The school name of Shandong University was written by Mao Zedong and originated from his reply to Gao Heng, a professor in the Chinese Department of the school in March 1964. It was a glorious period in Shandong University's history. More than half a century passed by in a flash. On October 15 this year, Shandong University celebrated its 120th birthday.
Shandong University was founded in the late Qing Dynasty and rose in the Republic of China. It was in turmoil during the war and was deeply influenced by Marxism after 1949. Under the repeated impact of the historical tide, Shandong University has been repeatedly shocked and has been separated and merged several times, but it has always maintained its own characteristics, known for its "famous literary and historical achievements" and has a profound foundation. How a university adapts to and leads the trend of the times, may be able to find the answer from the 100-twenty-two journeys of Shandong University.
Panoramic view of Qilu University campus in the 1940s.
"Writer Principal"
928, the newly established National Government of Nanjing began to prepare for the establishment of the National Shandong University. The members of the preparatory committee include Cai Yuanpei, Fu Sinian, He Siyuan and Yang Zhensheng and others. Cai Yuanpei was the dean of a university (later changed to the Ministry of Education) in charge of national higher education affairs. He strongly advocated the construction of Shandong University in Qingdao . In 1930, the National Shandong University was officially established, located at No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao City. It was also called National Qingdao University (later collectively known as Shandong University). Cai Yuanpei wrote the school name and recommended Yang Zhensheng as the president.
The first principal Yang Zhensheng.
This has become an important development node for Shandong University.
Shandong University can be traced back to the Shandong University Hall founded in Jinan in the 27th year of the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty (1901). This is the second official university founded in China after Jingshi University Hall . After the founding of the Republic of China, in 1914, the whole country carried out education reforms, and Shandong University Hall was broken down into six specialized schools: law, politics, industry, agriculture, commerce, mining, and medicine. Later, the six schools were temporarily merged for two years and renamed "Provincial Shandong University". In 1928, the Japanese army committed the "3 tragedy " in Jinan and occupied Jinan. The Provincial Titus Mountain University was forced to stop the operation and teachers and students were separated.
Cai Yuanpei chose Yang Zhensheng as the first principal, which was considered. Yang Zhensheng graduated from the Department of Chinese Language at Peking University and is a leader in the "May Fourth New Literature". His novella "Yu Jun" caused a sensation after its publication in 1925, and Lu Xun commented on him as "a writer who is extremely important to describe the sufferings of the people." Associate Professor of the School of Literature of Linyi University, Liu Xiang analyzed in his monograph "Freedom on the Edge" that Yang Zhensheng is the "writer president", and his own humanistic pursuit directly influenced and even determined the formation and development of Shandong University's free literary tradition. Before going to Shandong University, Yang Zhensheng served as the provost of Tsinghua University and the director of the Chinese Literature Department. In 1928, he proposed the purpose of "creating new literature of our era", which was later fully implemented in Shandong University.
Liu Xiang pointed out that the novelist manages the school and determines the school system and norms. The direct result is that Shandong University pays more attention to the education and development of the liberal arts. Although they have also hired a large number of first-class science scholars, they are still not as important as the level of development of new literature education.
quantitative laboratory.
Regarding recruiting talents, Cai Yuanpei once said that one should see whether he has real talent and knowledge, and the other should see whether he understands the teaching methods. As long as the above two are met, no matter his political opinion or academic faction, he can be hired. Yang Zhensheng inherited Cai Yuanpei's concept and had his own standards in recruiting talents.
In the summer of 11930, he went to Shanghai to find teachers. Liang Shiqiu and Wen Yiduo are old friends of Yang Zhensheng. They happened to be in Shanghai at that time. Yang Zhensheng advised them, "Shanghai is not a place to live, but it is about the scenic environment. Qingdao is the first in the country." You might as well "taste first and then buy". Under Yang's persuasion, Wen Liang and the others came to Qingdao and found that "this place is standard in terms of time, place, and people. They decided to teach here with a single word."
Yang Zhensheng hired Wen Yiduo as the director of the Chinese Department of Shandong University, and Liang Shiqiu was the director of the Foreign Language Department, because Wen Liang and the two advocated the integration of Chinese and Western cultures in their philosophy and practice, and had both the foundation of Chinese and Western cultures. Yang Zhensheng believes that "we should pay attention to the integration of old literature and the combination of Chinese and foreign literature." He also required that students of Shandong University’s Chinese Department must take two courses in the foreign language department, and students of foreign language department must take two courses in the Chinese Department, one of which is the History of Chinese Literature. In addition to public English, there are also German , French and Japanese as the second foreign language to choose from.
Wen Yiduo talks about Tang poetry, British poetry, and "Book of Songs ". When he read the Western study of Shakespeare, he found that the research methods of Chinese literature were backward and focused on the style of textual research. He then examined ancient Chinese literature from the perspective of cultural anthropology , opened up different contexts of Chinese and Western academic research, and "put ancient books in the scope of life of ancient people to study, stand in the position of folklore, and use historical myths to explain ancient books."
At this time, Liang Shiqiu began to translate Shakespeare in his apartment at No. 33 Yushan Road, Qingdao City. At that time, Shakespeare's works in the Shandong Library were "a bit famous" across the country.
936, a group photo of the Shanda Football Team of the School Games.
1931, Shen Congwen also joined Shandong University at the invitation of Yang Zhensheng. Liang Shiqiu said: Shen Congwen only graduated from middle school, and three people promoted him: the first was Hu Shi, the second was Xu Zhimo, and the third was Yang Zhensheng. Yang hired him to talk about "Prose Writing" and brought new literature to the lecture hall, which was rare on university campuses in the 1930s. This is the embodiment of his teaching philosophy - "enable most students to engage in the creation and research of vernacular literature, lay a solid foundation in their student days, and inspire their talents to become writers in the future." Yang Zhensheng himself also gave a lecture on the "Novel Practice" class, citing new literature as important as classes such as "Chu Ci Studies", "Book of Songs" and "Shakespeare Research", and is the center and pioneer of the courses in the entire Chinese department.
Shen Congwen wrote in his article "Remembering Qingdao": "The two years in Qingdao were the period when I was the most capable and my writing was relatively mature in my life." During this period, he not only created excellent novels such as "The Eight Horses", "Three Three", "Mi Tu", and "Three Women", but also wrote famous prose such as "Record Hu Yep" and "Congwen Autobiography". "Border Town" was also brewed in Qingdao, but it was not written in Beijing. "The characters in the novel were also influenced by the girl from Beijiu Shui, Laoshan."
1932, National Qingdao University was renamed "National Shandong University". This year, Yang Zhensheng resigned many times due to student trends and other reasons, and former Provost Zhao Tairo took over as the principal. Zhao Taitu was once one of the main members of the "national drama movement" advocated in the history of modern Chinese drama, and was also the "writer and principal" who followed the footprints of the May Fourth New Literature. Liang Shiqiu described him as "smiling and smirking". "He (Zhao Tailou) once went to Shanghai to see me. When he came in, he didn't say a word, but just lowered his head to smoke. I also patiently refused to speak. He stood up and left after almost the two of them smoked cigarettes. "
Zhao Tailou After Yang Zhensheng left, Xiao Gui Cao Sui continued to recruit a group of new literary talents. By the mid-1930s, Shandong University's liberal arts team had gathered a large number of well-known professors and writers, including Wen Yiduo, You Guoen, Lao She, Shen Congwen, Hong Shen, Wu Boxiao, Fang Lingru, Ding Shan, Huang Xiaoshu, etc., forming a prosperous situation. During this period, Shandong University entered the "first golden age".
The mainstream at that time was "revolutionary literature", believing that literature was to save the nation and survive. Another faction held a liberal stance, taking Hu Shi, Xu Zhimo and Wen Yiduo's " Crescent Society " as the base, and believed that literature was classless. When Shandong University was opened, the space for the " Crescent School " literati was being squeezed, so these liberal writers came to Qing to "refuel the summer".
Liu Xiang pointed out that in addition to the "New Youth School" of Peking University, the "Tsinghua School" of Tsinghua University, and the " Xueheng School" of Southeast University (the predecessor of National Central University ), in Shandong University from 1930 to 1937, a relatively important literary existence phenomenon also appeared, namely the gathering of liberal intellectuals such as the "Crescent Moon School". There are two reasons why they came to the National Qingdao University one after another: one is that Qingdao is geographically marginal, not in a political and cultural center like Beijing, and has a relatively free and independent cultural spirit and atmosphere; the other is that Shandong University's educational philosophy also emphasizes academic independence, freedom and rationality, providing good conditions for free creation for the "Crescent School". "The efforts and pursuit of the two 'writers and principals' ultimately achieved the freedom and spiritual temperament of Shandong University's campus literature."
entered the mid-to-late 1, and the national crisis became worse and deeper. After the outbreak of , Shandong University moved to Anqing, Anhui and Wanxian, Sichuan. In February 1938, the National Government suspended Shandong University and most of the students were transferred to the National Central University. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, National Shandong University resumed its school in Qingdao in February 1946. In June 1949, Qingdao was liberated and Shandong University officially changed from an "old university" to a new university.
From Qingdao to Jinan
Time came to In 1950 after the founding of New China, the government decided to merge Shandong University and East China University . East China University was a revolutionary university established in 1948. Its main task was to train cadres, but due to the lack of faculty, it was unable to successfully transition into a regular university by relying on its own strength. In order to concentrate on running a socialist university well, it was asked to be incorporated into Shandong University.
This joint school is actually a preview of the official adjustment of the national departments in 1952, and it was the beginning of the "great reshuffle" of China's higher education in the early days of the founding of New China. In the summer of 1952, in order to continue to learn from the experience of the Soviet College of Colleges, the national departments were greatly adjusted. During this process, Shandong University was "fighted a lot" and "going more to go in less". Except for a few departments retained, all the departments of the three hospitals of Industry, Agriculture and Medical Sciences were moved out, and the departments of Politics and Arts, which were originally merged from BGI, were also moved out.
1 On March 15, 1951, the famous theorist in the party, Huagang , officially became the president of Shandong University. Huagang has a deep foundation in Marxist theory. Before 1949, he worked as a university professor in Sichuan, Kangxi and Yunnan, and was also good at dealing with old intellectuals.
951, the opening ceremony and the successful celebration of the joint school after Shandong University and East China University were joined together.
1952 After department adjusted , Shandong University became a comprehensive university with "liberal arts and sciences as the main focus", with nine departments, namely Chinese, foreign languages, history, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, oceans and aquatic products. On this basis, Huagang proposed to build Shandong University into a school with its own focus and personality, that is, to form its own characteristics. He believes that the teaching staff of the Chinese and history departments are well-equipped and have high levels. Teaching and scientific research have opened up and achieved significant results, which can be used as a key subject of the school. In addition, the teaching staff of the Department of Biology is also strong, and Qingdao has the advantage of geographical advantages in researching and developing marine biology. The Department of Marine was the only new department in higher education institutions in the country at that time. Although it was first established, the faculty and equipment still need to be enriched, it has the human support from the three departments of mathematics, physics, and chemistry, and the close cooperation of Qingdao Institute of Marine Biology and Meteorological Observatory, so the development prospects are also very broad. After repeated discussions with the two vice presidents, Lu Kanru, and , Tong Zhou , the final determination of Shandong University's discipline development ideas after the department adjustment: to be good at literature and history, develop biology and open up the ocean. This is the first time that Shandong University has clarified its advantages of "experts in literature and history". In the following years, under the leadership of Huagang, Shandong University entered a new period of rapid development.
Shandong University Archives former director Liu Peiping pointed out in the article "Huagang and Shandong University's glory in the 1950s" that in the early days of the merger of two schools of different natures, Shandong University and East China University, the probability and energy of shock and bumps provided by history to it was many times greater than that of ordinary colleges and universities. After the merger, the principal of Johor Bahru University needs to have both a revolutionary status and should be an expert and scholar with knowledge, ability and ability to run schools. In other words, combining revolutionaries and scholars is the best president needed by Shandong University. In this sense, Huagang is the best candidate for both.
Hangang Principal in the early 1950s.
Huagang continues the school-running spirit of Yang Zhensheng and Zhao Taitu, and pays great attention to "compatibility and integration" to recruit talents. Professor of History Zheng Hesheng worked in the National Government and the National History Museum, but he couldn't hold back his head after liberation. In his memories, Huagang "never treated him differently" with old intellectuals like him. Zheng Hesheng has a large collection of books, with tens of thousands of volumes, and most of them are thread-bound books. In 1951, he was transferred from Nanjing to Shandong University. Because he was in a hurry before leaving, most of the books were not brought. Huagang immediately helped him solve the problem and transported the books to Qingdao.
No. 26 Yushan Road, Qingdao City was the best dormitory in Shandong University at that time. It turned out to be a villa built by the Japanese during the Japanese occupation period for their teachers. As soon as Huagang took office, it stipulated that only first-class professors could live here without letting leaders with high administrative levels occupy them. Lu Kanru, Feng Yuanjun and his wife, Tong Dizhou, Wu Fuheng , Shu Xingbei and others all live here. By 1953, 60% of the professors and associate professors in the History Department of Shandong University were newly introduced, and new teachers in the Chinese department also accounted for 45% of the senior professional titles in the department. When Huagang governs school, on the one hand, it emphasized that schools should "focus on teaching" and "political and ideological work should be more centered around this center", and on the other hand, it also strongly encourages academic research and academic exchanges.
1 In March 18, 1951, the first school committee after the BGI and Shandong University jointly discussed several "key points for future school management". First, establish a school anniversary scientific discussion, and each department must formulate scientific research plans, including topic selection, content, person in charge, completion time, etc., to welcome the annual school anniversary scientific discussion; second, re-establish an academic committee, responsible for planning the scientific research work of the whole school, and prepare for the publication of comprehensive academic journals in various disciplines of liberal arts, science, engineering, agriculture and medicine.
1960, when Mao Zedong visited the Shandong Higher Education Revolution Exhibition, he listened to the Shandong University tour guide explaining operations research .
According to Zhao Hongtai's recollection, the school encouraged teachers to write more articles at the time and received them at the meeting to discuss them. Teachers and students from other schools can also participate. This practice continued until the 1960s. Many of the papers at the seminar will be published in journals such as " Journal of Shandong University " and "Literature, History and Philosophy", and sometimes the school anniversary paper collection is published. Huagang encourages academic controversy. If you have new insights in academic research, you can hold a personal report meeting and students can listen freely.
Professor Zou Yilin, the Center for History and Geography of Fudan University, was admitted to the History Department of Shandong University in 1952. According to his recollection, the department was full of strong academic air and its thoughts were very active. The professors often had new ideas in the papers published in "Literature, History and Philosophy", and there were almost every issue. "This is a great motivation for our students. Although everyone's level was very low at that time and there was no way to get started with history, they had already developed the desire to do academics and write papers in the future," Zou Yilin wrote.
These measures formed a strong academic atmosphere in Shandong University in the 1950s. But in 1955, Huagang was arrested and was imprisoned for 17 years, until he died unjustly in 1972. In 1980, Huagang was rehabilitated.
After Huagang was arrested, the matter of Shandong University's relocation to the school was put on the agenda. Many Shandong University faculty and staff had opinions on moving Shandong University from Qingdao to Jinan at that time.According to the recollection of the girl, Child Book Industry, a professor in the history department of the school, in 1956, Shandong University staff proposed several reasons not to move to the school: First, Qingdao has a beautiful environment, pleasant climate, good time and land, which is an ideal school and research environment; Second, in history, Shandong University was located in Qingdao, and many experts and scholars were willing to apply for jobs, thus creating her golden age. Moving to Jinan would lose this geographical advantage; Third, another comprehensive university should be built in Jinan. Shandong Province has more population than Britain and France, and its land area is close to Japan. There are not many more comprehensive universities to build, so why should you move around this one? In fact, when the National Lismanian University was founded, it was Cai Yuanpei who suggested changing the school location from Jinan to Qingdao.
Finally, for considerations such as national defense and expanding construction, Shandong University completed this historic relocation within 20 days in October 1958. Zeng Fanren, a tenured professor at Shandong University and former president of Shandong University, recalled to " China News Weekly " that in the summer of 1959, he was admitted to Shandong University from Shanghai. When he filled out his application, the school was located in Qingdao. As a result, he received the admission letter very late that year. When he got it, he was stunned. The registration place said: Jinan.
1960, teachers and students from Shandong University studied and worked in the countryside. Photo/FOTOE
1 In August 1959, Zeng Fanren first reported to the Hongjialou campus, but in November, liberal arts teachers and students began to move to the new campus of Li Nongzhuang. There was originally a corn field, covered with gravel, and even wolves were in the air. It was still under construction at that time. "The entire new school is built by students. In winter, classes are held in the cafeteria. It is very cold and dripping water turns into ice. Some teachers' speeches are replaced by cigarette paper , which is very difficult." Zeng Fanren said. After the school moved to Shandong University, only six departments of Chinese, history, mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology were left. At this time, the new principal Cheng Fangwu had just arrived in office for 2 months. Cheng Fangwu is an old revolutionary who participated in the Long March . He is also an important figure in "revolutionary literature" and is one of the founders of " Creation Society ".
1958, the country was carrying out the "education revolution" with the criticism of the bourgeoisie education system and system as the core, and carrying out production labor on campus, and "sweating" became the educational policy. But Cheng Fangwu pointed out that the work of higher education institutions must not be separated from the two fundamentals of teaching and scientific research at any time, otherwise it will be left with the future. In February 1959, he determined the school management policy of "focusing on teaching as the main body, reasonably arranging productive labor and scientific research" at the meeting of the secretary and presidents, and resumed the school anniversary scientific seminar that had been interrupted for four years that year.
Zeng Fanren pointed out that after the "large-scale steelmaking" in 1958, Cheng Fangwu proposed to "rectify the educational order". In this regard, he made very specific requirements, such as "the curriculum schedule is a quasi-law rule", and the name, location, and time of the class cannot be changed at will, and teachers cannot adjust classes or ask for leave at will. "Later, I became the Provost and the Vice Principal in charge of teaching, and I also implemented these regulations," he said. Since Cheng Fangwu immediately began to teach stably after taking office, Shandong University quickly stabilized during the "chaos".
"Academics of one generation"
Shandong University Liberal Arts continued and developed the glory of Yang Zhensheng and Zhao Taimeng in the early days of the founding of New China. The Chinese Department continued to maintain its original influence. In addition to the famous "Feng (Feng Yuanjun), Lu (Lu Kanru), Gao (Gao Heng), Xiao ( Xiao Difei )", there are also "Er Yin" of linguistics ( Yin Menglun , Yin Huanxian ), as well as Huang Xiaoshu, Gao Lan and others.
The newly established history department of Shandong University recruited talents from all over the country, and by 1952, it formed the famous "eight horses and troughs", namely, eight well-known professors: Yang Xiangkui, Tongshu, Tongshu, Huang Yunmei, Zheng Hesheng, Zhang Weihua, Chen Tongxie, Zhao Lisheng and Wang Zhonglu. Other famous teachers such as Wu Dakun, Ding Shan, Sun Sibai, etc. also have their own strengths.
Professors Feng Ruanjun, Lu Kanru, Gao Heng studied academic issues with young students.
Zhao Lisheng, one of the "Eight Horses", was invited by Huagang to Shandong University in 1950. He was a pioneer in the study of peasant war history. He opened the course "History of Peasant War" in the country. In 1954, he published the first monograph on peasant war history in New China, "Collection of Chinese Peasant War History Papers" (co-authored with his wife Gao Zhaoyi). His student and professor of the History Department of Tsinghua University, Qin Hui, believed that "the paradigm of Chinese peasant war history research formed by Mr. Zhao during this period still dominated the field until the 1980s."
The paradigm pioneered by Zhao Lisheng is to use the Marxist materialist historical view to re-study peasant uprisings in previous dynasties, break the traditional clues of dynasty change, replace them with changes in peasant identities, and start from the economic foundation, and take the changes in production relations as a clue for research. He also used concepts such as "superstructure" and " ideological " to incorporate feudal society's state machinery, ethnic relations, religious thoughts, etc. into the field of research on peasant war history. Zhao Lisheng is therefore considered to be the "first generation of Marxist historians in New China."
Zhao Lisheng's lecture was very infectious. When he was excited when he wrote on the blackboard, he often broke the chalk. After the Cultural Revolution, Zhao Lisheng, who had been transferred to Lanzhou University, often returned to Shandong University to give reports. Hu Xinsheng, a student at the 77th grade of Shandong University History and professor at the School of History and Culture at Shandong University, recalled to China Newsweek: "Mr. Zhao came from a foreign language department and quoted the classics of Marx and Engels when talking about the history of land systems. First, he said that this was a certain work he translated. How did he translate this passage back then? He was pronounced Engels, and he must pronounce it as Engels, and he had his own tone." In Hu Xinsheng's eyes, Zhao Lisheng was a speaker.
"Another old horse" Huang Yunmei became famous in the 1930s. She is proficient in the history of the Ming Dynasty, is well-versed in classics and history, is good at textual research, and has the style of Qian and Jiaqing. She is a typical traditional Chinese intellectual. In 1954, at the invitation of "Literature, History and Philosophy", he wrote and published "Evaluation of Liu Zongyuan's Literature", and then published "Evaluation of Han Yu's Literature". These two papers were compiled into a volume and published in 1957. In the introduction, Huang Yunmei pointed out the reason why he "reversed the case" for Liu Zongyuan: Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan were both leaders of the prose and parallel prose struggle movement in the Tang Dynasty, and their political performance was exactly the opposite. Han Yu was still on the side of the old backward forces, while Liu Zongyuan was on the side of the new and progressive forces.
This is a typical interpretation of history using the Marxist view of progressive history and class history. He believes that Liu Zongyuan is a classical writer with a realistic spirit. "Today's requirement for our study of classical literature is mainly to inherit and develop the people's nature and practical significance in classical literature."
Tong Dizhou conducted an experiment with Ye Yufen and his wife. Photo/Shandong University
"In the atmosphere of the whole country learning Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought in the 1950s, the central issue of the academic community was how to implement Marxism in the historical community. At this time, whoever uses Marxism-Leninism to study history will be at the forefront of the national academic era. Shandong University was undoubtedly the trend-leading player back then." Wang Xuedian, executive director of the Institute of Confucianism at Shandong University, analyzed China Newsweek. The same is true in Chinese. Since July 1954, "Literature, History and Philosophy" has successively used 18 issues to serialize "A Brief Compilation on the History of Chinese Literature" by Lu Kanru and Feng Yuanjun. This is the first work after the founding of New China to use Marxism to guide the research on literary changes.
Lu Kanru and Feng Yuanjun are called "Gemini" in the study of Chinese classical literature, and are also representatives of famous masters from the Shandong University Chinese Department in the 1950s. They met at Peking University, studied in France together and obtained a doctorate degree. Lu Kanru studied under Hu Shi, Wang Guowei, Liang Qichao and other masters in his early years. He wrote the book "Qu Yuan" in his freshman year, which was published by Shanghai Yadong Library. Feng Yuanjun is Feng Youlan's sister and is a female writer who became famous very early after the May Fourth Movement. Later, she studied ancient opera, especially for her study of Yuan Zaju, which is very good at textual research.
According to Zhao Hongtai, a professor in the Department of Foreign Languages at Shandong University, the birth of this literary history was "consciously". He told China Newsweek: "In the 1950s, few people dared to write literary history because the ideological struggle in the field of literature was too fierce, so if they were not done well, they would be labeled. At that time, there were many taboos, such as not being able to mention party spirit, but people-oriented. Yang Xiangkui, editor-in-chief of "Literature, History and Philosophy", asked Lu Kanru and Feng Yuanjun to write a literary history as soon as possible with new theories as soon as possible at editorial meetings."
Top expert in the field of domestic cryptography and Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Wang Xiaoyun serves as the dean of the School of Cyberspace Security of Shandong University. Photo/China News Service
Regarding the people-oriented issues of literature, especially classical literature, "Research on Du Fu" published by Professor Xiao Difei of the Chinese Department of Shandong University in 1955 is a representative work that cannot be avoided. It was Xiao Difei who gave Du Fu the title of "people's poet".
Liu Minghua, professor at Southwest University and vice president of the China Du Fu Research Association, pointed out in "Research on Du Fu's Research from a Modern Academic Perspective - Review and Forecast of Du Fu's Research in the 20th century", the century-long process of Du Fu's research can be divided into three periods. The first period was in the first half of the 20th century. A group of scholars represented by Wang Guowei, Chen Yinke, Wen Yiduo and Liang Qichao can already skillfully use modern academic concepts and methods to express new ways of thinking and new opinions in ancient literary research. The second period was from the 1950s to the 1970s. Under the guidance of mainstream ideological discourse, Du Fu's research and discussions during this period mainly focused on sociological interpretations of literature... Mr. Xiao Difei's "Du Fu Research" was the best state that could be achieved under the influence of ideas at that time, and its influence was in the following forty years and generations of scholars. The third period was after the "Cultural Revolution".
"What causes us to think is that contemporary political thoughts and ideology will inevitably have an impact on contemporary academics. This is also another necessity for 'one generation of academics'." Liu Minghua concluded this. Wang Xuedian also pointed out that the glory of Shandong University's liberal arts in the 1950s was to a considerable extent, relying on the specific era and specific political situation at that time.
The third brilliant
Wang Xuedian analyzed to China News Weekly that after the founding of New China, there were two major reshuffles in universities across the country. The first was the adjustment of departments in 1952, and all majors in universities were demolished and started over. In this round of adjustment, Shandong University is the beneficiary. The second time was after the "Cultural Revolution". After all universities experienced a stagnation of ten years, the teams would reunite after they were disbanded and the disciplines would be rebuilt. "This time, Shandong University did not find good cards, nor did it play good cards."
He pointed out that in the second reshuffle, Shandong University missed a good historical opportunity. First, it did not recruit talents on a large scale from across the country in a timely manner; second, there were major discipline changes in the 1980s, that is, the rapid rise of social sciences, and Shandong University was just a follower.
Xue Qikun, president of Southern University of Science and Technology and academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, is an alumnus of Shandong University. Photo/Chinanews
But in the minds of Hu Xinsheng, the 1980s Shandong University was still the "best era". At that time, many old men were still there. Although they were in their 70s, they still taught graduate students and taught by example. At the same time, most of the students they trained before the "Cultural Revolution" were in their forties or fifties, which was in their academic prime and formed the backbone of Shandong University's History Department. "In the 1980s, Shandong University still had its heritage, and I had at least half of the eight professors." Hu Xinsheng sighed.
Chinese system is also composed of "disciples of masters". Du Zesun, who was admitted to the Chinese Department of Shandong University in 1981, recalled to China Newsweek that Xiao Difei, the older generation, was still recruiting students, and the "Er Yin" of Linguistics were also there.The old gentlemen's direct disciples such as Dong Zhi'an, Mou Shijin, Gong Kechang and Yuan Shishuo , etc. were the main force of the lectures. The words often said in the class were "What did Mr. Feng Yuanjun say back then, what did Gao Heng say..."
In his opinion, the Chinese Department of Shandong University at that time was complete, and each major had famous teachers. Among them, ancient literature, literary theory, linguistics, etc. were at the forefront of the country, while there were few teachers in some other universities, and many majors were defeated. Du Zexun said that the "Cultural Revolution" was a interruption of teaching, but people did not interrupt it, so in the 1980s, Shandong University and other universities were still very proud and confident. The students often walked and talked and danced after dinner.
By the end of the 1980s, many old men died one after another, resulting in a certain degree of dynasty in Shandong University's literature and history. Kong Fanjin has been the director of the Chinese Department of Shandong University since 1987. He recalled that at that time, young and middle-aged and talented professors also began to lose. The Chinese Department was short of people and money. He was forced to find ways to generate income and strive to introduce talents from outside. "The Chinese Department of Shandong University is at a low point at this time," he said.
Zeng Fanren pointed out that since the new era, the main problem facing Shandong University is the aggregation and introduction of talents. Due to the rapid development of coastal areas, Jinan, as a mainland city, lacks attractiveness. After moving to Jinan, Shandong University was mainly local students and teachers in Shandong for a period of time, and also lost the advantage of complementary talents.
Many Shandong University teachers also pointed out to China News Weekly that at that time, at the key nodes in the construction of several disciplines, such as evaluating professors, doctoral supervisors, and applying for doctoral programs, Shandong University did not seize the opportunity in time due to various reasons such as concepts, mechanisms, and historical problems. These also hindered the timely supplement of young teachers, making Shandong University weak in succession in the 1990s.
Statue of Wen Yiduo and Zang Kejia in Shandong University. Photography/Feng Jiaxiang
At that time, the dilemma of Shandong University's literature and history discipline was common across the country. After the Cultural Revolution, social sciences rose and the humanities began to become marginalized. The focus of the country's development has shifted to economic development, and political and legal talents are urgently needed. In 1986, the National Philosophy and Social Science Planning Office was established to formulate the "Seventh Five-Year Plan" (1986-1990) plan for philosophy and social sciences in colleges and universities. This is the first systematic liberal arts research plan for higher education institutions after the "Cultural Revolution". It clearly stated that focuses on economic construction and . The research on practical issues in the setting of projects, especially on major theoretical and practical issues raised by reform and opening up. In terms of discipline proportion, the planning prioritizes the arrangement of discipline projects such as economy, politics and law that have relatively weak past research but are urgently needed for current socialist construction. In the 1980s, political science, economics, and law, which were merged into the discipline of philosophy during the Cultural Revolution, quickly became independent as first-level disciplines.
The "tide in the sea" in the 1990s also had a great impact on it. At that time, the History Department of Shandong University once wanted to be renamed the School of Tourism and Culture. Later, for a period of time, universities across the country still had the atmosphere of income generation, and Shandong University could not survive alone. "Some schools have the determination to do humanities and do not follow the times. For example, Peking University, Fudan , Nanjing University and other universities have not changed their names in history departments and are still maintaining a strong momentum." Wang Xuedian said. Fang Hui, dean of the School of History and Culture of Shandong University, also pointed out that many teachers in the Department of History resigned at that time and "we lost our way in the economic tide."
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In 2015, the 22nd International Historical Science Conference , co-organized by the Chinese Society of History and Shandong University, was held in Jinan, Shandong. (The pictures in this article are provided by Shandong University except for the signature)
Zeng Fanren pointed out that if Shandong University’s liberal arts science wants to reproduce the glory of the past, the most important thing is team building. In recent years, Shandong University has adopted a talent project and recruited talents across the country, and has achieved initial results.
Du Zesun has become the dean of the School of Literature of Shandong University since 2018. After taking office, he "investigated" his previous team and found that there were 65 on-the-job teachers. In terms of horizontal comparison, Peking University and Peking Normal University have nearly 100 people, Fudan University and Nanjing University have more than 80 people, and Zhejiang University also has more than 60 people. Among the top eight universities in the country, Shandong University has the least faculty. Some traditional advantageous majors such as linguistics backbone courses can only be held for one semester due to lack of faculty.
The first thing after "inventory" was completed, Du Zexun asked to convene a joint meeting of the party and government in the hospital to pass a "talent recruitment" regulation. In the past, when introducing talents, the teaching and research departments first discussed and decided. Now all the power to recruit people belongs to the college, and the joint meeting will conduct public selection, and the external review will be required. Moreover, the "new law" stipulates that there is no restrictions on talent selection and does not follow professional needs. As long as the applicant has potential, do not miss it after passing the institutionalized selection and recruitment process. "This can maximize the opportunity for entry." Du Zexun said. In just two years, Shandong University Literature College has introduced more than 20 new teachers.
In August 2015, Zhang Rong, then President of Shandong University, announced the launch of the "Revival of Literature and History" plan. In subsequent interviews, Wang Xuedian pointed out that the "revival of literature and history" not only refers to the two departments of literature and history, but also to the entire Shandong University humanities discipline. Shandong University has been consuming its original reputation, but it lacks the ability to produce new reputation and lacks new academic growth points. This future breakthrough is the field of Chinese studies.
Wang Xuedian explained that the academic pattern of mainstream disciplines has basically been formed and has been structured. For example, majors such as Chinese, history, and philosophy are all clear about the top few. It is difficult to improve a ranking, and the field of Chinese studies has not yet formed a relatively stable academic pattern. Shandong University should invest its limited resources in "the field that is most likely to create reputation."
On May 20, 2014, the third Nishan World Civilization Forum with the theme of "Common Ethics of Humanity under Different Beliefs" opened in the San Kunlun Concert Hall of Shandong University. Picture/China News Service
. As the hometown of Confucius and Mencius and the birthplace of Confucianism, Shandong University has unique regional advantages in developing Confucianism. In January 2012, the former Confucian Institute of Advanced Studies at Shandong University and several other units integrated into the "largest national college in the country", which is now the Confucian Institute of Advanced Studies at Confucianism (referred to as Confucian Academy). The exegetic master Xu Jialu serves as the dean and Wang Xuedian serves as the executive dean. At the time of the reorganization of the college, Wang Xuedian delivered a speech saying that the Confucian Academy is not doing small Confucianism, but great Confucianism.
In 2012, relying on the Confucian Academy, Shandong University established the "Nishan Academy", aiming to specialize in cultivating high-end talents in Chinese studies, rather than popular talents in Chinese studies. Du Zexun is also the vice president of Shandong Confucian Academy and the head of Nishan Academy. He introduced that Nishan School selects no more than 30 students from freshmen of all majors in the school every year. The written test is to copy an article in the "Twenty-Four Histories" to punctuate, translate and explain key words. The course content mainly reads the original text, does not talk about the introduction, and the text, phonetics, and exegesis are all held separately. Moreover, the curriculum setting breaks the existing division of literature, history and philosophy, and returns to the framework system of Chinese studies itself. Nishan School has enrolled 10 students so far.
At the 110th anniversary of Shandong University, the then president Xu Xianming had three positionings on the Confucian Academy: the World Confucian Research Center, the Eastern Center for Classical Academic Revival, and a cultural highland that radiates Eastern and Western civilizations.
Ten years later, on the occasion of Shandong University's 120th anniversary, Shandong University President Fan Liming pointed out to China News Weekly that Shandong University is working hard to reshape the glory of the humanities, promote classical academics, and revive Confucianism. This is an active choice made by Shandong University in combination with the needs of the new era.
The development of a university has its own context. "Since the reform and opening up, Shandong University is working hard to create its third glory," said Fan Liming.
