Source: "Xinhua Daily Telegraph" on September 30
Reporters: Fang Lixin, Zhou Jialu, Wang Xian, Yi Yangang
As the 70th anniversary of the Republic approaches, a giant stone statue of Mao Zedong holding ore in his hand has become the city's patriotism It is a "check-in" landmark of education, and there is an endless stream of citizens who come to pay homage and reminisce.
This city enjoys the reputation of "a hundred miles of golden land, a cornucopia in the south of the Yangtze River". Legend has it that every stone here "contains gold and hides copper"; this city is known as the "Bronze Capital", "The Cradle of Steel" and "The Hometown of Cement" "Famous; this city has an industrial heritage tourist attraction - the National Mining Park. The statue of Mao Zedong holding ore in his hand stands in the park's "Sunrise East" square.
This is Huangshi, Hubei, a city that is proud of itself as the "cradle of modern Chinese industry" and a city that is proud of Mao Zedong's two visits within five years of the founding of the People's Republic of China.
Mao Zedong inspected Daye Iron Mine. Daye Iron Mine is the first large-scale open-pit iron mine mined by machines in modern China, and it is also the only iron mine inspected by Mao Zedong.
"There is a fire in the heart of the founding leader"
On February 19, 1953, in the cold spring, Mao Zedong took the "Yangtze River" ship to inspect the Yangtze River.
When it was dark, he saw the lights flickering on the shore. The people accompanying him told him that this was Huangshi, Hubei Province, and Mao Zedong immediately asked to go ashore to have a look.
The comrade in charge of security dissuaded us, saying that there were no roads in Huangshi, which was very inconvenient. However, Mao Zedong said: "The road is not good, so I want to go see it even if I ride a donkey."
According to records in the Hubei Provincial Archives, after getting off the ship, Mao Zedong and his party went straight to the Daye Steel Plant. From steelmaking, steel casting, steel forging to steel rolling, Mao Zedong walked from south to north in the workshop, watching the production line of the steel plant from beginning to end.
In the steel rolling mill, next to the heating furnace of the 430 rolling mill, Mao Zedong carefully inquired about the production situation; in the iron smelting plant, Mao Zedong took the blue fireglass from the workers to see the molten iron smelting situation; at the Yangtze River Wharf, Mao Zedong looked back at the Yangtze River side furnace Daye Steel Plant, which was in flames, said to the comrades who came to see him off: I hope you will run this plant well!
Mao Zedong talked with Chen Mingjiang, the director of Daye Iron Mine.
On September 15, 1958, three days after participating in the celebration of the first furnace of molten iron at Wuhan Iron and Steel Co., Mao Zedong was originally going to inspect Anhui from Wuhan. But he temporarily proposed that he would go to Huangshi to have a look. The Daye Iron Mine he visited that day was the only iron mine he had ever visited in his life. According to archives, Mao Zedong once again came to the Daye Steel Plant, climbed onto the open hearth, shook hands with the workers one by one, and praised the steel plant for its "rapid development."
html It was rare for Mao Zedong to inspect the same place twice in 15 years. This anecdote has always been a special "business card" for Huangshi people to introduce their city.Why did Mao Zedong value Huangshi so much? As long as we look back at the "poor and white" China 70 years ago, and at the poor and weak China in modern times, it is not difficult to understand that the founder of the Republic had a "fire" in his heart, which made him have a deep love for this city, which is the first building in modern China. The "Mining and Metallurgical Capital", which is a large-scale iron ore mined by machines, is attracting more attention.
The "fire" in Mao Zedong's heart is the furnace fire as a symbol of industrial civilization and the dream of realizing industrialization in China. And Huangshi is a city that has been burning for 3,000 years.
html It was rare for Mao Zedong to inspect the same place twice in 15 years. What the old China left to the new China was a "family background" with extremely backward industry. Mao Zedong once lamented that China at that time "could not build a car, a plane, a tank, or a tractor." The backwardness of industry is most prominently reflected in China's "per capita steel production is only enough to make one sickle."
Modern China has "fallen off a cliff" from the top of world civilization. Before the Communist Party of China led the Chinese people to fight bloody battles to establish New China, people with lofty ideals worked tirelessly to save and strengthen the country, but were powerless and to no avail. The fate of Huangshi, the "Mining and Metallurgical Capital", can be described as a microcosm.
Mao Zedong once pointed out: When talking about China's steel industry, we cannot forget Zhang Zhidong .Zhang Zhidong, in Mao Zedong's mind, is one of the few modern Chinese people who should not be forgotten. Because when Zhang Zhidong was in charge of Hubei in the late Qing Dynasty, in order to develop national industry, reduce external dependence, and achieve a prosperous country and a strong military, he founded Asia's largest and earliest steel conglomerate, Hanyeping Company, which was hailed as the "Father of Modern China". "Father of Steel".
A complete "Han Yeping Company Chronicle" is preserved in the Hubei Provincial Archives. At that time, Hanyang Iron Works , which was seven years earlier than Japan's first steel company Yawata Iron Works and whose steel output accounted for almost 99% of the country's total steel output, came from the Daye Iron Mine. It can be said that the prelude to the development of China's modern steel industry also started in Huangshi.
However, China was in turmoil at that time, Zhang Zhidong was helpless, and Han Yeping was of no help. However, Mao Zedong has not forgotten the efforts of Zhang Zhidong and other people with lofty ideals; Huangshi, the mining and metallurgical capital on the south bank of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, still plays an important role in Mao Zedong's mind. He led China, which stood up, to march towards industrialization. "You have to go and see Huangshi even if you are riding a donkey," which is completely in line with the logic of history.
html Over the past 160 years, what changes have occurred in this famous historical and cultural city that was founded due to mining and prospered due to smelting? With these questions in mind, Xinhua Daily Telegraph reporters started their investigation from the Tonglushan ancient copper mine site.Tonglushan ancient copper mine ruins. Photographed by Wang Keli
The "original fire" on Tonglu Mountain
On Tonglu Mountain surrounded by mines and pits, a three-story building is particularly eye-catching. The eight golden characters above the main entrance "Tonglu Mountain Ancient Copper Mine Site" are handsome and majestic. This place has a special liking for rare inscriptions by the master of archaeology and the "Academician of the Seven Kingdoms" Xia Nai .
In June 1973, miners from Daye Nonferrous Metals Company accidentally discovered 13 copper axes hidden deep underground while conducting open-pit mining in Tonglu Mountain.
Based on these copper axes, archaeologists followed the clues and unearthed ancient mines that were as dense as spider webs and as magical as labyrinths.
htmlGong Changgen, the 166-year-old former director of the Huangshi Municipal Museum, participated in the initial archaeological investigation of the Tonglushan ancient copper mine site. According to him, isotope carbon 14 determination shows that the oldest mine in the Tonglushan ancient copper mine site is more than 3,200 years old and can be traced back to the late Shang Dynasty, through the Western Zhou Dynasty, Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period, and the Western Han Dynasty. Mining continued at the early site after the Sui and Tang Dynasties. , which lasted for 13 centuries.This excavation was like a thunder on the ground, revealing a corner of the mysterious veil of China's industrial civilization. This site dating back more than 3,000 years is the largest ancient copper mine site discovered in the world so far, with the longest mining period, the highest level of smelting technology, the most complete preservation, and the richest cultural connotation. explain".
Copper grass flower is a characteristic plant that can more accurately display the location of copper deposits. The ancients used it to determine the location of copper deposits.
"Copper grass flowers have purple flowers. They are found wherever there is copper." In autumn and winter, tourists admire the brown-purple copper grass flowers and approach the Tonglushan Ancient Mine Site Museum. "The coppergrass flower is shaped like a toothbrush, also known as the toothbrush flower. The magical thing is that its blooming indicates that there are copper mines underground." said Zhang Yan, a museum guide.
Climbing up the stairs, in the ruins museum, you will find an ancient mining site dating back more than 3,000 years which is very shocking. At the Sifangtang site next to the mining site, archaeologists discovered a baking furnace from the Song and Ming Dynasties in 2012. In recent years, they have also discovered a tomb group consisting of dozens of ancient tombs from the Spring and Autumn Period. This is the first time that ancient tombs have been discovered by mining and metallurgical archaeology in China. .
Mining and Metallurgical Culture Research Expert and Dean of Hubei Institute of Technology Li Shejiao took Xinhua Daily Telegraph reporters to visit and explain, "Research has found that the ancestors at that time had mastered a set of quite advanced prospecting, mining, and smelting technologies; It solves technical problems such as deep well mining support, lighting, drainage, transportation, and ventilation, and also uses blast shaft furnace copper smelting technology to form a scientific mining and smelting technology system. "
Li Shejiao said, "Smelting is what mankind has always done. The turning point from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age. The eight Spring and Autumn vertical furnaces discovered at the Tonglushan site represent the highest level of copper smelting in China's pre-Qin period."
A professor from Kunming Institute of Technology shed tears while stroking the wall of the ancient copper mine site in Tonglushan. He said that when we used to teach college students about tower-connected frame support technology, we cited examples from Britain 200 years ago. Thinking that my ancestors had solved this problem more than 2,000 years ago,
’s sampling analysis of a large number of ancient slags showed that most of them contained less than 0.7% copper, which was not much different from the copper content of modern technological copper smelting slags. . According to expert research, the copper of the Stepmother Wu Ding and the Yue King Gou Jian's sword came from Tonglu Mountain. The bronze of Tonglu Mountain can be used to cast a large number of weapons, which is directly related to the power of the Chu State.
Cultural relics and archaeologists are studying the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period (AD) in Tonglu Mountain. 770-221 BC). Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Liu Xinning
Archaeologist Xia Nai has a special liking for Tonglu Mountain. In 1976 and 1980, Xia Nai visited Tonglu Mountain twice. On October 2, the Academic Symposium on Ancient Chinese Bronze was held in New York, USA. Xia Nai was the first to speak. He gave a speech on "The Excavation of Tonglushan Bronze Mine" to scholars from all over the world.
October 1981. On March 13, the International Academic Symposium on Ancient Metallurgical Technology was held in Beijing. At the meeting, Xia Nai and Yin Weizhang explained the Tonglushan ancient copper mine smelting and simulation experiments in detail, which aroused the interest of experts and scholars from all over the world. , a group of eight people including Smith, a world-renowned metallurgical history expert and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, made a special trip to Tonglu Mountain to inspect the ancient copper mine site.
At that time, the 78-year-old Professor Smith said excitedly: "What smart people! I see things here that I don’t see anywhere else in the world. "
Professor Mai Ding, an archaeologist at Harvard University in the United States, said: "Although places such as the Middle East began smelting copper very early, the scale of their mining sites and the advanced level of smelting furnaces are far from those of China's Tonglushan. Compared with ancient copper mines, the Tonglushan ancient copper mine site is undoubtedly the world's first-class ancient copper mine site. ”
Li Shejiao believes that large-scale mining of copper requires fine collaboration and division of labor. The Tonglushan ancient copper mine site proves that as early as more than 3,000 years ago, in addition to farming civilization in ancient China, there was also an advanced industrial civilization represented by Huangshi. , the fire here has not been extinguished for three thousand years, promoting the continuous development and progress of China's industrial civilization.
In 1982, the State Council listed it as a national key cultural relic protection unit; in 1995, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage included it in China's list of world cultural heritage; In March 2001, it was named one of the "100 Great Archaeological Discoveries of the 20th Century in China".
The Daye Iron Mine open-pit mining pit in Huangshi National Mine Park is known as the "No. 1 Mining Pit in Asia". Photographed by Ge
A thousand-year-old fire
Huangshi not only has the ancient copper mine in Tonglu Mountain, but also the Daye Iron Mine open-pit mining pit on Tieshan Mountain, which is 2,200 meters long and 440 meters deep, and is known as the "No. 1 Mining Pit in Asia". It tells the history of Hubei Huangshi City "Millennium Iron City"
"Daye County Chronicle" compiled during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty said: "Tonglu Mountain is located five miles west of the county. The mountain is purple and red, and it is decorated with copper green every time it rains. On the earth and rocks, there are like snowflakes and adzuki beans, or the place where copper was found in ancient times. " Records show that Daye has been a copper-producing place since ancient times.
"In the fifth year of Huangwu (AD 226), King Wu Sun Quan mined Wuchang copper and iron to make thousands of swords and ten thousand knives. "The history of Sun Quan casting weapons with copper and iron from Huangshi recorded in " Ancient and Modern Sword Records" by Liang Tao Hongjing of the Southern and Northern Dynasties is engraved on the relief wall next to the "No. 1 Mining Pit in Asia". 17 groups of copper reliefs tell the history of the Daye Iron Mine. Thousands of years of mining history have attracted tourists to stop and watch.
Archaeological sites and cultural relics show that the Huangshi area was one of the birthplaces of Chinese bronze culture. During the Sui Dynasty, Jin Wang Yang Guang ordered the establishment of ten furnaces in the south of Tieshan. Five baht coins; in the Southern Song Dynasty, Yue Fei ordered Yue Jiajun to mine in the Daye area and forge the "Daye Sword" to fight against the Jin soldiers. Huang Chao, the leader of the peasant uprising in the late Tang Dynasty, Li Zicheng, the leader of the peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty, etc. People also left traces of mining and smelting in Huangshi.
A corner of the mining alley from the Spring and Autumn Period excavated from Tonglu Mountain in Huangshi City, Hubei Province.Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Liu Xinning
According to experts such as Li Shejiao and Gong Changgen who have long paid attention to Huangshi’s mining and metallurgical culture, Huangshi’s most prosperous period and highest status should be during the Tang and Song Dynasties. According to the "History of the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties": "In the second year of Tang Tianyou (905), Qin Pei, the envoy of Yangwu Wuchang Jiedu, was in power for 7 years. He accumulated an army of 200,000, opened up Qingshan Daye, and the public family relied on it."
This is a historical fact. The earliest record of Daye's "Qingshan" as a smelting place. Qin Pei also became a historical figure praised by Huangshi people for thousands of years because of his establishment of Qingshan Farm (the farm is a mining and smelting institution, and the courtyard is an administrative institution), mining and smelting, and the development of furnaces and smelting.
In fact, before Qin Pei, Han Zhongqing, the father of the great writer Han Yu of the Tang Dynasty, served as the magistrate of Wuchang County and made contributions to the local mining and metallurgical development. When Han Zhongqing left office, the people carved stones and erected monuments in praise of him. The author was Li Bai, a great poet who lived in Yuzhang (today's Nanchang ) and often visited Wuchang because he was convicted of King Yong. He wrote in "Wuchang Zai Han Jun's Memorial Monument": "In the beginning, copper and iron were green, and they came out without choosing a place. They were smelted and cast in drums, like gods descending from the sky. After cooking and shining, they were filled with trillions. Public and private matters depend on it."
When Li Yu was the ruler of the Southern Tang Dynasty in the fifth year of Qiande in the Northern Song Dynasty, he analyzed the three townships of Wuchang County and merged them with Qingshan Changyuan to establish a new county. According to "Zhuangzi·The Great Master", "Heaven and Earth are The phrase "furnace, created for Daye" takes the meaning of "Daxing Furnace" and is named Daye County.
Not long after the founding of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang established Xingguoye in Daye and Yangxin, which are now under the jurisdiction of Huangshi. The Tieshan Mountain in Daye area has become the iron ore base of Xingguoye. According to historical records, the total annual output of official iron in the country at that time was more than 18 million jins. In the seventh year of Hongwu (1374), Xingguoye's annual output of iron was one million jins, which shows that iron ore mining and smelting was prosperous at that time.
Zhang Zhidong statue of Xinye Steel. Photographed by He Ge
The Spark of Modern Industry
In the Yellowstone National Mining Park, the Huaisheng Pavilion built to commemorate the representative figure of the Westernization movement Sheng Xuanhuai is right next to the "No. 1 Mining Pit in Asia".
Two years ago, the Xinqiao Cave in Tieshan District was renovated and named "Xuanhuaimen". In the Han Yeping ruins on the south bank of the Yangtze River, there are two 7.2-meter-high statues erected in memory of Zhang Zhidong and Sheng Xuanhuai, who both died at the age of 72... These all show that these two historical figures have thousands of connections with this city. Inextricably linked.
The steel industry is the soul of modern industry. The rapid development of steel production technology has driven the rapid development of modern Western industry, making it "rich and powerful". At that time, China was in a very difficult situation: Westernization enterprises needed a large amount of steel, and most of the local iron produced by the private sector was not suitable for use, so it had to "spend millions" to obtain it from Westerners. "That is, a very small item, a foreign needle, is worth more than 700,000 yuan imported into China every year."
What’s even more serious is that once the foreigners’ coal and iron supplies fail, workers in various factories will be left stranded. The coal and iron industry directly strangled the throat of China's modern industry. Developing the local steel industry has gradually become a strong desire of the Westernizationists and even the ruling and opposition parties.
In 1874, Li Hongzhang, then governor of Zhili and minister of Beiyang, sent his aide Sheng Xuanhuai to search for coal and iron-producing areas across the country, and at the same time introduced advanced Western technology and equipment in preparation for establishing China's steel industry. In 1875, Sheng Xuanhuai established the "Hubei Coal and Iron Mining Administration" in Pantang, Guangji, Hubei.
In the autumn of 1877, British miner Guo Shidun, who was hired by Sheng Xuanhuai, said in his prospecting report: "Daye County has a lot of iron ore... The iron layer and veins found now are about five million tons. If two The net quality of the iron ore here is 60%-66%, while the net quality of the best iron ore in the world is 70%. The Daye iron ore is enough to compete with the British. It is comparable to the high-quality iron ore produced in , the United States and other countries.
Huaxin Cement Factory is one of the earliest enterprises in my country's cement industry and is known as the cradle of China's cement industry. In January 2018, it was selected into the China Industrial Heritage Protection List.
Huangshi, the "ancient capital" of mining and metallurgy that has been burning for three thousand years, shoulders the development of modern industry and the revitalization of national industry.
In 1889, after Zhang Zhidong was transferred to the governorship of Huguang, he began to develop Westernization in Hubei. Four years later, the Hanyang Iron Works he presided over was put into operation and became Asia's first modern steel enterprise.The Daye Iron Mine located in Daye County, as the raw material base of the iron plant, became the first large-scale open-pit iron mine mined by household machines in Chinese history. Its scale was the largest in East Asia at the time.
In order to transport the ore from the Daye Iron Mine to the Hanyang Iron Works via the Yangtze River, a railway from the foot of Iron Mountain to the lime kiln on the river bank was laid in 1892. This is the first railway in Hubei's history. Passenger trucks and sleepers are all purchased from Germany.
In 1896, Zhang Zhidong handed over the factory and mine to Shengxuanhuai for investment promotion, and changed the government office to a government-supervised commercial office. In 1908, Sheng Xuanhuai merged Hanyang Iron Works, Daye Iron Mine and Pingxiang Coal Mine to form Hanyeping Coal and Iron Works Co., Ltd., which started the company's business history.
The two men "connected the past and the future" and jointly developed China's modern steel industry. As the largest steel conglomerate in Asia at the time, Hanyeping Company could be called the "cradle of China's steel industry."
Huangshi is one of the important ports on the Yangtze River. The picture shows the Huaxin Cement Plant that was restored and expanded after liberation. Photo by Gu Songnian
"Oriental Magazine" in the first year of the Republic of China recorded: When the iron produced by Han Yeping Company was tested in the United States, Americans were "surprised that it was precious." Because too little manganese is added to foreign iron, there is often a concern of peeling off during use; while Chinese iron contains natural manganese, and manganese ore is added during smelting, making the product "hard and soft at the same time, and can be filed smoothly."
As a brand of China's modern industry, Hanyeping's products have repeatedly participated in various international and domestic exhibitions and won many awards.
It was not until 1919 that the Anshan Iron and Steel Works was completed and put into operation. For more than 20 years, this iron plant produced more than 90% of China's steel.
In the late Qing Dynasty, the rich copper, iron ore deposits and limestone in Daye attracted a large influx of official and private capital, and more than a dozen government-run, private and foreign-owned coal mines emerged one after another. In 1913, Hanyeping Company prepared to build Daye Iron Works (i.e. Daye Steel Works), and in 1922 its No. 1 blast furnace tapped iron.
The Huangshi area is also home to the Huaji Cement Factory, the first cement factory in the Far East approved by Empress Cixi, the Daye Iron Ore Transport Railway, the first railway in Central and South China, and the largest power plant in Central and South China, Huangshi Power Plant , the largest coal base in Hubei Province - Yuanhua Coal Mining Company, the largest ore transport port in the Yangtze River - Huangshi Port .
Li Shejiao said that at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Huangshi was the only mining and metallurgical industrial base in China with complete heavy industry sectors such as steel, cement, coal, and electricity. It was the area with the most concentrated distribution of national heavy industries in modern China, and was also a ray of dawn in China's modern industrial history. .
However, as the country is poor and weak, such a dawn seems too weak. During the renovation and expansion of Hanyang Iron Works, Sheng Xuanhuai was unable to obtain financial support from the empty Qing court, nor was he able to obtain sufficient financing from the private sector. He had to sign a loan contract with Japan and repay the capital with ore from the Daye Iron Mine. Paying interest, step by step fell into the trap set by the Japanese...
From the fall of Daye in October 1938 to Japan's surrender in 1945, Japan plundered more than 5 million tons of iron ore from the Daye mines, accounting for 10% of Japan's plunder of China's iron ore 9.66% of stone. According to archives, the Daye Iron Mine produced a total of 20.9232 million tons of iron ore from 1893 to 1945 when it was officially put into operation. Japan plundered 15.508 million tons of iron ore, accounting for approximately 74% of the total output.
In the view of Cai Minglun, professor at Hubei Normal University and head of the Han Yeping Research Center, a history of Han Yeping is a history of the development of modern Chinese industry. The development of Hanyeping Company is closely linked to the fate of the country. Only when the country stands up can enterprises have room for development.
Zhou Jiming, a professor at Hubei University, said: "Han Yeping Company failed in the end. The reasons for the failure were complex, the current situation was turbulent, and the Japanese debt was heavy, but the most important thing was that it never received support from the state."
Mao Zedong inspected Daye iron ore.
The Fire of an Industrial Power
Standing at Hubei Xinye Steel Co., Ltd. Hanyeping Square, the sharp contrast between history and reality is lamentable: on one side are the domestic C919 large passenger aircraft, the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, the "Shenzhou" and the "Tiangong" "The modern production workshop where the "Chang'e" and other major power equipments provide special steel products. On the other side is the ruins of the Han Yeping Blast Furnace that have gone through many vicissitudes of life and now only ruins remain.
These two blast furnaces, built in the early 1920s, were the largest blast furnaces in China at that time. They were in production for a total of two years and two months and produced more than 258,000 tons of pig iron, most of which was shipped to Japan to repay Japanese debt.
In the summer of 1938, the Japanese army approached the lime kiln and used aircraft to block the river upstream of Huangshi Port. On July 28 of that year, Chiang Kai-shek called Yang Jizeng, chairman of the Steel Plant Relocation Committee: "It is inconvenient to dismantle the Daye chemical iron furnaces of Hanyeping Company, so we should prepare for blasting." Subsequently, the Kuomintang Wuhan Garrison Headquarters Demolition teams were sent to blow up major equipment such as iron furnaces and hot blast furnaces, as well as some factory buildings.
The country's turmoil, poverty and weakness caused the Han Yeping Company, which was once prosperous, to decline rapidly and exist in name only. At the end of 1948, the National Government officially abolished Han Yeping Company and handed over all its assets to the newly established Huazhong Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. Han Yeping Company withdrew from the stage of history.
Han Yeping Blast Furnace Site. Photographed by Wu Jianxin
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Huazhong Iron and Steel Company wanted to resume smelting in a blast furnace, but the moribund National Government lacked both machine parts and funds. In the end, it was patched together and only built a small blast furnace of 66 cubic meters.
The important task of revitalizing the national steel industry falls on the shoulders of the Chinese Communists. At dawn on May 15, 1949, the People's Liberation Army crossed the Yangtze River and Shihuang Town was peacefully liberated. That night, Daye County was liberated and taken over by the Wuhan Military Control Commission, with a special commissioner for the Lime Kiln Industrial Zone set up.
On June 12 of that year, with the approval of the Central Plains Provisional People's Government, Shihuang Town and four townships including Tielu, Shenwu, Shanngle and Xiazhang in Daye County were set aside to establish the "Hubei Daye Special Economic Zone Office" .
On September 29, 1949, with the approval of the Hubei Provincial People's Government, the "Hubei Daye Industrial and Mining Special Zone" was established, which was the first industrial and mining special zone in New China.
Liu Jinsheng, the first director of the Industrial and Mining Special Zone, once said: "The Daye Industrial and Mining Special Zone was established in accordance with Chairman Mao Zedong's instructions to develop industry and commerce and support the liberation of the country. Because this area is an industrial zone, superiors pay special attention to it, and production materials can be supported in the future. Other places. "The mining area at that time had a population of more than 40,000, and there were more than 5,000 factory and mine workers.
Yellowstone occupied a prominent position in modern China because of its mining and metallurgy. Just as Zhang Zhidong and other Westernization leaders, after being stimulated by the imperialist ships and artillery, learned from the barbarians to master their skills and worked hard to establish a national steel industry, Mao Zedong and other founders of New China also had an unforgettable memory of the backwardness of the national industry. The pain has a strong steel complex.
In 1945, in the article " On Coalition Government", Mao Zedong wrote: "Without industry, there will be no solid national defense, no people's welfare, and no country's prosperity." It was this strong industrial complex that made Mao Zedong We visited Huangshi twice for inspection in 1953 and 1958.
Inspired by Mao Zedong's inspection, Daye Iron Mine produced 2.9 million tons of ore in 1959. By the early 1970s, production reached its peak annual output of 5.051 million tons. As the "industrial granary" of New China, Huangshi continuously delivers raw materials to the country and contributes to the revitalization of national industry. According to
data, from its founding to 2008, Huangshi contributed a total of 190 million tons of iron ore, 741,300 tons of copper concentrate, 54 million tons of raw coal, and 560 million tons of non-metallic ores to the country. It produced 28.65 million tons of steel, 2.7 million tons of copper, and 125 million tons of cement. Directly paid profits and taxes of 27 billion yuan, with a cumulative contribution of 35 billion yuan.
On November 28, 2017, tourists visited the Huangshi Planning Exhibition Hall. Photographed by Xinhua News Agency reporter Xiong Qi
The "fire of war" of transformation and development
On August 21, 1950, the Central People's Government's Government Affairs Council informed the Central and South Central Military and Political Commission to merge Lime Kiln and Huangshi Port Industrial and Mining Zone into a provincial municipality and name it Huangshi City. . Huangshi became the second directly governed city in Hubei Province.
During the period of national construction, relying on abundant mineral resources, Daye Steel Plant, one of the top ten special steel plants in the country, Daye Iron Mine, one of the top ten iron mines in the country, Huaxin Cement, one of the three largest cement production bases in the country, Twenty-seven key industrial projects, including Daye Nonferrous Metals, one of the country's six largest copper mines, have sprung up, and thousands of industrial workers have poured in from all over the country.
In 1956, 21-year-old Ma Jingyuan graduated from Daye Technical School of Huazhong Iron and Steel Company. Together with more than 30 classmates in the class, he was assigned to the newly rebuilt Daye Iron Mine. After that, from electrician to secretary of the Youth League branch of the workshop, to director of the Mining Records Office, he participated in the compilation of "Huangshi City Chronicles" and "Hanyeping Company Chronicles". He personally experienced the prosperity, decline and transformation of the mining area.
Ma Jingyuan remembers that the 1960s to the 1980s were the best years of the Daye Iron Mine, with more than 10,000 workers and more than 5 million tons of iron ore produced every year. The sodas are free and everyone is very energetic."
The former site of Huaxin Cement Factory.
Wang Dingxing, executive deputy director of the Yangtze River Midstream Mining and Metallurgical Culture Research Center of Hubei Institute of Technology, said that the establishment of large enterprises such as Daye Iron Mine, Daye Steel Plant, and Huaxin Cement directly led to the construction of railways and docks and the flow of population, making the iron ore The mountains, Xialu and lime kilns are connected together, allowing this young city to rapidly develop into a famous mining and metallurgical city on the bank of the Yangtze River.
Liu Wenxiang, who grew up beside the railway in the old town of Huangshi, remembers that in the 1990s, steam locomotives shuttled between the old town and several major industrial and mining enterprises every day, hauling both coal and iron ore and workers. Tens of thousands of workers took the train. The grand occasion of going to work in the factory is evocative. The rise of
industry has promoted the rapid development of cities. Since the reform and opening up, Huangshi has once shone in the aura of rapid economic growth with its strong industrial foundation, describing the glory of "Huang Lao Er" along the way. At its peak in history, the gross output of Huangshi's mining industry and its processing industry accounted for 62% of the total GDP, making it the second largest city in Hubei after Wuhan.
"Asia's No. 1 Mining Pit" in Yellowstone National Mine Park. Photographed by He Ge
Today, we are approaching the Daye Iron Mine. It is a huge funnel-shaped mining and metallurgical canyon that is 2,200 meters long from east to west, 550 meters wide from north to south, with a maximum drop of 444 meters and a pit mouth area of 1.08 million square meters. It is amazing. It is a living witness to a century of Chinese industrial history, and also tells the story of the trauma and rebirth of a mining and metallurgical city after its resources gradually depleted.
The formation of "Asia's No. 1 Mining Pit" is accompanied by the industrialization construction of the Republic. From 1958 to 2016, workers mined nearly 140 million tons of raw ore and produced nearly 86 million tons of iron concentrate here. The amount of iron metal provided to Wuhan Iron and Steel accounted for 70% of the total pig iron produced by Wuhan Iron and Steel. Daye Iron Mine has become a veritable "Wuhan Iron and Steel Granary".
Over time, mining has discharged approximately 370 million tons of waste rock. The waste rock piles stretch for more than ten miles around the mining area, forming several hills tens of meters high.
In the production workshop of Daye Nonferrous Tonglushan Mine at the foot of Tonglushan Mountain, the ore will be sent to downstream workshops after grinding, flotation and other processes to produce copper, iron, gold, etc. Since 1965, more than 1.3 million tons of ore have been mined here every year. At present, the ore produced and collected here can produce 10,000 tons of copper, more than 200,000 tons of iron, and 500 kilograms of gold every year.
drove around the old town of Huangshi. The dilapidated streets, dilapidated buildings, and gray tones made the reporter feel a little depressed.
In recent years, Huangshi City, Hubei Province has actively explored the development of industrial tourism, turning the Tonglushan ancient copper mine site, the former site of Huaxin Cement Factory, and Huangshi National Mine Park into industrial tourism routes to attract tourists. Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Yao Qilin
The millennium-long “furnace fire” has brought glory to this city that built factories and cities due to mining. The continuous exploitation of resources has also caused it to bear a huge ecological deficit: more than 150 Tailings ponds, hundreds of thousands of acres of abandoned industrial and mining land, large-scale lake pollution, and degradation of ecological functions... Huangshi has more than 100 large and small chimneys at its most, and the annual dust volume reaches more than 6,000 tons. It is known as a "light and gray city."
In March 2009, the State Council announced the second batch of resource-exhausted cities, with Huangshi among them, and Daye, a city under its jurisdiction, among the first batch.
Entering the 21st century, due to the downturn in the global energy market, steel market and non-ferrous metal market, the pain caused by resource depletion, environmental pollution and unemployment has become more prominent, making this former "Huang Lao Er" far away from Yichang , Xiangyang Far behind, Hubei's GDP ranking dropped to around ten, and the famous mining and metallurgical city stood at the crossroads of development.
Returned to the "Huang Lao Er", Huangshi did not engage in real estate, but persevered in pursuing the dream of modern industry. They loudly shouted the slogan of establishing an ecological city and strengthening the city through industry, and planned to build an advanced manufacturing city.
Yan Hongyong, who was once a miner at Daye Iron Mine, is now the person in charge of the Yellowstone National Mine Park. He is committed to the restoration and management of the ecological environment in the mining area, and together with his colleagues, he created the miracle of "planting trees on stones".
Yan Hongyong said that starting in the 1980s, the mining area began to try to plant trees on waste rock piles. After repeated attempts, black locusts with a high survival rate were finally discovered. Over the next 30 years or so, generations of workers have planted more than 1.2 million black locust trees on the waste rock piles that were originally barren. The former waste rock piles have become an area of 3.66 million square meters, equivalent to about 8 Tiananmen Square. Asia's largest hard rock greening reclamation ecological forest.
Tourists play in Yellowstone National Mine Park. Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Xiong Qi
In 2007, Huangshi National Mine Park was officially completed and opened, becoming my country's first national mining park. On an open space in the park, workers used steel scraps to make craft sculptures and built a mining and metallurgy expo park. The original iron ore facilities have been transformed into tourist attractions such as "Underground Exploration", "Shihai Oasis" and "Jiulong Cave Sky".
Today, it has been transformed into a national 4A-level tourist attraction and a shining business card of Huangshi's industrial tourism, receiving 100,000 tourists every year.
Tonglu Mountain has also started ecological restoration: 555.7 hectares have been determined as the red line range of the heritage protection zone, and ecological restoration of ancient mining sites, mountain damage restoration, soil heavy metal restoration, water environment pollution ecological restoration, and abandoned industrial and mining enterprise construction site ecological restoration have been carried out... Relying on Tonglu Mountain Shangu Copper Mine Site, a bronze town with Tonglushan characteristics will be built on the north side of the site, and a national first-class archaeological site park will be built, integrating tourism, cultural display, and industry aggregation, so that the thousand-year-old copper site will continue to write a new chapter.
On November 28, 2017, the Huangshi Industrial Tourism Special Train carried tourists to Huangshi National Mine Park. Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Xiong Qi
Zhong Liping, member of the Standing Committee of the Huangshi Municipal Party Committee and Minister of the Propaganda Department, said that in recent years, Huangshi has insisted on iron-handed pollution control and placed the protection of the Yangtze River in an overwhelming position. It has closed down more than 1,000 "five small" enterprises and demolished illegal docks. 123, 131 open-pit quarries were closed, there were no "five small" enterprises and no illegal docks in the whole region, and 3 billion yuan was invested to implement 71 industrial and mining abandoned land reclamation projects, with a reclamation area of 40,000 acres, and a forest coverage rate of 36.1%. In 2018, Huangshi won the title of "National Forest City".
Ecological transformation is a "basic issue". Implementing industrial strengthening and building an advanced manufacturing city are "must-answer questions" for this thousand-year-old city to unswervingly pursue its modern industrial dream.
In the process of transformation, several century-old stores that once supported the four pillars of Huangshi's economy have been reborn and become the "ballast stone" leading high-quality development.
Students receive patriotic education in Yellowstone National Mine Park. Photo courtesy of Huangshi Municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department
Huaxin Cement invested 6 billion yuan to build a century-old rejuvenation base and invested in building factories in countries along the “One Belt and One Road”. Last year’s profit reached more than 3 billion yuan; Xinye Steel invested more than 3 billion yuan to implement technical reforms and to Military, aerospace and automotive special steels are making progress, with profits and taxes exceeding 1 billion yuan last year.
On the basis of promoting the transformation and upgrading of traditional pillar industries such as non-ferrous metals, ferrous metals, and building materials, Huangshi relies on its advantages of strong industrial foundation and superior location to accelerate the cultivation of emerging industries such as electronic information, new energy vehicles, and biomedicine.
In the Daye Lake National High-tech Zone, with Hanlong New Energy Vehicle as the leader, supporting industries such as engines, wheels, seats, sunroofs, and lithium battery new materials are increasingly improving; with health wine as the leader, Jin brand 300,000 tons of healthy liquor The base and biomedical industrial park are beginning to take shape.
In the Huangshi Economic and Technological Development Zone, the "Iron Triangle" of the electronic information industry - Hushi Electronics , Xinxing Electronics, and Shangda Electronics have successively settled, and supporting projects such as optoelectronic products, electronic basic materials, applied electronics, and embedded software have followed one after another. It has become an important PCB (Printed Circuit Board) industry gathering area in the country.
At present, Huangshi City has formed eight key growth industrial clusters, including copper smelting and deep processing, electronic information, clothing, molds, chemicals and medicine, and its industrial structure has been significantly optimized.
Huangshi Municipal Party Committee Secretary Dong Weimin said that there are only backward products and no backward industries. The manufacturing industry needs to be re-understood and deepened. Huangshi is making every effort to promote the high-quality development of the manufacturing industry and strive to build an advanced manufacturing city.
This city that carries China’s millennium industrial civilization, century-old industrial dream, and dream of becoming a powerful country has stood at a new starting point for high-quality development; here, the “war” of transformation and development is raging and has become a prairie fire.
column editor: Gu Wanquan Text editor: Cheng Pei Source of title picture: Visual China Picture editor: Zhu Quan
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