ceding Hong Kong was rapidly rising that Daoguang learned that Hong Kong was occupied by the British army and ordered Qi Shan to take it away. The so-called "Shuoji Grass Treaty" did not sign and seal it.

However, during the negotiations in Guangdong, British invaders used to fight and force negotiations to invade the entire island of Hong Kong, and used robbers' means of forcing signing contracts and their ambitions to make progress were fully exposed. Although the treaty of

has not been signed, the occupation has become a fact. However, under the pressure of the people and the resistance factions, the Qing court did not recognize the fact of such barbaric occupation for a considerable period of time. Before and after the Guangzhou Battle, Daoguang repeatedly ordered Yishan, who was in charge of Guangdong's military affairs: "Where can't Hong Kong place allow you to be sent to the rebels, and do not make any basis for it." It is important to "try to take it back quickly, and never give it to the barbarians, causing future troubles." During the British army's north of Fujian and Zhejiang, Daoguang repeatedly ordered Yishan to "accus and restore Hong Kong" and restrain it. Yishan always "dare not to try it lightly", and Daoguang also asked him to "attack and suppress the camera."Until May 1842, it was said: "How can Hong Kong be allowed to rebel against the barbarians for a long time?" If the preparations are made, we should still take the opportunity to "recover Hong Kong to extend our national prestige." "Daoguang Dynasty's "The Beginning of the Armed Forces of the Barbarians" pages 386-387, pages 425-426; pages 686-687; pages 735; pages 832; pages 813-815; pages 773-774, 834, 1291-1292, 1800-1807; pages 2054-2055, 2262-2263, 2277, 2305-2307, 2317. 》. Therefore, after conquering Qishan and Yishan, the British invaders "Forcing the Chinese government to sign a satisfactory treaty" for "forcing the Chinese government to sign a satisfactory treaty" "Mass: History of Foreign Relations of the Chinese Empire", Volume 1, pages 721; pages 305; pages 740-741; pages 331; pages 337; pages 750, 752, 754. 》, to obtain the "legal" status of occupying Hong Kong, further expand the war and invade the Yangtze River. As Engels pointed out: "The intention of taking this offensive step is to... force the Qing emperor to make peace immediately." "Engels: "The New Expedition of the British to China", "The Complete Works of Marx and Engels" Volume 12, page 189. 》As sure, Daoguang surrendered when the British army invaded Zhenjiang. On July 16, he secretly ordered the imperial envoy Qiying, who was the special officer of the "detention" to notify the British army: If the troops are "stopped immediately", he could "reward Hong Kong in one place and reward the accumulated goods to your country." When the British army captured Zhenjiang and approached the city of Nanjing, and forced the signing of a treaty to ced the "Hong Kong Island" by "firing artillery to attack the city", Daoguang sighed, "Why are you forced by this?", but he ordered "to be allowed to do so", claiming that he was in "unable and could not help but ask for anything." Qiying also confessed: "This time, the situation is difficult to handle the barbarian affairs, and the plan is at the bottom of the bottom, but the interests of the plan are not taken into account again." This is because "the barbarian ships should be strong and powerful, and the cannons are not subdued by the troops." "Daoguang Dynasty's "The Beginning of the Armed Forces of the Barbarian Affairs" pages 386-387, pages 425-426; pages 686-687; pages 735; pages 832; pages 813-815; pages 773-774, 834, 1291-1292, 1800-1807; pages 2054-2055, 2262-2263, 2277, 2305-2307, 2317. 》. This group of traitors and ministers were conquered by the bayonets and cannons of the invaders. All the timid defenses cannot wash away their guilt of disregarding "rights and wrongs" and selling off national interests, but they reflect the fierce flames of the British invaders forcing the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing. As Marx pointed out: On August 29, 1842, Pu Dingcha "the treaty signed with China... was concluded under the threat of the muzzle." "Marx: The Treaty of Britain and China", "Complete Works of Marx and Engels" Volume 12, page 600. 》. Even the bourgeois historian Ma Shi, who tried his best to defend the British invasion of China, could not help but admit that the Nanjing Treaty was "imposed on China under the muzzle of the British fleet and the threat of the British army's imminent capture of Nanjing." Ma Shi: "History of Foreign Relations of the Chinese Empire", Volume 1, page 721; pages 305; pages 740-741; pages 331; pages 337; pages 750, 752, and 754. 》. There is no doubt that this is an extremely unequal treaty that is purely forced to sign by force.

However, this treaty to "formally cede" Hong Kong Island is just a "legal" cloak created by British invaders for their illegal occupation of our territory. Two years ago, when Palmezon blamed Elliot for not signing such a "formal treaty", Elliot bluntly confessed that "the appearance of formal cedes" was temporarily "eliminated the appearance of formal cedes" and first obtain "the degree of territorial possession that we are satisfied with", that is, the actual occupation of the entire Hong Kong island "can also be in line with the purpose and reputation of Her Majesty the Queen's government." What made Bamazunbi Elliot cunning was that while pretending to respect the "formal treaty" and "they should be approved first by the Chinese emperor", he continued to "eliminate the formal cedes" when he learned that the British army's occupation of Hong Kong Island had been refuted and rejected by the Chinese emperor", and ordered Pu Dingcha to "retain" the island by force. "Mass: History of Foreign Relations of the Chinese Empire", Volume 1, page 721; Pages 305; Pages 740-741; Pages 331; Pages 337; Pages 750, 752, 754. 》. The so-called "legal basis" is not so sacred in the minds of the invaders. Even if a formal treaty is regarded as a "appearance" that can be "save" at any time, its content can also be "supplemented" and "abolized" at any time.After the Nanjing Treaty was signed, they couldn't wait to sign the Humen Treaty as a "supplement"; once upon a time, they claimed that "the restriction clauses in the supplementary treaty must be abolished" because it hindered ships from "communicating with Hong Kong" in various parts of China. China Congbao Volume 14 Issue 12 (December 1845). 》. The turn of hands makes clouds, and the turn of hands makes rain. If there is profit, it will be established, and if there is no profit, it will be destroyed. This is the truth that "civilized" robbers attach importance to "legislation".

(II) Ceding the "Kowloon Department Local Area One" - from forcing the signing of the "Lao Chongguang and Bashali Agreement" to forcing the signing of the "Beijing Treaty".

The UK invaded Tsim Sha Tsui District, the southern end of the Kowloon Peninsula, and it was the same as seizing Hong Kong Island: occupying first and then cutting. The difference is that before forcing the severance, the "rental" is first used and this form of occupation is used as a transitional step. The planners were Grant (also translated as Klington), the British commander of the invading China, Envoy Luo (also translated as Robinson), and Bashali, the Consul in Guangzhou. As mentioned above, the lease only takes one day from the time of filing to the signing of the lease. This is a typical example of forced signing in a special environment. On the afternoon of March 20, 1860, Bashali handed over a letter to the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi Lao Chongguang in the afternoon, using the excuse of "the chaos on the Kowloon Peninsula" to cause losses to British interests, and demanded to "leas this place until a permanent method of eliminating this state was adopted." That is, to require permanent "leasing". To this end, they tempted Lao Chongguang and said: This place should have been "cedescended to the British government", but the local authorities in Guangdong have no right to ced, and "can only be used for rent" to handle it; so "what you should do is to agree to these arrangements in the formal reply letter and propose the amount of rent that should be paid." Lao Chongguang was willing to be a puppet in the face of the threat that the occupier forced him to "express his agreement". The next day, he signed and stamped the "Lao Chongguang and Bashali Agreement" and completed the exchange procedures, and agreed to "leasing" Tsim Sha Tsui District, the southern end of the Kowloon Peninsula, renting 500 taels of silver every year. "As long as the British government delivers the rent on time, the Chinese government will not require the return of the above-mentioned land." The threat was successful quickly, and even Grant admitted that this trick "satisfied me." Quoted from Jiang Meng: "The Second Opium War" pages 225-228. 》. In fact, this "most bizarre" phenomenon is the ironclad evidence that the British invaders forced the signing of a lease.

Since the British and French forces occupied Guangzhou, Bashali became the actual ruler, and Lao Chongguang's predecessors have "nothing can't be independent." On July 12, 1859, the first day of Lao Chongguang's arrival in power, "When Wu was in office, Ba Xiali and others were not in the office", he was extremely forced Lao Chongguang to admit to "leasing" sand noodles and allocating funds to fill the foundation. "Until late at night, the situation had to be followed, and the notification must be given; the notification draft must be revised first" "Xianfeng Dynasty "The Complete Works of Preparation for the Noble Affairs" (1979 edition of Zhonghua Book Company) pp. 649 and 1598. 》. This was the first thing he forced Lao Chongguang to do, and it was already bizarre enough. Subsequently, Lao Chongguang was forced to pay "city defense" to the British and French coalition forces occupying Guangzhou on a monthly basis, and bizarre things emerged one after another. Therefore, when Guangdong Fuqiling reported to the Qing court that Ba’s revival was "and rented to the governor Lao Chongguang for 500 taels of silver to the governor Lao Chongguang, Jianshan [Sha]zui place in Jiulong", he said: The British and French allied forces not only "the General Office of Guanyinshan, the provincial capital", but also "the military equipment of the Provincial Central Banner Green Service Camp was taken away... This made me lose all the garrison and had to follow his control plan." At the same time, "two barbarians are often in the governor's office every day" closely monitored Lao Chongguang; "After the provincial officials were in the city, they were held by their cages, they had to obey everything in order to be peaceful and peaceful." "The Second Opium War Materials Volume 4, pages 314, 389, 541. 》. These defense words cannot also eliminate the traitors of the invaders such as Lao Chongguang and others who "follow everything" to treason the country, but the invaders are extremely vicious and "captive" and forcing the signing of a lease are ironclad.

After the British invaders occupied Tsim Sha Tsui with a lease, they "built houses" there. "The Second Opium War" Materials Volume 4, page 389. 》, and at the same time, the task of forcing the Qing court to "completely cede" the place was handed over to its plenipotent representative Erjin.Emperor Xianfeng re-emerged with the British and French coalition forces and tried to compromise as soon as possible, but Erjin neither allowed to meet with Lao Chongguang in Guangzhou nor agreed to talk with Xue Huan in Shanghai. Instead, he forced the Qing court to sign the "Beijing Treaty" by atrocities such as capturing Tianjin, invading Beijing, burning and looting the Old Summer Palace. He suddenly used the phrase "Kowloon Department... Has the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi Lao Chongguang approved the allowance of rent, which is no different from giving" as a word, deliberately confusing the difference between "leasing" and "giving", and demanding that the agreement "addition" and ceding the place and other terms, and limiting the time and place, urging Yi to sue "painting and stamping". Yi□ did not check the contract signed by Lao Chongguang, so he "allowed him to join" the contract. The report said: "Our arrogance is just enough, and once it is refuted, it is difficult to guarantee that it will not cause trouble; if it is a little bit constrained... I am afraid that the barbarians will not be able to wait for a long time, and there will be some troubles." "The Second Opium War" Materials Volume 5, pages 198-199. 》, so we can only "let it be narrow and add it." Emperor Xianfeng urgently sought to "resist the war forever", and said, "I also deeply understand the difficulties" and announced that "all the articles set in the peace agreement will be approved by each payment." "The "Original and Final Affairs of the Preparation of the Barbarian Affairs" (1979 edition of Zhonghua Book Company) pp. 2499, 2502, 2503. 》. Just like Daoguang and Qiying signed the Treaty of Nanjing, the debate between Xianfeng and Yi□ on the signing of the Treaty of Beijing was not only a confession of "threatening the threat" by stolen the king and his ministers, but also a record of the British invaders' arrogant use of force to sign the "peace agreement". The French also recorded Erkin's fierce attitude more specifically at that time, pointing out that on the day he forced the contract to sign the treaty, he was arrogant and unrestrained, trying to show that "the British signed not a peace treaty, but a conquering treaty"; the pen he used to sign contained "the full weight of the sword of the victor"; he also specially arranged that "when signing his own name on the peace treaty text, the cannon also rumbled at the same time." "The Second Opium War" Materials Volume 6, pages 305-307. 》It can be seen that the Beijing Treaty that forced the "Kowloon Division One District" is another unequal treaty that was forced to sign "under the tip of the bayonet" and "under the aim of the cannon". However, as the great French writer Hugo pointed out back then: the history of the British and French coalition forces invaded China "is the history of two robbers"; Britain and France "the government often acted as robbers, but the people never did this." After the outbreak of the Second Opium War, the British working class severely accused the British government of "carrying naked aggression in China", pointing out that their treaty to plunder China's territorial sovereignty "is obtained through force" unequal treaties "The Second Opium War Materials Volume 6, pp. 386-387, 390. 》. This is a voice of justice representing the people of Britain and France.

(III) Forced renting the "New Territories" - from forcing the signing of the "Special Article on Expanding the Hong Kong Territory" to "take over" by force.

British robbers further seized the "New Territories" including the northern Kowloon Peninsula and the islands around Hong Kong Island, using the "rental" method, and their leases were also signed by the gunboat policy. At the end of 1897 and early 1898, Germany, Russia and France competed to rent Jiaozhou Bay, Lushun Dalian and Guangzhou Bay in my country, while the British ambassador to China, Dou Nele was also ordered to propose to the Qing court to rent Weihaiwei in the north and Bei Kowloon in the south and other places. During this period, British ships frequently mobilized, threatening to "build their own fort in Wusong, or occupy the islands outside Zhoushan and Wusongkou, or enter the river and even reach Chongqing", or "garrison troops from Zhenjiang and Jinling." In April 1898, Dou Nele was ordered to propose a request to expand the border of Hong Kong, shouting: "The British House of Parliament originally intended to occupy the port in Zhoushan, Zhejiang and Fujian to take advantage of the security rights; because China is in a dilemma, it is only possible to expand the border of Hong Kong in the original Hong Kong." "The Historical Materials of the Qing Dynasty Diplomacy" Volume 128, pp. 4-6, 12, 20-21," means that if Hong Kong does not allow expansion of borders, it will be necessary to occupy Zhoushan and other ports. The corrupt Qing government surrendered under the force of British robbers' "try to occupy the port", and the traitor Li Hongzhang signed the "Special Article on Expanding the Hong Kong Territory" fabricated by Dou Nele. British invaders seized the "New Territories" by "lease lending". As Lenin pointed out in 1900: "European governments desperately plundered (so-called 'leasing') Chinese territory one by one", they "have begun to divide China" "Selected Works of Lenin Volume 1, page 214. 》. The so-called "leasing" is essentially the "plunder" and "dividing up" of Chinese territory.Article 1 of the "English Privy Council on the New Territories Order" announced on October 20, 1898 that within the time limit stipulated in the "English Privy Council on the New Territories", "The New Territories will also and actually become an integral part of the Hong Kong colony of Her Majesty's Government." The "English Privy Council on the New Territories Order" (October 20, 1898), the translation uses the translation of Le Zheng, the Department of History of Sun Yat-sen University, and hereby express his gratitude."

, the treaty of "leasing" the New Territories, is just like the agreement between "cedescending" Hong Kong and Tsim Sha Tsui District at the southern end of the Kowloon Peninsula. It is just the so-called "legal basis" used by British invaders to cover up their peaceful disguise and illegal plunder of Chinese territorial armed occupation. Occupy and plunder are their purpose. Treaties as peaceful disguise and "legal basis" can be learned first or later. If they are not satisfied, they can be destroyed at any time. As early as thirty-four years before the signing of this lease, they had already expanded the territory of South Kowloon and occupied deep water. After the lease was signed, the lease attempt was to further expand the scope of the lease and to destroy the reservation clauses such as the Chinese officials stationed in Kowloon City "can still do their own business in the city." While both sides "meet the boundary site", the British side proposed to move China's Kowloon Customs out of the concession and blackmail. After the meeting, the "Hong Kong New Concession Contract" was signed. The British side was eager for the sake of the river and put forward new territorial requirements, clamoring to transfer "Shenzhen and other villages into the concession". If they do not agree, "the tax customs will be removed from Kowloon City." To this end, the British army sent troops to the Dapu Ruins in the concession twice in April 1899. After being resisted by local people and forced to withdraw, they counterattacked in early May and successively occupied various villages south of the Shenzhen River. On May 17, they declared: "For the sake of our government, we sent troops to guard Shenzhen, Kowloon City and other places." They blatantly broke the contract. On the one hand, they occupied Kowloon City with armed forces and expelled the officers and soldiers in the city; on the other hand, they sent troops to occupy Shenzhen, and after expelling the Qing army with weapons, they also forced the local gentlemen to "report" that they "will be under the jurisdiction of Britain", and at the same time sent troops to occupy Shatoujiao. The corrupt Qing government ordered that it could only "contact with it". The Guangdong authorities decided to abandon Kowloon City and Shenzhen to "not compete with Britain", and only told the British side weakly: "Will the negotiations between the two countries still handle the treaty in the future?" "Historical Materials of the Qing Dynasty Diplomacy" Volume 131, page 17. 》The British invaders were forced to withdraw from Shenzhen under the resistance of the people, but they annexed Kowloon City. In order to "legalize" this annexation, on December 27, 1899, the UK issued the "Train of the Privy Council on the Kowloon Walled City", unilaterally announced the cancellation of the reservation clause in the "Special Article on Expanding the Hong Kong Territory" and at the same time cancellation of this clause in the "Train of the Privy Council on the New Territory" to supplement the declaration that the Kowloon Walled City "also and actually become part of Her Majesty's Hong Kong colony" "The "Train of the Privy Council on the Kowloon Walled City" (December 27, 1899), and the translation is based on the translation of He Yuefu, the Department of History of Sun Yat-sen University. Thank you very much. 》.

This is how the British invaders. In order to achieve their purpose of occupying and plundering Chinese territory, as needed, unilaterally planned, forced to sign, arbitrarily destroy, and deleted and modified the so-called "legal basis" treaties as the so-called "legal basis", and openly handled the "two-state negotiation incident" with this illegal act. From beginning to end, there is only the absolute freedom of the invaders. All treaties that invade Hong Kong in our country are signed, implemented and amended under absolutely inequality. It is natural for the Chinese people to not accept these unequal treaties imposed on China.

"The process of combining imperialism and Chinese feudalism to turn China into a semi-colonial and colonial, that is, the process of the Chinese people resisting imperialism and their lackeys." "Selected Works of Mao Zedong" Four-volume Compilation, page 595. 》The Chinese people, including their compatriots in Hong Kong, have fought a long and heroic struggle to oppose the British invaders forcing their forced severance, rent and occupation of our Hong Kong region.

(I) During and after the First Opium War - the struggle against Britain's forcing the forcibly severing and occupying Hong Kong Island.

After the British army occupied Hong Kong Island in January 11841, it was announced that "the island of Hong Kong is now part of the territory of the Queen of England", and the residents of the island "have become subjects of the Queen of England." "Edited by Masaya Sasaki: "Research on the Opium War" (Data Section) Page 75; "Opium War" Materials Volume 5, page 328. 》. In order to defend the motherland's territory, the Chinese people immediately set off a climax of the struggle against cede and anti-occupation.

The second day after Hong Kong Island was occupied, Qi Shan met with Elliot at the foot of Lotus Mountain in the Lion Ocean, "The Great Banquet of the British Rebellion". At that time, "the military and civilians and others watched at the foot of Lotus Mountain, no less than thousands of people." The patriotic military and civilians closely watched the development of the situation and forcibly occupying Hong Kong Island in the British army, "The old man and the yellow child, the group think of the enemy; the gangsters sell the vertically, and they share the same hatred." "The third volume of the "Opium War" Materials, page 16; the revised version of "Historical Materials of the People's Anti-British Struggle" edited by the Guangdong Provincial Museum of Literature and History, page 80. 》At that time, the general of Dapeng Associate, Lai Enjue presented the note and notice of the British army to the Guangdong Governor Yiliang. Yiliang was "unbearable to be shocked" and told Lin Zexu who was dismissed from office to Guangdong. "Zexu was heard and extorted, and advised Yiliang to report to him." He pointed out: "The people's land is all the monarch's position. Now [Qishan] has not been ordered to give private rebellious barbarians. How should he be silent?" With the advice and specific help of Lin Zexu Dun, Yiliang reported to Daoguang on February 11, 1841 that the British army occupied this "major land" and exposed the crime of "Qishan's concession to him." However, before the memorial arrived in Beijing, Daoguang was about to agree to Qishan's Chongqing decree to allow the British to "move boats in Hong Kong" to live in Chongqing, but arrived in Guangzhou on February 16. Yu said: Qishan "compromising power, and the alliance has taken this difficulty" to consider how big Hong Kong is, how far away from Guangzhou, and whether it is related to the interests of opening Hong Kong? "Quickly find out the memorial and submit the memorial to Chongqing." After Qi Shan received the memorial, he replied that Hong Kong was "alone from overseas, especially far away from Macau". At the same time, he "replaced the treaty of the Imperial Law Firm to "replace and rename it as appropriate, and ordered it to be repaired separately, and submitted a request to use the customs of the customs of the Daoguang Dynasty, pp. 735-737, 803-804, 831-833. 》It is planned to sign a contract and stamp it! At this critical moment, Lin Zexu told the patriotic gentry and Liang Ting about the situation on February 18 to mobilize the gentry and people. Deng Chun, a gentry from Dongguan, "knowing the matter and gathering the gentry with gamblers" held a meeting on February 21 and went to the Supervisory Office to petition, urgently saying that "the false statements are too much, so it is better to suppress them." Qishan brought out the "Treasures of Yi are from the best intentions" to suppress the gentry, but the gentry was dissatisfied. Some people who "have come out with the debate until the end of the day" "Liang Ting□: "Yi Xing Wen Ji" page 60. 》; Deng Chun and others jointly wrote to Yiliang, hoping that he would "follow public opinion and criticize" and "promote the country and eliminate harm for the people." When Yiliang saw that "if public opinion is like this", his confidence suddenly increased, which meant that he "will be willing to listen to the triumphant song with the gentleman". "The third volume of the Opium War" Materials, page 16; the revised version of "Historical Materials of the People's Anti-British Struggle of the Sanyuanli People", edited by the Guangdong Provincial Museum of Literature and History, pages 80-81. 》. This is the first struggle after the occupation of Hong Kong Island. This struggle promptly curbed Qishan's further traitoring activities. Qi Shan has never dared to sign and stamp the so-called "Shunji Grass Treaty" proposed by Elliot, which is closely related to the rapid rise in the struggle; secondly, it temporarily reversed Daoguang's tendency to surrender on the issue of ceding Hong Kong. After receiving Yiliang's report, he dismissed Qishan from his post and locked up his post. For a considerable period of time, he explicitly ordered that "the place should be recovered so that the situation can be accomplished." "Daoguang Dynasty's "The Complete Works of the Preparation of the Barbarian Affairs" page 1077. 》; Again, it upheld the integrity of the Chinese nation and promoted the struggle of the Chinese people, including Hong Kong compatriots, to continue to develop in the struggle against the British occupying Hong Kong Island.

At that time, all Chinese people with patriotism and national consciousness advocated the regaining of Hong Kong. The patriotic bureaucrat Yu Qian repeatedly called for the recruitment of "local water bravery" and the camera "attacked Hong Kong"; when the British army invaded Guangzhou, he also advocated taking advantage of the situation and "secretly attacking his nest"; Liang Zhangju, who was the governor of Guangxi at the time, reported that the battle of Sanyuanli had "made the British and barbarians lose their souls", and it was advisable to take advantage of the situation to "train the local bravery, and regain Hong Kong as the first priority"; although the patriotic intellectual Zhang Piao was blind, he still passed the oral teaching and wrote a letter to "the villagers are willing to recover Hong Kong first" "The Daoguang Dynasty's "The Beginning of the Armed Forces of the Barbarians" pp. 869, 1139-1140; "The Opium War" Materials Volume 4, pages 26-27; Chen Li's "Biography of Mr. Zhang Qingquan", "Dongshu Collection" Volume 5. 》.In the autumn and winter of 1841, during the British army invaded Fujian and Zhejiang in the north, the people of Guangdong took active action to recover Hong Kong, and contacted the townships, "to jointly discuss the withdrawal of students and the people are working hard." Lin Fuxiang, the charitable leader who had participated in the Sanyuanli Anti-British War, wrote a letter to Guangdong Governor Qi □, saying that at present, "the gentry is brave enough to fight, and he has the victory of Sanyuanli, and he feels more courageous." He firmly expressed his determination, "to lead the team with the current striker" and "from the back of Hong Kong, the secret army will attack." The British occupiers "reported that the provincial group trained many bravery... and were afraid of taking Hong Kong." They hurriedly offered high prices to buy the "pirates" leaders and unemployed coastal vagrants to guard against, but many people were unwilling to be driven by the British. In the autumn of 1842, British reinforcements left Hong Kong and headed north. During the invasion of the Yangtze River, the people of Guangdong once again took action to regain Hong Kong. In Guangzhou, "gentlemen and people offered suggestions to kill thieves"; in Xin'an, "gentlemen and villagers were indignant and repeatedly wanted to burn ships to kill thieves, seize foreign goods, and eliminate fire and food"; in Hong Kong, even Zhu Sishui, who acted as "rebels", "also willing to regret their sins and make meritorious service" to serve the country. But at this time, the Qing court had decided to surrender, and Yishan and others "planned comprehensively" and suppressed this righteous act. "The Daoguang Dynasty's "The Complete Works of the First and Last" pages 1291, 1404, 1445, 1523, 1627, 1631, 1977, 2268; "Opium War" materials, Volume 4, pages 601-602; "Yi Xing Wen Ji" pages 114. 》. The arrow is on the string, I am sorry that I can't fire it!

However, the Hong Kong compatriots cooperate closely with the mainland people and the struggle to resist the British occupiers continues to develop. In February and March 1841, during which the British army's main forces invaded Humen and Guangzhou, they confessed that because they "cannot allocate enough people to defend" the island, they had to "lower the national flag in Hong Kong" and moved the office to Shauzhou to temporarily live in "The 5th Materials of the Opium War", pages 178 and 191. 》. On June 7, 1841, Elliot declared Hong Kong as a free port, and declared to "the merchants and civilians of eastern Guangdong and coastal provinces": "If you come to Hong Kong for trade, this official will definitely protect you" and "exempt his taxes and pay." "Edited by Masaya Sasaki: "Research on the Opium War" (Information Chapter) pp. 110, 115, 122. 》. But no matter how you attract, "the mainland is a stable businessman and civilian, because they are not my race and are unwilling to interact with it." In winter, the British army forced 27 mainland merchant ships to Hong Kong, and the ship owners insisted on fighting and finally forced them to "release". After the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing to formally ceded Hong Kong, it aroused the wave of resistance among the people of the province and Hong Kong. "The people of Guangdong sergeant have revenge and refuse to trade with Britain", which defeated the British side's attempt to withdraw import and export taxes from Chinese merchants in the "Hong Kong City" and entrusted the plan of "Daoguang Dynasty's "The Complete Works of the Arrangement of the Barbarian Affairs" pp. 1103-1104, 2267-2268, 2240-2241. 》At the same time, in Hong Kong, British occupiers are often attacked by so-called "indiscipline" people at night, and even the police dare not work night shifts. From October 4, 1842, the occupiers announced that "Chinese residents are prohibited from traveling at night" and night sailings are prohibited at sea. But Hong Kong compatriots did not surrender. As the British Hong Kong authorities successively promulgated various tax laws to carry out economic plunder, the Chinese people could no longer bear it. By 1846, the first strike and market strike in Hong Kong in history, which was against the collection of the "poll tax", broke out, and won the battle. The people of Guangzhou, who were insisting on opposing the British invaders entering Guangzhou at that time, were encouraged and warned the British invaders in April 1847: If they still enter Guangzhou, they would launch a strike again, "firstly stop their trade and fire, and hire workers there, they should immediately withdraw them." "Edited by Masaya Sasaki: "Sino-British Resistance after the Opium War" (Draft of Information) Page 281. 》. In the spring of 1849, the Governor of Hong Kong threatened to "raise troops to disturb Guangzhou", and the people in Kowloon and Tsim Sha Tsui "train on their own" and prepared to "wait for the members of the Yi people to leave Hong Kong, suddenly kill the few guards, destroy their buildings and burn them down." Liang Ting□: "The Story of the Yi Yin" page 169. 》. It can be seen that Hong Kong compatriots and the mainland people support each other, and Guangzhou’s anti-entering struggle won, and Hong Kong compatriots made a contribution.

(II) During the Second Opium War and the Sino-French War - the struggle to resist the British occupiers turning Hong Kong into a capitalist powers’ base invasion of China.

After the outbreak of the Second Opium War, Hong Kong became the military base of the British and French coalition forces and the center of crimes for representatives of Britain, France, the United States and Russia to conspire to invade China.People from all over Guangdong and Hong Kong compatriots once again cooperated closely to severely crack down on the British occupiers' rule in Hong Kong.

First, implement an economic blockade and launch a strike and a strike. After the British army invaded Guangzhou in October 1856, patriotic gentry in Xin'an County gathered to "resolve to strictly prohibit the supply of food to Hong Kong", and sent village tycoons to control the various gates and issued notices of disconnection, banning trade, and calling on Hong Kong Chinese workers to return home. "Quoted from Jiang Meng's quotation: "The Second Opium War"; pages 63-64. 》. After the British and French coalition forces captured Guangzhou, the "General Administration of Regiment and Training" located in Hua County further "responded the heads of all prefectures, counties and villages in central Guangdong, and ordered the private men and women to teach, handle copywriting and all employees in Hong Kong, Maigao (Macao) and other places, and were allowed to be dismissed within one month." They also mobilized "Macau and Hong Kong businessmen to return home." As a result, "within one month, more than 20,000 people returned," Xiangshan, Xin'an, Fanyu, Dongwu and other counties traded merchants, employees, workers, sailors, etc., who served in Hong Kong, "are almost seven or eight out of ten people who fled from Hong Kong." This strike and market strike struggle paralyzes all industries in Hong Kong, "the barbarians are embarrassed by it", "they are in charge of cooking and cooking, and they cannot bear the suffering." "The Second Opium War" Materials Volume 1, pages 194, 282; Volume 2, pages 352, 361. 》. Hong Kong Governor Bao Ling admitted helplessly: "We are now consuming the consequences of war." "Quoted from Jiang Meng's quote: "The Second Opium War" page 103. 》.

Secondly, adopt various "resistance methods" to carry out extensive mass struggle. Like the mainland people, the Chinese in Hong Kong actively and enthusiastically participated in this national war. It is reported that in early 1857, there were "people organizing barbarian killing activities everywhere in Hong Kong." After the fall of Guangzhou, "the British people walked to remote places in Hong Kong and were robbed and killed by Guangzhou people", which scared them so much that they "did not dare to travel privately outside" "The Second Opium War" Materials Volume 2, pages 358-359; Volume 6, pages 56. 》, Even if the police go on patrol and "go to a dangerous place", they must "join a larger team and fire guns first when they take risks." "Quoted from Jiang Meng: "The Second Opium War" page 64. 》. They also used the method of "hidden weapons and taking merchant ships" to attack on the way and "capture ships". On December 30, 1856, they attacked and burned the first passenger ship to Hong Kong and Guangzhou, and on February 23, 1867, they attacked the first ferry to Hong Kong and Macau. Engels was very sympathetic to the Chinese people's forced to adopt "this method of resistance" to fight, believing that punishing civilized traffickers who bombarded Guangzhou and "killed and raped women... only this method can take effect"; thus praising "This is a war to defend the country and homeland, and this is a people's war to preserve the Chinese nation." "Selected Works of Marx and Engels" Volume 2, page 20. 》.

During the Sino-French War, due to the collusion between British and French invaders and attempting to use Hong Kong as a military base for transporting materials and repairing ships, the workers in Hong Kong and Kowloon launched a massive strike. In September 1884, the shipbuilder of the "Red □ Boat Australia" at the southern end of the Kowloon Peninsula refused to repair the French gunship and planned to burn it. The British Hong Kong authorities rushed to send troops to "defend all night." Barge workers and porters supported the shipbuilders' patriotic actions and refused to transport supplies for French cargo ships. They were also obstructed and persecuted by the British Hong Kong authorities. On October 3, strikers fought bravely with the British Hong Kong military and police. Despite being bloody suppression, one person died and dozens of people were arrested, the struggle did not stop. On the evening of October 7, shipbuilders and porters in Kowloon District went to Yau Ma Tei to demonstrate in the name of "dance of dragons". On October 9, Hong Kong workers issued a statement: If the detained porter is not released before 5 o'clock tomorrow morning, they will set fire to burn the British and French houses. The British occupiers finally "feared the followers of the crowd" and were forced to release the arrested workers, pay the families of the deceased, return the fine, and "listen to the Chinese people not to pretend to be a legal product." "Refer to the 6th issue of "History Teaching" in 1962, "Answer the answers to "Hong Kong compatriots in the fight against France during the Sino-French War"; the quotation is shown in the fifth volume of the "Sino-French War" materials, and the 6th issue of "Modern History Materials" 1957, page 26. 》.This struggle not only severely hit the criminal activities of British and French invaders turning Hong Kong into a base for invading China, but also showed the combat power of the new Chinese working class, becoming a symbol of the anti-imperialist and patriotic struggle of Hong Kong compatriots entering a new stage.

(III) Resist the struggle against the British invaders forcing their rents to the "New Territories" and attempting to expand the "New Territories".

The waters around the Kowloon Peninsula and Lantau Island have been an important battlefield for the Chinese people's struggle against Britain since the First Opium War. During the Second Opium War, the people of Xin'an "cut off the supply of Hong Kong with extreme strictness" and threatened the "British barbarians landed on the shore and posted false statements", the township tyrants ambushed again. The British army once captured the county town, but was repelled by the "Xixiang Shajing Group bravely entered the city"; the British army attempted to counterattack, and the local people "connected with the towns in Dongguan" and prepared to "decide life and death with them". The British army finally did not dare to attack "The Complete Works of the Xianfeng Dynasty" (1979 edition of Zhonghua Book Company). 》. During the Sino-French War, the Kowloon Local Triad Congregation also fought side by side with the strikers. Therefore, when the British invaders forced their rent to the "New Territories", as the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi Tan Zhonglin said: "Xin'an has a strong customs, and there are no less than 10,000 villages in the concession, and they eat hair and eat soil for more than 200 years. Once they hear that the rent is under the jurisdiction of the British, they are all indignant and unwilling to be under the jurisdiction of the British." The invaders who were harsh and feared on the outside were also asked to Tan Zhonglin: "Please send troops to protect" when paying the rent. Later, because they were afraid that the Qing army would be unable to "suppress", they adopted the method of sudden attack and occupation. In April 1899, they sent troops to Dapu Ruins to "build a shed" and issued a notice, "I ordered the residents to submit a seal verification contract and want to increase taxes." Therefore, the local people immediately raised the flag of righteousness that was armed and resisted, and ignited the flames of the anti-rent land struggle with the righteous act of "destroying the sheds and mats". For a moment, "all towns in the concession gathered and threatened to raise funds and prepare for equipment, and made things difficult for foreigners. The public sentiment was fierce and unstoppable." "Historical Materials of Diplomatic Affairs of the Qing Dynasty" Volume 131, page 17. 》.

11899, in order to fight against the British reinforcements, "thousands of local people" in each township gathered on the hillside of Dapu Ruins to "excavate pits and trenches to resist British soldiers." In the battle in Japan, there were "each casualties". Although the British army "caught the people unprepared and raised the British flag" on April 16 to show "received management", "the local people confronted the people and fought hard, and they could not explain the situation" "Historical Materials of Diplomatic Affairs of the Qing Dynasty" Volume 139, pages 3-4. 》, defeated the British army on April 18, forcing them to retreat temporarily. In May, after the British army occupied the "New Territories", they crossed the Shenzhen River, occupied Shenzhen, and advanced northward to Buji, and threatened to attack Shilong, Dongguan. The people of Xin'an once again "connect with the townships in Dongguan". More than 3,000 civilian troops in Dongguan went to Yantian and continued to attack the British army in Buji. "Shen Fu: "The Struggle of the People of Dongguan and Bao'an in 1899 against the British occupation of the Kowloon Peninsula", "History Monthly" No. 12, 1959. Note: The author of this article has visited Yantian Village for investigation, and a lot of investigation data is preserved in the article. 》. In addition, the people of the province and Hong Kong have cracked down on the invaders in various ways, and the Qing government had to negotiate with the British side under the pressure of patriotic public opinion. The British army was finally forced to withdraw to the south of the Shenzhen River, and the civilian army recovered Shenzhen, where the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi had requested not to compete with the British. The struggle of the people has hit the fierce flames of the invaders' attempt to further expand the "New Territories". This struggle corresponds to the struggle of the Suixi people to resist the French forcing the rent of Guangzhou Bay, and shows the indomitable fighting spirit of the Guangdong people in the struggle against land lease and anti-dividing. It also corresponds to the Boxer Rebellion that emerged in the north during this period and the early revolutionary activities of the revolutionaries led by Sun Yat-sen, becoming "thunder and lightning that previewed a storm coming." Hu Sheng: "From the Opium War to the May Fourth Movement" Volume 2, page 481. 》.

From the above, Hong Kong region has always been China's territory. The treaty on "cedescendance" and "lease" in Hong Kong was an unequal treaty signed by the British invaders and relying on bayonets and cannons to force the corrupt Qing rulers. "It is also a historical witness to the oppression and insult of the Chinese people in the past." "Ding Mingnan: "The Process of Britain's Encroachment of Hong Kong", "Research on Modern History" No. 1, 1983. 》. Therefore, the forced "cedescendance" and "lease" in Hong Kong have always been firmly opposed by the Chinese people, including Hong Kong compatriots. This is the truth of history.