"The Long March is a great epic in the history of revolutionary wars, and it is far more than that!" This is the evaluation of American writer Smedley. From 1934 to 1936, the Central Red Army, the Second and Sixth Red Army successively moved to Guizhou and held a series of import

" Long March is a great epic in the history of revolutionary wars, and it is much more than that!" This is the evaluation of American writer Smedley. From 1934 to 1936, the Central Red Army, the Second and Sixth Red Army successively moved to Guizhou and held a series of important meetings marked by the Zunyi Conference, realizing the great turning point of the Chinese revolution.

The Party and Red Army During the revolutionary activities in Guizhou, they successively established the revolutionary bases of Guizhou East , Guizhou North , Guizhou West North and Yunnan Guizhou Gluten Border Region. The Red Army has traveled across 68 districts (counties and cities) in Guizhou, and has established a number of grassroots regimes and revolutionary armed forces, which has promoted the establishment of revolutionary mass organizations and sowed the spark of revolution in Guizhou.

During the activities of the Red Second and Sixth Corps in northwest Guizhou, they "expanded the Red Red" more than 5,000 people; in eastern Guizhou, more than 2,000 "divine weapons" from poor people, inspired by the Communist Party, resolutely joined the revolution; in bloody battles trapped Niushan, more than 100 Red Army soldiers of the Red 52nd Regiment chose to jump off the cliff and pounce on the river in order to avoid accidentally hurting the people... Time flies, but these historical fragments have become an indelible historical memory of the Party and the Red Army during their activities in Guizhou.

Renovation of the "Sheng Soldier" in Guizhou. 2,000 people participated in the Red Army

Dejiang County Fengxiangxi Town, and a old Siheyuan with a dove style is located. Outside the courtyard wall, hundreds of years of maple trees silently witnessed history. This is the former site of Fengxiangxi Conference.

"The pheasant has a mountain, the white crane has a beach, and a Red Army team. How can I do without a base?" At that time, the Red Army , which had been fighting thousands of miles from western Hunan and Hubei to Fengxiang Creek, was already in a state of poverty, lack of supplies, and there were only a handful of party members. The wounded were not treated in time. The majority of commanders and fighters urgently hoped to establish a revolutionary base. He Long made it clear that he could not leave like this anymore. He Long and Guan Xiangying also reached a consensus on winning the "sacred weapons" in eastern Guizhou and establishing bases.

On June 19, 1934, the Fengxiangxi Conference was held. At the meeting, it was decided to establish a revolutionary base in Guizhou, restore party and youth league organizations and political organs in the Red Third Army, and re-register party members; select some Red Army cadres to go deep into the grassroots to carry out mass work, establish local Soviet regimes, carry out agrarian revolution in peasant areas such as fighting local tyrants and dividing land, and initially criticize the serious consequences of "left" adventurism. The facts later proved that this meeting saved the Red Army in extremely difficult situations.

According to the Tongren Municipal Party History Department, the starting point of the Guidong Divine Soldiers Movement was in the summer and autumn of 1930, and it first emerged in the Houping of Yanhe. It was mainly distributed in the three major "altars" of Dejiang, Yinjiang , and Yanhe, with a total of more than 28,000 people. The people called the "Divine Soldiers" organization "Big Sword Society" and "Red Gun Society", and later called the "Divine Soldiers Regiment", which had a certain organizational structure. However, the organizational forms of the divine weapons in various places were relatively chaotic and the titles were also varied.

Take the Dejiang divine weapon initiated by Zhang Yuxun and Zhang Yuyao in the autumn of 1931 as an example. The leader is called Buddha Lord. The following is roughly divided into two systems: civil and military systems. "Military Generals" are called marshals, generals, vanguards, etc.; Guanyin, Lingpo, and Xiangu are "cultural systems", but there are intersections between the two systems, and military generals often perform entertainment performances, and Lingpo and Xiangu also lead troops to fight.

The combat method of the divine weapon also has the feudal superstitious color of "Boiler style" - first use the method of changing talismans and drinking water to "please possess the gods", and shouted while practicing martial arts: "You can't fight, you can't kill, and cut a white seal with one knife." Due to the reasons of harsh government exploitation, frequent natural disasters and bandits, the divine weapon movement continued to develop in eastern Guizhou, and put forward the slogan of "destroying soldiers, destroying donations, and destroying taxes", clarifying the organizational discipline of "banning gambling, banning colors, banning smoking, and banning theft", attacking the county town, and electing the county magistrate of the divine weapon, making the ruling authorities feel uncomfortable.

Under the suppression of local authorities, in April 1934, the Dejiang divine weapon suffered a severe blow and the leader Zhang Yuxun was killed. On June 9 of the same year, before the Fengxiangxi Conference was held, the leader of the divine soldier Ran Shaobo found He Long and asked the Communist Party to "steer the rudder" and be willing to hand over his team to the Red Army.

Hunan, Western Hubei Central Branch analyzed that although the Shenbing Organization has a feudal backward side, it has strong revolutionary requirements and can embark on the revolutionary path through education and guidance.After the Red Army marched into eastern Guizhou, it issued the "Letter of the Comrades of the Hunan-Hubei-Sichuan-Guizhou Revolutionary Committee of the Soviet Republic of China to Guizhou Yinjiang, Dejiang, Wuchuan , Yanhe County " which expressed admiration for the courage of the divine soldiers to resist the warlords and landlords and gentry, clarified the policies, and put forward the requirements for them to strive for their own liberation: they should support the interests of workers and peasants, organize the Red Army guerrillas and self-defense force, organize the Revolutionary Committee as a unified leading organ, do not accept the "recruitment" of warlords and imperialism, be free to believe in religion, and protect the freedom of the altar and the unbeliever of religious people. These requirements have been supported and actively responded to by the divine soldiers of each county.

After the Red Army arrived in Fengxiangxi on June 19, the commander of the army, He Long and political commissar Guan Xiangying decided to organize the magic weapon into the Guidong Column, Ran Shaobo was appointed as the commander, and the Red Army cadre and member of the Communist Party of China Xiong Zhongqing was appointed as the political commissar. In just a few days, more than 2,000 "divine weapons" from various counties joined the column.

So far, a peasant armed organization in the form of primitive struggle and feudal superstition has been transformed into a revolutionary armed force under the leadership of the proletariat.

Wang Zhen (second from left) and Miao compatriots from Dading (now Dafang) took a photo (1936.2)

Bloody battle to trap Niushan More than a hundred Red Army jumped off the cliffs tragically

Located in Yangdongao, Ganxi Township, southeast of Shiqian County, there is a "Monkey of the Martyrs of Ganxi Death". In the market town not far away, more than 100 newly built houses of immigrants and relocated households are particularly impressive. Not far away, there is a cliff called "Qunniu Mountain". On October 16, 1934, in order to avoid accidentally injuring the masses, more than 100 Red Army officers and soldiers of the 52nd Regiment of the Red Sixth Army smashed their guns here, resolutely chose to jump off the cliff and pounce on the river, and wrote a heroic hymn.

Yang Youzhu is a local party history worker in Shiqian and is very knowledgeable about the feats of Qianniushan. In October 1934, the Red Sixth Army, as the "advance team" of the Central Red Army's Long March, was ordered to enter Guizhou westward and prepare to meet with the Red Third Army led by He Long (later restored number Red Second Army). On October 7, the troops encountered an enemy in Ganxi in Shiqian and were surrounded by 24 regiments of the enemy in Hunan, Guizhou and Guangxi. On the 16th, the Red Sixth Army decided to move south, enter Ganxi on the second day of Guorong (place name) and cross the Shi (Qian) Town (yuan) Avenue to break through the siege. The division commander Long Yun and regiment commander Tian Haiqing were ordered to lead more than 800 people to cut off the rear. By the 18th, the main telegram of the Central Revolutionary Military Commission of the Legion: It has successfully broken through Shiqian.

16th, Double Ninth Festival of the lunar calendar. In order to cover the main force of the army to get rid of the enemy's interception, the Red 52nd Regiment headed westward and led the enemy to Chuanyanba and Qianniushan. At this time, the 52nd Regiment had only more than 400 people left, but it attracted the forces of about 7 regiments and local militias in Hunan and Guizhou provinces, and fell into a heavy siege. Qianniu Mountain faces rivers on three sides, cliffs on both sides, and the surrounding high ground has been occupied by the enemy. The division commander Long Yun led more than 200 people to lean on the rock wall along the path and grab grass vines and break through the river ditch. By around 4 pm, more than a hundred Red Army commanders and soldiers were besieged in the Hujing Gully of Niushan. At the end of the battle, the Red Army soldiers were unwilling to accidentally injure the people trapped in the enemy army, smashed their weapons and jumped off the cliff. The regiment commander Tian Haiqing died, and some soldiers were intercepted by vines and escaped by luck. On the 27th, the division commander Long Yun was injured and arrested at Longchangao, the junction of Shiqian and Cengong . He was later transferred to Wuhan several times and died in February 1936.

Yang Youzhu once interviewed the people who had witnessed the battle back then. "The Red Army's shooting skills were very accurate in punching the uniforms, but they didn't hit the common people, and they shot the gun very high." "The horse shells (cylinder shells) on the ground were piles of horses (sacrificing Red Army) and the clothes on the body (the sacrificed Red Army) were very tattered."

After the enemy left, the local people took the initiative to rescue the injured soldiers and adopt the young Red Army soldiers. The masses risked their lives to bury the remains of the Red Army and retain the relics of the Red Army. During festivals, people within a radius of dozens of miles spontaneously came to the Red Army’s grave or the Hujing Gully where they jumped off the cliff, burning incense and paper, and worshiping wine and vegetables. Over time, a rock was so smoked that it turned black.

The old Red Army soldier Chen Shirong, who survived jumping off the cliff, was elected as branch secretary and township chief after liberation. He was often invited to local schools to tell the children about the heroic deeds of the Red Army fighting that year.In 2008, the Shiqian County Party Committee, County Government and descendants of the Red Army jointly built the "Monkey King of the Feats of the Junniu Mountain", and General Xiao Ke wrote the name of the monument.

Although it paid a huge price, the Red Army still broke out of the enemy's encirclement and preserved its strength for the formation of the Red Army.

The monument to the feat of gangsters

Second entry to Guizhou, marching and majestic Wumeng

On October 24, 1934, the Red Sixth Army and the Red Third Army met in Muhuang, Yinjiang, and the Red Third Army immediately restored the Red Second Legion number. Nearly 7,000 Red Second and Red Sixth Army troops, under the command of Comrades Ren Bishi, He Long, Guan Xiangying, Xiao Ke, Wang Zhen and others, advanced to Xiangxi , creating the Hunan-Hubei-Sichuan-Guizhou Revolutionary Base.

From early February to September 1935, the Kuomintang army carried out three "encirclement and suppression" of the base area, and the third "encirclement and suppression" force had increased to more than 130 regiments, forming a four-sided blockade on Soviet area . In November 1935, the Second and Sixth Corps of the Red Army began to make a strategic transfer: the second entry into Guizhou. Through the flexible combat of "speaking east and attacking west", the Kuomintang army was tricked, while the Red Second and Sixth Corps gained valuable rest and rest opportunities in central Hunan. Seeing that the strategic goal of mobilizing the enemy had been achieved, the Red Second and Sixth Corps immediately marched into Shiqian, Zhenyuan and Huangping in Guizhou as planned. On January 19, 1936, a meeting of leaders of the two legions was held in Shiqian County. Based on the analysis of the environmental conditions of Shi, Zhen and Huang and the enemy situation changes, it was believed that the Red Army should not establish a base here. It should continue to advance westward and move to the vast areas of Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou west of Wujiang and south of the Yangtze River to activities, and strive to establish a new base in western Guizhou.

Central Revolutionary Military Commission instructed: "The Second and Sixth Corps can operate in Guizhou, Yunnan and Sichuan." "Fare attacking Guiyang and quickly transfer to Guizhou Dabi." The leaders of the army analyzed that the Red Army had been to northwest Guizhou, and the local masses had revolutionary requirements; at the same time, the underground party and border guerrillas in Guizhou were frequently active there, and the warlords in the Kuomintang Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces were full of conflicts, and each was in charge of their own affairs, and the reactionary ruling power was relatively weak. Therefore, the decision was made to transfer the Red Second and Sixth Corps to Guizhou Dabi and create a base.

Passing through the monkey field, occupying Weng'an , conquering Pingyue (now Fuquan), entering Kaiyang County, threatening Guiyang... The enemy's 99th Division and 23rd Division returned to defend Guiyang, and the Red Army took the opportunity to capture Xiuwen and occupied the Yachihe Ferry. On February 3, 1936, the two armies successfully occupied Qianxi County. At the Guizhou-xi Conference, it was determined to establish the Guizhou-Dabi base and create the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou New Soviet Area. The Revolutionary Committee of the Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou Province of the Chinese Soviet Union ended its historical mission.

On March 31, the two armies left Pan County and began a strategic transfer with the goal of crossing the Jinsha River to fight against Japan north. On July 2, he met with the Red Fourth Front Army in Ganzi. In October 1936, the Red One, Red Two and Red Fourth Front Army met in Huining, Gansu and other places. The meeting of the three main forces of the Red Army marked the successful end of the Long March by the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army and shouldered the new great task of the Chinese revolution.

Some party history experts commented: Guizhou is one of the provinces with the longest activity time, the widest activity area and the most major events among the 11 provinces that the Central Red Army passed through the Long March. According to statistics, from 1930 to 1936, the Red Seventh Army, the Red Eighth Army, the Central Red Army, the Red Second and the Red Sixth Army led by the Communist Party of China successively carried out a series of revolutionary activities in Guizhou, covering 68 counties (cities, districts, and special zones) in Guizhou. During the Bijie period of the Red 2 and 6th Corps in Guizhou alone, the number of "expanding the Red" reached more than 5,000.

During the Central Red Army's time in Guizhou, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China approved the establishment of the Guizhou Provincial Working Committee of the Communist Party of China in Zunyi , and successively established county-level government organizations such as Zunyi, Meitan , and Tongzi, as well as more than 50 district and township Soviet government organizations; formed a number of Red Army guerrillas and district and township revolutionary armed forces; established more than 40 revolutionary mass organizations such as the "Friends of the Red Army", "Zunyi Red Trade Union", and "Tongzi County Farmers' Committee".During the period when the Red Second and Sixth Corps were in Guizhou, they established the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Provincial Revolutionary Committee, established the Bijie Central County Party Committee, 8 district-level Soviet temporary regimes and 95 rural Soviet regimes, and formed more than 100 guerrillas.

Fengxiangxi Conference Address

★ Character Archives

Longyun (1903-1936) Miao people, from Maoping Town, Jinping County, and a senior general of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1928 and participated in the Pingjiang Uprising led by Peng Dehuai and others. He participated in the anti-"encirclement and suppression" struggle five times, and served as political commissar of the Red Fifth Army Field Hospital, commander of the First Regiment of the Fourth Division of the Eighth Army of the Red Third Army, commander of the 21st Division of the Red Seventh Army, and commander of the 18th Division of the Red Sixth Army.

In August 1934, he was ordered to lead the Red 18th Division of his troops as one of the two main forces of the Red Sixth Army to participate in the Western Expedition. On October 27 of the same year, he was captured in Cengong County due to injuries. Faced with the enemy's torture, Long Yun always adhered to his belief in communism and was steadfast and unyielding. He died in Wuhan, Hubei in February 1936 at the age of 33.

The former site of the Political Department of the Red Sixth Army

★ Decrypted

Red Army Division Chief Long Yun was originally a person from Jinping

Research on the character of the history of the Communist Party of China, and has attracted much attention from party history workers and party history enthusiasts. For a long time, many party history materials have believed that Long Yun, the commander of the 18th Division of the Red Sixth Army, was a "born from Liuyang, Hunan". After being injured and captured, he was killed by warlord He Jian in Changsha, Hunan in 1934.

In recent years, through the research of Wang Zongxun, a party history worker in Jinping County, the "mystery of origin" of Long Yun, the Red Army general: Long Yun is a native of Maoping, Jinping County. In addition, his sacrifice was not in Changsha, Hunan in 1934, but was sacrificed in Wuhan, Hubei in February 1936 after several remittances.

In April 2008, party history workers in the Jinping County found an emergency telegram sent by the Kuomintang "Xianggui Bandit Suppression Command" in the county archives to the Jinping County Mayor Qiu Jinzhang at noon on October 22, 1934. The telegram said: "...Cha Longyun is indeed a Maoping person from the Jinping family." Calculated by time, Longyun broke through after the battle of Qianniushan and was captured on October 27 due to injuries. The telegram was sent on October 22. The purpose was to inform the Kuomintang that in order to investigate Long Yun's whereabouts, Jinping County, to "invest strict investigations, and effectively prevent and prevent them from infiltrating the activities..."

After the staff of the county's history and archaeological office went to Maoping, Dunzhai and other places for investigation, it was found that Long Yun was from Shangzhai Village, Maoping Town, Jinping County. In July 1928, Long Yun joined the army to participate in the Pingjiang Uprising, thus embarking on the road of revolution. Long Yun is also called Long Zhizhen. Zhizhen is a school name. There is also a name called Ganzhi at home. When you go out, you change it to Long Feiyun and Long Yun.

In previous literature, it is believed that Long Yun’s hometown is "Hunan Liuyang ". The main basis for holding this view is the memories of the founding general Xiao Ke after 60 years. After verification by Wang Zongxun, the History and Chronicles Office of Jinping County, there may be the following reasons. The statement about Long Yun’s birthplace may be that it was more than half a century, which led to General Xiao’s memory being wrong. There are three other reasons that may be confused: First, the 52nd Regiment, the elite and main force of the Red 18th Division, developed from Liuyang, Yichun, ,000-year , Pingjiang, Tonggu , etc., a considerable number of cadres and soldiers were from Liuyang; second, Long Yun’s wife Zhao was from Liuyang, Hunan; third, after Long Yun participated in the revolution, he would not easily mention his true hometown for confidentiality.

★ Comment

Establishment of provincial party organizations Why Guizhou is later

■ Party History Research Office of Guiyang Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China

The Communist Party of China was established in 1921, and the provincial party organizations of Guizhou in the Communist Party of China were established in 1935. The surrounding provincial party organizations of Hunan, Sichuan, Guangxi and Yunnan were all established in the early and mid-20s. It can be said that Guizhou officially established a provincial party organization 14 years later than the country and nearly 10 years or more than the surrounding provinces. This is mainly caused by various factors such as Guizhou's own geographical, historical and social conditions.

Revolutionary Committee of the People's Republic of China Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou Province Announcement

Guizhou is located in the remote southwest inland, , the eastern section of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, , has inconvenient transportation, relatively backward economy and culture, and relatively closed information. After the victory of the October Revolution, the Marxist doctrine was spread in Guizhou relatively late. The wave of the May Fourth Movement swept across the country, and progressive people from other parts of the country formed a communist group with the Marxist doctrine as the guiding ideology, thus making ideological and cadre preparations for the founding of the Communist Party of China. In contrast, Marxism began to spread in Guizhou at this time.

Guizhou's modern industry started late, and the working class team was not strong enough. When Marxism was combined with the workers' movement across the country and the organization was established in response to the revolutionary requirements of the working class, the working class ranks in Guizhou were still relatively weak.

There is another important reason. Since ancient times, it has been said that "competing for the Central Plains" and the Central Plains is determined by the world. Guizhou, which is geographically remote, has always been not a sensitive position in the country's military and political aspects. Therefore, during the May Fourth Movement, advanced youths from Guizhou who had lofty revolutionary ideals and more or less accepted Marxism. Deng Enming and others went to other provinces to devote themselves to the torrent of the founding of the Party and carrying out the Great Revolution.

After the May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing, it was quickly responded to various places. At that time, the warlords of Guizhou Liu Xianshi wanted to suppress Guizhou students and people to respond, which objectively led to the public response of Guizhou's all walks of life in Guizhou in June 1919, and the main organizational role was He Yingqin and other bourgeois reformists. Therefore, in Guizhou, the May Fourth Movement did not directly lead to the emergence of Communist Party organizations like other places.

Reporter of this newspaper Huang Qiwang

Visual design Xu Qifei