Shanghai University School of Literature Wang Peijun
On March 18, 1988, the "Lighting Cup" of Xinmin Evening News published an article titled "Come to "Call a few noisy words"", which corrected the error of the TV series "Journey to the West " and signed "Central", which is the pseudonym of Mr. Qian Zhongshu . Among the four great classics in my country, Mr. Qian likes the most "Journey to the West", so it is understandable that the TV series "Journey to the West" is a "show he loves to watch". This also shows his naughty childlike naughty. This missed article is only 422 words (according to the 131th page of Wu Taichang's "The Qian Zhongshu I Know" and I did not count it again), it is really "dried tofu style", but unexpectedly, the impact is quite far-reaching. Thirty years have passed and it is still mentioned from time to time. The second paragraph says:
Episode 15 "Fighting the Three Monsters" Sun Xingzhe turns "Sheji Jacket" and "Geographical Skirt" into "a bell". "-bite clock " means a long coat or cloak. The thirty-sixth chapter of the book "Journey to the West" also mentions that some monks in Baolin Temple "wear a -bite clock "; turning precious dresses into ragged clothes is natural. But it turned into a bronze bell in the TV series, and it seems that the screenwriter lacks understanding of the meaning of the word.
TV series mistakenly use "one bell" as "a bronze bell", because scholars who annotated "Journey to the West" did not place bets under the "one bell". People who film TV series are "negligent in learning" and they will inevitably expect the literary creation. However, Mr. Qian, a great scholar, failed to make mistakes without regrets. Tracing the origin, Mr. Qian’s section must be based on reference books. The September 1979 edition of "Cihai":
A bell, also called "one wrap round". That is, the cloak. A long sleeveless outer garment without slits on the left and right. Chapter 46 of "Journey to the West": "There is a piece of rag in the cabinet and throw a bell out of it." (Volume 1, page 3)
July 1979 edition of " Ciyuan ":
One bell refers to a long coat with sleeveless and slits. It is named after its shape is like a bell covering it, so it is named. Also called the cloak, lotus cloak, , a round wrap. Ming Fang Yizhi's "Tongya" Sanliu "Clothes": "Zhou Hong was wearing an embroidered fake bell, which is a bell today. All clothes are tucked under the tuck, and the folds are accumulated and the two back shears are added. In the world, those who warm up, or those who take ice yarn, all ignore the upper folds of the tuck, and directly connect the edges of the tuck and the tuck of the back shear, like a bell." "Journey to the West" Sanliu: "Some wear robes; some wear side shirts; and those who don't wear tucks with one bell." (Volume 1, page 8)
In the entire "Journey to the West", there are three places that "one bell" are mentioned. Mr. Qian only mentioned two places, but they have all been quoted from "Ciyuan" and "Cihai". Another place is to write "In one mouth". When you see the 25th chapter "Zhenyuan Immortal Catching the Monk of the Sutra and Sun Xingzhe's Troublemaking in Wuzhuang Temple", the practitioner said to Bajie : "This gentleman is so embarrassed to take out a cloth and make it a sleeve for us! - Save some and just do it in one mouth." Huang Suqiu's note:
monk's robe. It is like a bell, narrow at the top and wide at the bottom, so it is called a bell. Zhong and Zhong are homophones. ( People's Literature Press 1980 printed, 326 pages)
If the person who filmed the TV read "Journey to the West" thoroughly and has no bad memory, the mistake of "a bronze bell" can be avoided. If Mr. Qian could remember this time when he was writing, he would definitely add a few more sentences, "to make the difference." "One mouth" has also appeared in Ming Dynasty novels, such as Cheng Wuniang, Volume 33 of "Jiangshi Tongyan", "Jiangshi A Concubine Breaks the Family": "My husband wore a 10,000-character headscarf and a green silk." Yan Dunyi Note:
In ancient times, there was a difference between outer (shirt, robe) and inner (middle single, middle garment). The "One mouth" here means that there is only a short shirt that is common inside and outside, showing his poverty. Green silk is the color and material of clothes worn by ordinary people in the Ming Dynasty. Nowadays, people call the cloak "a mouthful" and it is different from this "a mouthful" and is not the same clothing. (People's Literature Press, page 528)
This annotation explains the word "Zhong" and is inevitably tortuous. In common novels, it is actually common to write the same pronunciation but different characters in shape. Huang Suqiu said that "zhong" means "zhong", which is correct.This volume of "The Pillow of the Rain Window" is "Misunderstood Recognition of the Body" in "The Collection of Pillows on the Rain Window" discovered by Ma Yuqing. The text is abbreviated as follows: "Cheng Wuniang said: 'My husband wore a 10,000-character headscarf and was wearing a green silk. He said he came to the skin market to buy skin a month ago.'" Cheng Yizhong "Ching Notes" changed the "Zhong" to "Zhong" and said: "'A bell' means a cloak, a sleeveless outer coat, which looks like a bronze bell." (See Zhonghua Book Company "Qingpingshantang Lecture Book" pages 349 and 362) The explanation is not too wrong, but changing the word is too courageous. In fact, it is Fang Yizhi in "Tongya" quoted in "Ciyuan" that "Zhou Hongzheng wrote an embroidered fake bell", and the word "Zhong" is also the original work "Zeng". It is seen in "Southern History·Zhou Hongzheng Biography":
Liu Xian was searching for the Yang, and the wise masters came to the county and said ten pieces of silk, and said, "Those who come from dangerous clothes will reward them." Everyone competed to change their clothes, but in the length, Xian said, "There is more than this." Then Hongzheng green silk cloth slabs embroidered fake bells, came majestic, and folded the mark to get silk. (Zhonghua Book Company, Volume 3, pages 897-898; "Chen Shu·Zhou Hongzheng Biography" does not contain this matter)
"Ciyuan" quotes a section from "Tongya", which shows that the sixth volume of "Fang Yizhi Quanshu" is compiled by the modern person. A sentence was deleted from the previous sentence: "Fake bell is a bell today." The "Fake bell" of "Fake bell" is a modified word by Fang Yizhi. Zhou Hong was the grandson of Zhou Yong and Pei Songzhi's great-grandson Pei Ziye . He was a man who was "ugly but not ugly, and could talk about it when he was eaten." Before "embroken with fake seeds", there was another thing: "Master Zang said at Kaishan Temple that there were hundreds of disciples. Hongzheng was young and unknown. He wore red beads, braided buns, and sat in the door to listen. Everyone despised him and did not condemn him. He took advantage of the situation and sat down to him. The master suspected that he was not a person in the world, so he admired him very much." It can also be seen that he was a human being. As for Fang Yizhi's description of "fake bell", the text is ancient and difficult to understand after reading it. For example, "Stuck the tuck under the tuck, and the folds accumulate to kill the seams", "Ye" is the "ye" of "clothes of tuck", which is the ancient word "arm", and "分" should refer to skirts. "Dialect": "Skirts, from the gate to the east, may be called "分". "Folds accumulate" refers to pleats, and "分" is a seams with sharpness on the top and wide on the bottom. Since it is said that "tuck your back and you can keep your back and you will have sleeves. If you have sleeves, you will not be a cloak. If you don't wear sleeves, it doesn't matter "tuck your back". I don’t know what the statement in “Ciyuan” and “Cihai” is based on.
is to look at the "wearing a straight bell with a bell" in Chapter 36 of "Journey to the West" quoted by Mr. Qian and "Ciyuan" (according to the original text, the word "" is added by Mr. Qian), which cannot be said to be a cloak, but should be a straight bell. "A one-shot straight air" can only be understood as the "shot straight air" called "a one-shot". In other words, "a one-shot" is a kind of "shot straight air". If "a one-shot straight air" is a cloak, it is equivalent to wearing "a cloak straight air". The cloak is a cloak, and the straight air is a straight air. It is a distinct object. How can it be used as an attribution? Even if the punctuation is "wearing a bell and straight-up", it is not possible to understand two types of clothes. - monks do not regard cloaks as their regular clothes. Generally speaking, what they wear is nothing more than cassocks, side shirts and straight-up clothes (see Baihuawen "Shenic Buddhist Artifacts and Clothing" pages 137-143 and Wang Zhenguo's "Steal Shirts and Straight-up clothes" in the second volume of "Research on Grotto Temples"). According to the 25th chapter, "If you don't do the middle sleeve, save some of it." If the middle sleeve is half sleeve, then the "one-mouth" sanction is simpler. It is probably straight and sleeveless and not slit, which is a "one-mouth bell". At least in the article "Journey to the West", this is true.
Hu Wenying, who had been wise for a hundred years, had a "Wuxia Dialect Study". In one of his book, there is a "■ (pronunciation)" article:
Xu's "Shuowen": "■, which is 㡓." Case: ■, using a cloth as a slit like a bag, without two thorns, covering the front and back, as big as calf nose , and as straight as smoke. Wu Zhong said that he did not wear a slap and said, "One mouthful". (See "Wuxia Fangdian Examination and Study Discussion", page 1, see the picture below)
"One-sip ■" means "One-sip ■". Hu was a scholar of the Pu during the Qianlong and Jiaqing periods. He was good at using ancient and strange characters, which was understandable. "The cloth seam is like a bag", "no two thorns", "straight like smoke", "smoke" is the "chimney", which is much clearer than what Zhi said. "The cloth sewn is like a bag" can also be invented with the sentence of the 25th chapter of "Journey to the West"."Sew it like a bag" must never be a cloak. In the recent generation of Sun Jinbiao's "Common Words and Commentary" (35) "Clothing" ("one bell") means "a round robe", and quotes the Western Qing Dynasty's "Heilongjiang Waiji" as saying:
Officials also use a bell, and they use a bell to wear them during the first and second thoughts. However, python robe does not use a bell. Manchu called it "huhuba", and there is no robe to open the robe, which is also called "a round". It is said that "a round robe is wrapped". (Zhonghua Book Company, page 586)
The Western Qing Dynasty was a Manchu scholar, and later came to the Hu family. It is said that "a round robe" and "no robe with open robe", and it is said that "a python robe does not require a bell", so "a bell" is an object and a style of robe, which is undoubtedly. The "Kaiwei" of "小小小小小小小小小小小小小" (see "Kangxi Dictionary"), in other words, it is "小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小� Since "one bell" is a robe, it is by no means a cloak.
Someone may ask, isn’t it a contradiction to say that “a bell” is straight and that it is a robe? Actually, it's not. The robe was originally in the Zhou Dynasty, and it was no different from the robe. It was worn in the Han Dynasty and was warded by the court by the literati and officials. "Heilongjiang Wai Ji" says that "official public uniforms are also used to use a bell." Since "one bell" is a robe, it can of course be used as "official public uniforms". But straight air is slightly different, straight air is the ward of the Taoist. According to the volume 4 of Zhao Yanwei's "Yunlu Manchao":
The ancients wore crowns, tops and bottoms, the clothes had straight collars and wide sleeves, and the clothes were skirts. The Qin and Han dynasties used the clothes of the Taoist priest today, which was based on the Han people of Zhang Tianshi and the ancestor of Taoist . Zhou Emperor Wu started to make a robe, with a collar on the top, a slim on the bottom, a sleeve on the bottom, a slim on the top, a slim on the bottom, a slim on the head, a boot on the head, and a slim on the head, and a slim on the head, so as to get the martial arts. Since the Five Dynasties, the head is long and the robe is wide, which is the current public uniform. Some people say that the clothes in the middle of ancient times are those who are traveling straight to the monks and temples today, and they are also those who are in the ancient times. (Zhonghua Book Company, page 60)
It can be seen that the monks are wearing straight robes, which is different from the robes worn by scholars. But if we look at the shape, "the straight trousers are also the clothes that meet the ye in ancient times", which also has a deep connection with the clothes of ancient scholars. Volume 1 of Guo Ruoxu's "Pictures and Learnings and Records" says:
Feng Yi, a scholar from Jin Dynasty, had large sleeves, soap around him, and a slight under him, two long belts were tied in front, and he followed the button to wear the Sui Dynasty , Tang Dynasty , which was called Feng Yi's clothes, and now he called it straight. ("Book of Rites·Confucianism": "Duke Ai of Lu asked Confucius: 'The Master's clothes, his Confucian clothes are?' Confucius replied: 'Qiu Shao lived in Lu, and his clothes were in Lu, and he lived in Song for a long time, and he was crowned by Zhangfu.'" The note said: "Feng is big. Daye is big, Zen is regarded as roe robe ." "Fengye" and "Fengyi" are similar to "Fengyi".) ( People's Art Publishing House , pages 13-14)
"Fengye's clothes" are the so-called "deep clothes" in ancient times, which were admired by Confucians. Actually, it's still a robe. Although the straight robe is a robe, it is generally slapdated by Taoists, which is different from the court and public robes of scholars. Yu Yue's "Four Notes on Tea Fragrance Room" Volume 24 "Brown is straight and picked up" says:
"The Song Dynasty Cheng Dachang said: "The old father's clothes are brown" in "Zhang Liang's Biography", and his teacher said: "Brown is made of like a fur, which is what Taoist priests are wearing today." " Taiping Yulan " says: "The Immortal Duke should write a question to the Master", and his text says: "Tai Chi Zhenren said: 'Learn Dao, you should clean your clothes, prepare a towel and brown system, which is called the Taoist robes.'" The scarf is the scarf in the crown, and the brown one is the long skirt that spreads its outer clothes. Those who are dressed directly in this world as Taoist wardrobe must be based on this. The "Teaching the Sutra" also says: "Laozi went to Zhou, Zuo Ci was in Wei, and he had a single hem of gilded scarf, not brown." He put on his short shirt straight and tied it with a skirt, without using Taoist robes. The ancients did not wear clothes and slap, but they must use skirts to attack them, which was the main blouse and the bottom blouse. According to Zheng's "Annotation", brown is used as wool cloth, and Mencius says "Xu Zi's robe" means "brown clothes," which is wool cloth. Zhang Liang met his old father in brown clothes, and he suspected that this was also called this. Therefore, there is no comment on " Records of the Grand Historian ". When he wrote this explanation from the ancient annotation of "Book of Han", there are two explanations on brown. As for the top and bottom clothes, it was customized in ancient times. Women even had clothes that were not different in color. See the note of "The Literature of Zhou·Niansifu". Nowadays, the clothes between men and women are suitable for the past. When Yang Xin practiced her skirt during the Jin Dynasty, she still had her top clothes and lower clothes during the Jin Dynasty. I suspect that I later admired Laozi and Zhuangzi, so I wore Taoist robes. To this day, I followed it, and all the scholars and officials had brown clothes.(Zhonghua Book Company, Volume 4, pages 1866-1867)
According to Yu Yue's opinion, "brown" means "Dao Robe", which means "Ship-sharp" (i.e. "Ship-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp-sharp Therefore, although the system of robe and straight robe are different, the essence is no different. "With a short shirt straight and tied it with a skirt" is what was called " top and bottom skirt " in ancient times, not "Taoist clothes". This kind of "top and bottom clothes" is the so-called "wild clothes" in the Song Dynasty. The "wild clothes" article of "Ruo Dajing's "Helin Yulu" Volume 2" compiled by Luo Dajing "Helin Yulu" says:
Duke Zhu Wen met guests in his later years in his wild clothes. The guest seat says: " Xingyang Duke Lu, once said that officials from Beijing and Luo met with people, all of whom lived in wild clothes as a ritual, and lamented that the foreign county could not be said to be unrestrained! He had already misled his kindness and promised to cause trouble. He did not dare to regard himself as an old man, but he was sick for a long time. , and the difficulty of movement, he could not help but follow the old customs of the old capital and always follow the wild and obedient customs. However, the top and bottom robes were large and square shoes were compared with the cool shirts, which was not simple. The way they were to take a tie and tie a belt was enough to be polite, and the belt was enough to live in the swallows. In addition, the poor countryside towns could see the beauty of the old customs of the ancestors when their ancestors were prosperous. "I once saw Zhao Jiren's clothes, and the top and bottom robes were all yellow, white and green. They were straight and tied, and tied them with two belts, and were soap, like Taoist robes, which were as long as the knees. The shang must be made of yellow, and there are four paintings in the middle and both sides, which do not belong to each other, and the headbands are all the same color, which means yellow shang. Do not use white silk as a large belt, and use green or soap on both sides to connect it. If you see your peers, you will tie them, and if you see your humble ones, you will not. It is called wild clothes, also called casual clothes. (Zhonghua Book Company, page 146)
This kind of "wild suit" when retreating, that is, when Su Shi passed Jinling , he saw the "wild suit" that Wang Anshi said, "Shi dared to meet the prime minister in his wild clothes today" (see Zhu Bian's "Old News of Quwu" Volume 5), which is consistent with our "tops and underpants" today. The people of the Song Dynasty regarded tied their belts as respect, and if they did not tie them, they would be disrespectful. The so-called "scattering the waist is called disrespectful", and "scattering the waist" means not tied the belt, so "when you see your peers, you will tie them, and if you see the humble ones, you will not." The straight and robe are both integrated with the top and bottom robe, so they can be made into a "one-mouth bell", which is no problem.
Direct gas can be written as "direct gas". Volume 26 of "Hangml1 Popular Editing " "Clothing" says:
According to "Shuowen": "■, the clothes are cut in the bow." "Jiyun" says "or ■■", and "Zhou Li Shu" says: "The central government is the governor, so the governor leads both sides." "Zhuangzi·Health Master" "responsive to the governor as the scriptures", "Yinyi" also says "middle", "Six Books" says: "The human body is the Du meridian, and it is implemented in the body, and the upper and lower, so the slit of the clothes is reached in the back, which is also called Du." Based on this, the word "direct gas" is originally called "■", and "Du" can also be borrowed. If "小" is used, the meaning of "小" should not be combined with the name of "小", and if "小" is used, it will be even more meaningless. (Zhonghua Book Company, page 351 of the second volume, see the picture below)
This is the same as Hu Wenying's writing "one bell" as "one mouth ■", and it is also a scholar's good habit of ancient people. Whether the statement is accurate, let’s not talk about it, but it is undoubtedly true that “straight” means “straight”, “cloak” means “cloak”, and “one mouth means “one mouth of a bell”. As for Li Baichuan's chapter 53 "The Wizard of Oz", "Xiao Mazi wants money to sell albums, blocks people's monuments and pretends to be drunk and fucks the flower room" written:
Seeing a big man lifting the curtain up, he staggered in: wearing a purple tapesty hat, a bell green cloth doro on the outside, a blue cloth jacket on the inside, and a bag tied around his waist; when he entered the door, he tilted his butt and sat on the edge of the kang. (Peking University Press, Volume 2 420 pages; People's Literature Press compiled the 80th chapter, there is no such section. "Do Luo" is a woolen material. " Dream of Red Mansions " Chapter 49 Li Wan wears a "green Do Luo tweed jacket", which is also this thing.)
or Yu Wanchun " Dang Bandits Zhi " Chapter 113 "White Military Advisor Crafted Thunder Cart, Yun Controls the Defeat of the Wild Cloud Du":
Bai Waerhan went to the inner tent to meet him. Everyone saw that the man had a medium figure, pink face, deep eyes, high nose, green eyes, yellow hair, a bucket-like light-border hat, and a big red twig-shaped bell, like a devil on Western painting .(People's Literature Publishing House, Volume 2 page 631)
and the 29th chapter of "Sitting in a Chinese banquet, showing off fox charm, and entering a gambling game to friends listen to the crow of the chicken" by Xu Yishi:
Shunlin asked Tianxi to come inside and ask his master's wife for the fox fur and cover him with a bell, covering him with Erye Wang, so he can save him from turning back. ( Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House , page 146)
may be another thing, but it has other meanings and cannot be compared with the 46th chapter of "Journey to the West". The names of things change at any time and from place to place, and even "the names are the same but the reality is different", "the names are different but the reality is the same", and it exists in it, so it is difficult to say whether the "one-mouth bell" in the Qing Dynasty novels is the same as the one in the Ming Dynasty novels.
is very similar to the "fake bell (type)" mentioned by Fang Yizhi. Another word from the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is called "Zheng Bell", which is also a kind of clothing. It might as well be mentioned by the way. The object is found in "Book of Song Dynasty·Five Elements 2": "During the time of Huan Xuan, folk songs said: 'Zheng Zhong fell to the ground and Huan fled.'Zheng Zhong was the most filthy clothes; Huan was named under the four bodies. Xuan stood from the bottom, and it was like the toilet song of Zheng Zhong, and the lower body chanting the people's mouth. And it was said that 'Falling' was auspicious to fall to the ground and the words of the bursting away, and it was clear." (Zhonghua Book Company, Volume 3, page 919) Reading is not lower than that of the people in the Northern Anhui people, with the wise and complicated Southern Anhui people, Yu Zhengxie , in Volume 7 of "Qin Biography" Volume 7, "Zhong Biography" and added a comment:
It explains tortuosity. The "Poetry Demon" and "General Kan·Five Elements Records" do not contain the text, but it is difficult to delete it clearly because of the hidden meaning. The article of the case is regarded as "The Zheng Zhong Luo Di Pills" to escape. The explanation says: Zheng Zhong is the sound of the heart of the heart and the two together; Zheng Zhong falls to the ground, the toilet of the Zheng Zhong, as in "Book of Wei: Yushimen Zhuan" says, "put on the crotch behind the trunk", and strips the clothes and falls down; "The balls are bursting away" is the name of the lower body. (The first volume of "Yu Zhengxie's Complete Works", page 330; press the sentence "'Putting the crotch behind the trunk', it is to take off your clothes and fall down" originally marked as "'Putting the crotch behind the trunk and fall down down" ", Liaoning Education Press, this is wrongly the same)
In fact, the one that says "Putting the crotch behind the trunk" is " Northern History ", "Book of Wei" is the word "quilt". Although "puggy" and "quilt" can be understood, it is a word difference, and the source is wrong. "Zheng Zhong" on page 933 of the third volume of "Chinese Dictionary", which is explained by Yu's book, saying: "Zhongyi, close-fitting pants." It is also wrong, because Zhongyi does not refer to pants, and the pants at that time were just shin clothes, not connected to the crotch, which is very different from today's crotch trousers. This is an explanation that does not understand the ancient system and takes it for granted. The Yu family said that "deprived of his clothes and fell down" refers to the fact that the ancients had a major relic when going to the toilet, and they must take off their clothes. In "New Words on the World", General Wang went to the toilet at Shi Chong's house, taking off his clothes in front of the maids, and looked proud. This is the matter. As for the word "fake bell", it is actually written by Fang Yizhi's book. Strictly speaking, it is not equivalent to the "fake bell" in "Southern History". Is it really acceptable to interpret it as "one-mouth bell"? The "Fake Bell" article on page 1583 of the Chinese Dictionary Volume 1 says: "It is just a bell." But according to "Tongya", there is no other evidence. These are all negotiable.
Editor in charge: Huang Xiaofeng
Proofreading: Ding Xiao
