What kind of legend does he have, who is ranked among the "Three Heroes of West Lake"
Historical University Team Works Text: The vast amond
The beautiful scenery and the scenery of the lake and mountains in Hangzhou, there are three legendary figures in lingering: The national hero Yue Fei who "served the country with loyalty and returned my rivers and mountains"; Yu Qian, the pillar of the Ming Dynasty who "turned the tide and flawless", and Zhang Huangyan, the patriotic Confucian general who "fighted the Qing Dynasty and helped the Southern Ming Dynasty".
Time changes and time passes, and the achievements and integrity they leave behind will always be the precious wealth of our nation. Everyone is familiar with Yue Fei and Yu Qian, and Zhang Huangyan, if he is a friend who doesn't read history books very much, may feel unfamiliar, but he can be compared with the two predecessors who are famous for a long time. It is conceivable that this person is definitely the most famous among people.
This article will show you the awe-inspiring character and loyalty of this patriotic Confucian general. It is precisely thanks to the bloody battles of Zhang Huangyan, Li Dingguo, Zheng Chenggong, Du Yinxi, Zhang Mingzhen and others that the remaining half of the Nanming Kingdom lasted for nearly twenty years.
▲Zhang Huangyan (1620-1664), a Confucian general and poet of the Southern Ming Dynasty, a famous hero of the anti-Qing Dynasty, and persisted in the anti-Qing struggle for nearly twenty years.
(I)
AD 1644 was destined to be a turbulent year. After Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself on Coal Mountain, the Qing Dynasty, Li Zicheng , Zhang Xianzhong , Wu Sangui , and the Ming Dynasty officials became the main forces in the world.
In the following years, as the Qing Dynasty took over Beijing, the situation in the world gradually became clear, mainly three forces including the Qing Dynasty, the Southern Ming Dynasty, and Zhang Xianzhong. Dorgon, the regent of the Qing court, was an outstanding figure with political vision and military wisdom. In addition, the Eight Banners Iron Cavalry, who is at the peak of combat power, and the Han generals Wu Sangui, Shang Kexi, Geng Jingzhong, and others who are familiar with the virtual and real Chinese. Therefore, no matter whether it is the Southern Ming Dynasty, which is full of internal strife and looks distant, or the "Daxi regime" of Zhang Xianzhong, who lives in a corner, it cannot withstand the powerful offensive of the Qing Dynasty.
In 1645 AD, the Qing army marched into Jiangnan and soon captured Nanjing, Jiading, Hangzhou and other places. The troops were approaching Ningbo . The officials in the Nanming City in Ningbo were in chaos. The timid family had fled, and those who were afraid of death were ready to surrender. In times of crisis, people's integrity was revealed. The tribute student Dong Zhining and six others were actively running in the city, persuading wealthy merchants to fund and recruit troops to resist the Qing army. Unfortunately, their actions were ridiculed and few responded. Fortunately, the Ministry of Justice’s official ward, Qian Sule summoned a righteous man to respond to the actions of six people in the City God Temple in the city. After discussion, everyone decided to go to Taizhou to invite King Lu Zhu Yihai to Shaoxing to preside over the overall situation of the anti-Qing Dynasty and exercise the responsibility of the state 4. The messenger sent to contact was Zhang Huangyan.
Zhang Huangyan, whose courtesy name is Xuanzhu and his pseudonym Cangshui, was later revered as "Zhang Cangshui". He was from Yin County (now Ningbo, Zhejiang). Born in an official family, his father served as judge of the Shanxi Yanyun Department and a member of the Ministry of Justice. His mother died when he was twelve years old, so he has always been with his father. He was famous for his quick thinking when he was young.
When he was twenty-three years old, due to the rising fires of the Ming Dynasty and the peasant uprising troops one after another, the court urged the prefectures and governments in various places to pay attention to cultivating talents with both civil and military skills. In this Ningbo Prefecture exam, some additional military and archery tests were added to the students in the Ningbo Prefecture. Relying on the good foundation laid in daily life, Zhang Huangyan shined in the extra exam and was praised by the people of the time.
At the Chenghuang Temple rally, since Zhang Huangyan was one of the important participants and thanks to his good reputation in daily life, the important task of contacting Zhu Yihai fell on him. Zhang Huangyan's mission went smoothly. Soon, under the support of ministers such as Zhang Guowei, Zhu Dadian, , and Song Zhipu, King Zhu Yihai of Lu served as the governor of Shaoxing. After the fall of the Hongguang regime, he re-carried the banner of resisting the Qing army.
However, because King Zhu Yihai of Lu did not have a direct army, he could only rely on local power-based military personnel such as Wang Zhiren and Fang Guoan. In addition, the internal forces fought for power and profit, he soon retreated under the heavy attack of the Qing court and avoided the area around the Zhoushan Islands. At this time, Zhang Huangyan, who was already the Hanlin editor, was also among the followers.
Who knew that at this time, the general of Zhoushan, Huang Binqing, was suppressing King Lu Zhu Yihai and others everywhere, making them unable to stay in the Zhoushan area soon. What is the reason? Because Huang Binqing's official position was granted by the "Longwu regime" in Fuzhou.
In 1646 AD, Emperor Hongguang Zhu Yousong was executed by the Qing court in Beijing. Ministers from various places supported the new king again. Three forces successively entered the historical stage: Zhu Yihai, King of Lu in Shaoxing, and the "Longwu regime" in Fuzhou (the emperor was King of Tang Zhu Youjian ) and Guangxi's " Yongli regime" (the emperor was King of Gui Zhu Youlang)
Due to the disappearance and death of Emperor Chongzhen's descendants, the cousin Fu, Zhu Yousong, who was close to his blood, was the first to ascend the throne and established the "Hongguang regime" under the compromise and game of various forces. However, it was declared destruction in just over a year.
The origin of the two forces of King Lu and King Tang that coexisted thereafter can be traced back to Zhu Yuanzhang's period: the first generation of King Lu was Zhu Yuanzhang's tenth son, and the first generation of King Tang was Zhu Yuanzhang's 23rd son. Compared with the imperial family of Zhu Di, the orthodox Zhu Yuanzhang, the fourth son of the Ming Dynasty, the appeal of the two forces was not enough. However, the first generation of King Gui was the son of Emperor Wanli of the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, the second generation of King Gui Zhu Youlang and Emperor Chongzhen were cousins. From the perspective of emperor rule, they should be the most appealing.
However, behind the three forces are their respective interest groups, so they do not recognize each other and fight each other, which is very convenient for the Qing court to defeat each other. When the enemy is facing each other, they are not trying to unite and resist foreign humiliation, but they are fighting for fame and interests. It is really sad and lamentable! Compared with the Southern Ming and the Southern Song Dynasty, many historical researchers believe that the chaos of the imperial regime is also one of the important reasons for the fall of the Southern Ming Dynasty.
Since the "Longwu regime" is far superior to the King of Lu, both in the ruling area and military strength, Zhu Yihai, the King of Lu, was soon driven to the Xiamen area. Zhang Huangyan and Zhang Mingzhen, the guardian of Shipu (now in Xiangshan, Ningbo), stayed in the Zhoushan Islands to recruit rebels and organize anti-Qing forces. At this time, Zhang Huangyan had been appointed as the right assistant censor and military supervisor by the King of Lu and officially began to embark on his most glorious and tragic life.
▲Zheng Chenggong (military general and national hero during the Ming and Qing dynasties) Main achievements: resisting the Qing Dynasty in the southeast, expelling Dutch colonists, regaining Taiwan, and creating the Ming Zheng
(II)
In 1647 AD, in order to respond to the Ming Dynasty's righteous acts, Wu Shengzhao, the admiral of the Qing court, anyway, the support of the commander Zhang Mingzhen, Zhang Huangyan led hundreds of warships to support him. Unfortunately, when he was passing through Chongming Island, he suddenly encountered a storm and the warships were destroyed. The Qing court, who heard the news, took the opportunity to send troops to encircle and suppress them, and Zhang Huangyan and others fell into the hands of the Qing court.
However, because he was not very famous at this time, the Qing court did not take good care of him. Seven days later, Zhang Huangyan escaped by chance with his agile skills and received some support from righteous men along the way. In addition, he was accustomed to riding and shooting and had extraordinary martial arts skills, so he finally escaped the pursuit and returned to the Zhoushan Islands.
This military defeat did not shake Zhang Huangyan's confidence. He continued to recruit rebels in the eastern Zhejiang area, built cities and implemented military farms. He demanded these rebels with the standards of a disciplined royal army everywhere, and received the support and support of the local people.
In recent years, because the Qing court's main energy was focused on Fujian and Guangxi, Zhang Mingzhen and Zhang Huangyan were given sufficient time to develop. By 1654 AD, the two felt that the time was ripe, so they decided to attack the Qing court.They led their troops into the Yangtze River Estuary in batches, then went straight up the river, rushed all the way through the Qing army's river defense positions such as Langshan, Jiangyin , Jingjiang , Sanjiang, etc., seized more than ten Qing army cannons and a large number of food and grass, and landed on the Jinshan Mountain in Guazhou (now in Yangzhou ).
The Ming army then stationed in Jinshan in the northwest of the city for several days. Zhang Mingzhen, Zhang Huangyan and others climbed to Jinshan Temple and sacrificed Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum to the southeast. The generals present were filled with grief when they saw the broken mountains and rivers and the cruelty of the Qing Dynasty. After that, as the Qing army attacked in large numbers and measured the comparison of the enemy and our forces, the Ming army finally made the decision to withdraw.
Twenty days later, in order to shock the Qing army on the southeast coast, Zhang Mingzhen and Zhang Huangyan led their troops to advance along the Yangtze River, heading straight to Yizheng, and burning hundreds of Qing Dynasty sea salt ships. The Governor of the South of the Qing Dynasty, Ma Guozhu, urgently dispatched the navy to support him, but the Ming army did not give the enemy a chance at all and quickly withdrew to the Chongming Island area.
After that, Zheng Chenggong sent 15,000 troops and hundreds of large ships to support. On the sixth day of September 1654, the Ming army launched the Third Battle of the Yangtze River under the leadership of Zhang Mingzhen and Zhang Huangyan. The Ming army was unstoppable and attacked the Caishiji area in Nanjing. According to historical records, " is short of Jiangning , and the momentum is very rampant. " The two sides fought for more than two months. In the end, because the Qing army came to support, the Ming army lacked supplies and had to withdraw from the Yangtze River.
▲Zheng Chenggong recovered Taiwan
After that, with the cooperation of Zheng Chenggong's army, Zhang Mingzhen, Zhang Huangyan and others recovered Zhoushan. Unfortunately, Zhang Mingzhen, a generation of war generals, accumulated in his heart due to national hatred and family hatred, died suddenly in the army. Before his death, the army was led by Zhang Huangyan. At this point, Zhang Huangyan officially became the military commander of the army supervisor and the Minister of War, and together with Zheng Chenggong in the southeast and Li Dingguo in the southwest, he supported half of the Southern Ming Dynasty.
With the loss of power in the Lu State and the fall of the Longwu regime, the Southern Ming finally had a nominal unified leader, which was Emperor Yongli Zhu Youlang. In 1658 AD, he sent envoys from the southwest and conferred Zheng Chenggong as the Prince of Yanping County and the General of Zhao Gong, and Zhang Huangyan as the Grand Secretary of the Dongge and Minister of War, highly affirming the leadership position of the two in their respective armies.
After that, the Qing court recruited heavy troops to attack Yunnan, attempting to eliminate the Yongli regime. In order to restrain the Qing army and alleviate the pressure of the Yongli regime, Zhang Huangyan ordered people to contact Zheng Chenggong and invite him to send troops quickly. The situation was critical, and Zheng Chenggong did not dare to neglect. He soon led an army of 170,000 and Zhang Huangyan's 7,000 troops to march into Zhejiang, and once conquered Yueqing , Ninghai and other places. However, due to the typhoon of the navy, more than 100 warships and thousands of soldiers were lost, the Ming army had to temporarily withdraw.
In 1659 AD, the Ming army made a comeback, attacked the Yangtze River again, and occupied Chongming Island. Zhang Huangyan suggested to Zheng Chenggong: " Chongming, the gateway to the river and sea, it is better to set up a large army here first, so that the army can advance and retreat to a certain extent. " Unfortunately, it was not adopted by Zheng Chenggong. There is no way, his army is far less than Zheng Chenggong, so the military has to rely on him.
After suffering several losses from the Ming army, the Qing court at this time had very strict defense on the Yangtze River. He used iron chains to block the river between Jinshan and Jiaoshan in Guazhou, and at the same time, many artillery were arranged on the shore to curb the advance of the Ming army's navy. As the vanguard army, Zhang Huangyan led seventeen warships to cleverly destroy the iron chain between the river and "cut the river and pass". The subsequent Zheng Chenggong army advanced rapidly and quickly captured Guazhou. At this time, Zhang Huangyan suggested that he should make every effort to capture Zhenjiang , but Zheng Chenggong was worried that the main force of the Qing army stationed in Jiangning would go to support soon, and he was unsure of his mind.
Zhang Huangyan continued to suggest that a navy army could be sent to attack Jiangning, which would make the Qing army stationed in Jiangning unable to take care of itself. From then on, this navy army could go up the river and go to the Wuhu area to move, thereby restraining the Qing army along the line. This time Zheng Chenggong adopted his suggestion and assigned the task to him.
▲ "Planning Taiwan Victory" depicts the war scenes of the battle to pacify Taiwan from the 51st to the 53rd year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty (1786-1788)
Zhang Huangyan's army was less than 10,000 and less than 100 ships were searched. It is conceivable that it is undoubtedly a arduous task. However, Zhang Huangyan did not hesitate. He knew that the greater the noise in the southeast, the further relief of the pressure on the southwest. He led the navy to arrive at the Liuhe Belt outside Jiangning, and received a warm response from the local people along the way.
When the news of Zheng Chenggong conquering Zhenjiang came, Zhang Huangyan wrote to him again, "The army is very fast, and in order to defeat the Qing army in Jiangning, he hopes that Zheng Cheng will pacify the counties and counties by land and attack Nanjing." However, Zheng Chenggong's troops were mostly naval troops, and he was always not good at land warfare, and still chose to march by water, which gave the Qing army in Jiangning, which had a chance to breathe and mobilized reinforcements to consolidate the city defense.
On June 28, Zhang Huangyan, who had been staying outside the Guanyin Gate of Jiangning for two days, saw that Zheng's army was still not coming, so he had to divide his troops and ordered his subordinates to lead some troops to move to Wuhu area, and he led his troops to station in Pukou area to restrain the enemy. Two days later, Zheng Chenggong's army arrived. After consultation, Zheng Chenggong stayed to attack Jiangning, and Zhang Huangyan led his troops to Wuhu to join the army he had sent earlier.
Zhang Huangyan divided the army into four directions, attacked all counties in Anhui, and ordered people to post notices. Many officials who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty returned to the Ming Dynasty anyway, and the Ming army quickly recovered thirty cities. Zhang Huangyan also strictly enforced military discipline and "no violations" against the people, showing the style of the royal army. According to historical records, Zhang Huangyan said, "Hi" "passed through counties and counties, visited Confucius Temple, sat in Minglun Hall, promoted the chief officials, investigated the promotion and demotion, and was briefly like the story of the inspectors and inspected the affairs department, and responded to the distance and near.
Therefore, there was an unprecedented grand occasion of "the elders fighting for the reward of the master with cattle wine, holding a stick and sticking incense, seeing their clothes and crowns, weeping and crying, thinking that they had never seen in fifteen years." "The small boats on the verge of the river bring fruits to trade in a lot of traders" gave Zhang Huangyanjun great support and encouragement.
It is regrettable that Zheng Chenggong suffered a severe blow under the city of Jiangning, so he had to give up Guazhou, Zhenjiang and other places and lead his troops to avoid the sea. As a result, Zhang Huangyan's troops faced a sharp increase in pressure, and he quickly fell into a difficult situation of being in a dilemma and being attacked from both sides.
Faced with a large number of Qing troops coming from all walks of life, Zhang Huangyan made the decision to switch to Poyang Lake and march towards Jiangxi. When he led the navy to the Tongling area, he happened to meet the main force of the Qing navy from Huguang to help. After a fierce battle, due to the gap in strength, Zhang Huangyan "only hundreds of remaining soldiers were pacified by , retreated without doing anything, and burned the boat to land on ." He led hundreds of people to walk the mountain paths, and went through dangers until the Xiling area in Xiangshan, Zhejiang Province, and escaped from the pursuit of the Qing army. At this time, he was infected with malaria and could not move forward. Fortunately, he was protected by the people along the way. After his defeat, he took a detour and sneaked for more than 2,000 miles, and returned to the coastal areas of Zhejiang. At this time, there were only dozens of people left under his command.
(III)
After receiving the news that he escaped safely, Zheng Chenggong, who was guilty, allocated thousands of people from his troops to his command. In order to accumulate strength, Zhang Huangyan ordered his soldiers to farm in the coastal areas to solve the problem of food and wages. At the same time, he wrote the news of his defeat into a letter to report to Emperor Yongli. In the imperial edict, Emperor Yongli comforted the patriotic Confucian general who was loyal to the Ming Dynasty, which moved Zhang Huangyan and strengthened his determination to live and die with the Ming Dynasty.
In order to completely eliminate the Southern Ming forces in the southeast coastal areas, the Qing court removed the fire from the bottom of the cauldron and issued a "Sea Relocation Order" to move the coastal people to the inland, thereby cutting off the people's supply and support for the Ming army. Faced with a dilemma, Zheng Chenggong resolutely marched towards Taiwan, and finally regained Taiwan from the Dutch, creating his immortal reputation as a national hero.
His departure made Zhang Huangyan, who was alone and alone, in a more difficult situation. He wrote letters to Zheng Chenggong many times, hoping that he could return to Fujian and continue to compete with the Qing court, but was rejected by Zheng Chenggong on the grounds that "Taiwan has not decided and is not suitable to send troops."
In 1661, under the heavy attack of the Qing court, although Li Dingguo led his army to fight to the death, he still could not reverse the situation. The Yongli regime in the southwest retreated step by step. Seeing that the situation in Nanming is so critical. Zhang Huangyan had no choice but to send envoys to the Yunyang Mountains in Hubei to contact the "Thirteen Kuidong Families" led by Li Zicheng's remaining troops, including Hao Yongzhong, , , Liu Tichun, , and other generals, hoping that they could send troops to contain the Qing army in Huguang. To alleviate the pressure from the Yongli regime in the southwest and save the current military crisis. Unfortunately, the "Thirteen Kuidong Families" were also trapped in the Qing court at this time, and they were unable to protect themselves. They could only rely on the steep terrain of the mountains, let alone take the initiative to attack.
▲ Chen Hongshou works Chen Hongshou (1599-1652), a famous calligrapher, painter and poet in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties,
In 1662 AD, the Southern Ming regime, which had been persisting for nearly twenty years, was at a dead end. First, Zheng Chenggong suddenly died of illness in Taiwan, and then Emperor Yongli was ordered to be strangled to death by Wu Sangui. After hearing the news, a famous general, Li Dingguo, vomited several liters of blood, and soon died of grief and anger.
Zhang Huangyan, who was hit by a series of blows, still remained loyal to the Ming Dynasty. He led his troops to support him at the sea, maintaining the last little strength of the Southern Ming regime. Until June 1664, the Qing court's rule was becoming increasingly stable, but the power of restoring the Ming Dynasty had disappeared. In desperation, Zhang Huangyan ordered the disbandment of the rebel army and lived in seclusion on an island.
However, in any era, the most despicable person like the traitor will exist. Unfortunately, under the betrayal of the traitor, Zhang Huangyan was held by the Qing court. As the main figure of the Southern Ming Dynasty who had been active on the front line of fighting with the Qing court for many years, Zhang Huangyan's influence was naturally self-evident. The Qing court really hoped to surrender him. Unfortunately, after trying various means such as coercion and inducement, the Qing court finally found that everything they did was futile.
In 1664, on the seventh day of September, Zhang Huangyan was taken to the execution ground in Hangzhou. Before the execution, he was fearless and righteous, which made the onlookers shed tears. Zhang Huangyan looked up at the Wushan not far away (southeast of Hangzhou West Lake ) and sighed: " is a great country, but unfortunately it has become a fishy smell! " After saying that, he calmly "sits and gets a knife" and died heroically. He was only forty-five years old. The last banner of loyalty and righteousness of the Southern Ming Dynasty ended in disgrace!
The Southern Song Dynasty was overthrown, Wen Tianxiang was executed generously, Lu Xiufu fell into the sea without a loss, and all 100,000 soldiers and civilians died for their tribute. After Emperor Chongzhen was hanged, a large number of Ming ministers surrendered to the Qing court, making people sigh where the heroes of the Han Dynasty were? Has the national integrity that has always existed between heaven and earth disappeared from now on? Of course not. The patriotic Confucian general Zhang Huangyan gave the most resounding answer with his lifelong experience in resisting the Qing Dynasty and his passion! At the same time, he also sent himself to the ranks of the greatest figures of our nation.
This song titled in prison is the most powerful and unyielding cry that our nation has made to the world and the world in times of crisis:
sigh! The dust in the sea is shining, the sun and the moon are blind, and the land is sinking and the valley collapses.
My alone stands tall, calling Gui and Geng.
more than sympathize with this remains, so I stopped the opportunity and slept with the soldiers.
square pot round and round, and the tax is named after the tax.
The dragon fish's belly is full of this hesitation and trouble.
For more than a lifetime, you will be in China; if you die, you will be in a bright future;
inch elixir is heavy, and seven feet is light.
Depends the Wenshan Mountain, and is also bound to Yanjing.
Huangguan’s hometown is not what I love.
wants to be generous and self-destructive, but it is restrained and strict,
learns from Xie Gong to the end of his grains, and the beaks are combined.
and other feathers are thrown into pieces, so why not talk and laugh and make things happen?
remembers the rode of the Tang ministers, and looks at the cauldron and the pot is still ice.
Remembering the ancestors' practice of the earth, I am ashamed of loyalty and filial piety and failure.
I am so embarrassed that the descendants are in the cage, and the clouds of worship are overwhelming.
is gone! Xun Qiong thanks Yuxi, and sometimes witheres. More than
's great energy turned into wind and thunder; more than
's soul turned into sun and star.
is enough to keep the principles and consciences for thousands of sacrifices, and to be loyal and righteous for thousands of years.
What is the difference between the country and the family?
Song to express one's aspirations, and to be willing to admire Jizi's chastity?
If you think of righteousness, you may feel ashamed of your husband.
