Source: [Farmers Daily]
Some people say that agricultural drones are a farming tool for new farmers and the most down-to-earth "black technology"; some people say that agricultural drones are an excellent entrance to social services. , is a golden key to unlock smart agriculture and precision agriculture.
Starting from Henan in February, we went all the way north to Hebei and Shandong to treat wheat . In June and July, we returned to Liaoning to focus on hazelnut orchards. In August, we moved to Xinjiang cotton fields, and then went to southern orchards. This is Chen Song, a young man from Liaoning. One-year cross-regional operation roadmap.
From the Mike who used to travel around the world with a sickle, to the agricultural machinery operators driving harvesters , now, there is a new group in the army of cross-regional operations - pilots, and their equipment is Drones operating in the air.
In southern economic crops, drone operations have greater room for development. Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Yang Wenbin
In recent years, driven by huge market demand, plant protection drones , which were born to solve the pain points of spraying, have developed rapidly in our country. Data from the National Agricultural Technology Center shows that in 2016, there were only about 4,000 plant protection drones in my country. By 2021, there will be more than 120,000 plant protection drones organized by professional pest control service organizations alone, and the operating area will exceed 1.07 billion acres. , there are more than 200,000 pilots active in the fields.
With the expansion of application scenarios, the functions of plant protection drones are no longer limited to spraying pesticides, and their name in the industry has also been replaced by “agricultural drones”. Some people say that agricultural drones are a powerful farming tool for new farmers and the most down-to-earth "black technology"; some people say that agricultural drones are an excellent entrance to social services and a gateway to smart agriculture and precision agriculture. A golden key. At the same time, evaluations such as "a blue ocean with a market worth hundreds of billions" and "a cool and high-paying new career" have been repeatedly mentioned. This industry has high hopes and unlimited imagination, and many auras have been added to it, but there has always been no shortage of doubts.
What changes will the development of drones bring to agriculture? What is the actual application effect? What are the personal experiences of frontline practitioners? Reporters try to outline the true face of this industry from multiple dimensions.
From novelty to standard equipment
Drones fly into thousands of farmers’ homes
“I didn’t believe it at first, how effective it would be to spray medicine with such a small amount of water.” When I first came into contact with drones in 2018, Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province Cheng Guolin, a grower in Gannan County, has doubts like most people. Cheng Guolin has planted 600 acres of rice. In the past, he hired people to apply pesticides. Sometimes he would hire seven or eight people a day. Each person plowed 30 acres of land in a day, and it took two or three days to complete the application. More than ten liters of pesticide solution was used per acre. quantity. However, a plant protection drone can cover 100 acres in one hour, and the amount of chemical solution per acre is less than 1 liter.
After finishing the printing and seeing the effect, Cheng Guolin was convinced. “It’s not only fast, but also sprays evenly. The weeding effect is better than manual weeding!” Since then, Cheng Guolin has never hired anyone to spray pesticides. In 2019, he simply bought a drone himself. In the past two years, drones have added a seeding function, and now Cheng Guolin leaves sowing, fertilizing, and spraying pesticides to drones. He told reporters that nowadays local growers basically use drones, and there is almost no manual spraying.
"Plant protection is the biggest pain point and difficulty in agriculture. The most difficult thing for farmers to do in farming is spraying pesticides. Wheat is a little better. When spraying pesticides for rice, it is easy for people to get trapped in the field, and it is high temperature and easy to be poisoned. I have seen the fields next to it. He was poisoned by manual spraying." Wu Minggang, who joined the industry in 2015, is one of the first batch of pilots in the country. When drones were first promoted in Heilongjiang, farmers didn’t believe it. They had no choice but to go door-to-door to spray pesticides for free for comparison. Wu Minggang also encountered the embarrassment that after they used a drone to spray once, the farmer was worried and used the sprayer to spray again.
Pilot Wu Minggang is controlling the drone for fertilizing operations.
However, after two years of application promotion, flying defense was gradually accepted and recognized by farmers, and explosive growth began in 2017 and 2018. If drones were still a new thing before, now they have almost become a standard feature for social service organizations and new farmers. A set of data from
also confirms this change.In 2015, there were about 300 agricultural drones in Heilongjiang Province, with an operating area of less than 1 million acres. By 2018, the number of agricultural drones increased rapidly to 2,437 units, with an operating area of more than 26 million acres. In 2021, the number of agricultural drones in the province has reached There are 17,000 units, the operating area exceeds 200 million acres, and the penetration rate of of fly defense is nearly 90%. At the same time, drone seeding operations in the province exceeded 100 million acres in 2021, covering nearly 50% of rice fields for fertilization.
Not only in Heilongjiang, Xinjiang's aerial control penetration rate will also reach 80% in 2021. Thanks to the large-scale application of aerial control defoliants, the mechanization level of Xinjiang's cotton has been greatly improved. In Henan, the granary of the Central Plains, drones were used to control wheat pests and diseases in 2017. In May 2018, the "Thousands of People, Thousands of Machines" event held at Anyang completed the unified control of more than 2 million acres of wheat diseases and insect pests in 8 days, and implemented platform supervision throughout the entire process. It became a landmark event in the industry and fully reflected the aviation industry. Plant protection has the advantage of large-scale control of pests and diseases in a short period of time.
Since 2013, the former Ministry of Agriculture has promoted low-altitude and low-volume aerial pesticide application technology by plant protection drones across the country. The National Agricultural Technology Center has held drone field operation demonstrations and technical training activities in many provinces for three consecutive years. In 2015, Hunan and Henan piloted subsidies for plant protection drones for the first time. As local governments pay more and more attention to support, favorable policies are continuously introduced, and subsidies for purchasing drones have increased significantly, drones are gradually flying into the homes of thousands of ordinary farmers.
"my country has become the country with the largest application area of agricultural drones in the world. Survey data for several consecutive years show that the effect of aerial plant protection control is 10% to 20% higher than that of farmers' self-prevention, and the use of pesticides is reduced by 20% to 30%. The pesticide utilization rate has increased by more than 10%. "Guo Yongwang, a researcher at the National Agricultural Technology Center, said that thanks to the advancement of science and technology, drones have achieved major breakthroughs in intelligent flight control systems, spraying systems, pesticide loading, etc., coupled with the addition of pesticides. The development of preparation has achieved the perfect combination of "gun" and "bullet" and promoted the advancement of low-altitude and low-volume spraying technology. The development of drones has played a positive role in reducing pesticides, saving agricultural costs and increasing efficiency, emergency disaster relief, ensuring food security, etc., and has also promoted the process of agricultural modernization.
Wang Zhiguo, chairman of the National Aviation Plant Protection Science and Technology Innovation Alliance, told reporters that drones have become less "popular" in recent years compared to previous years because they have been accepted by farmers. Drones can now be seen everywhere in spraying pesticides, unlike before. It will still have to be promoted by the government in a few years. The application of
drones is innovating and empowering agricultural production methods. For individuals, the most direct feeling is that farming is easier and the cost of fertilizing and spraying pesticides is lower. Now Wu Minggang has contracted 2,000 acres of land across districts. He feels that farming with drones is much easier. In the past, he dared to contract hundreds of acres of land, but now he has the confidence to contract several thousand acres.
China’s agricultural science and technology signature
“One-purpose, multi-purpose” drone leads the world
Just before 2010, my country did not have a self-developed plant protection drone, and the level of agricultural aviation application was far behind that of the United States, Japan and other countries. . In just over ten years, my country's plant protection drones have completed the transformation from "toys" to "tools", from "performance level" to "practical level", and from "following" to "leading" the development of the global industry.
Wu Minggang clearly remembers that in 2015 and 2016, plant protection drones were relatively crude. They could not automatically plan routes and had no cameras. A drone required three people, one to control it, and one to charge and dispense medicine. There is also a person who runs to the opposite field to watch. The drone has to shout when it reaches the end of the flight. Before taking off, the route must be manually planned in advance and obstacles such as telephone poles marked. The working efficiency per day is only two to three hundred acres.
"In the beginning, it was purely manual operation, which required a lot of attention from the pilot. If you are not careful, it is easy to crash into the aircraft. It takes more than a month to train the pilot. Today's drones can be said to be fool-proof, and you can use your mobile phone to do it." Operating a drone. Not only can it automatically avoid obstacles, but it can also automatically circumvent obstacles. It also has a 360-degree anti-collision function. It is very simple to operate and can be used in just two or three days of training. "Wu Minggang has a deep understanding of this.
reporter learned from the interview that currently drone products can basically achieve stable performance, durability and durability, which has become the consensus in the industry.Battery fast charging technology has gradually improved, and aircraft protection and other aspects have been significantly improved, which can basically meet the actual needs of agricultural production. In particular, pesticide application technology for field crops has matured. If there were still doubts about the performance and operating results of drones in the past few years, with continuous verification in practice, it has now been unanimously affirmed by industry insiders and farmers.
The entry and deepening of leading drone companies such as XAG and DJI have also promoted the accelerated iterative upgrade of technology, and the costs have continued to decline. In 2015, the operating efficiency of XAG P20 and DJI MG-1 was only 50 acres/hour. The operating efficiency of XAG P100 and DJI T40 released in 2021 has reached 320 acres/hour. Many pilots said that in the past few years, a new batch of products has been replaced almost every year.
“In recent years, DJI has added image transmission technology and radar obstacle avoidance systems to drones, which allows pilots to observe the flight environment while operating, allowing drones to sense obstacles at any time and automatically avoid and avoid them. We are still in the process of unmanned aerial vehicles. Many optimizations have been made in the logical direction of human-machine flight, allowing the drone to identify the heart of fruit trees and operate efficiently in irregular plots. "DJI Agriculture Marketing Director Fan Wenze said that agricultural drones can be said to be the most "automatic" at present. Agricultural equipment with the highest driving level. Just charge the drone and load it with medicine, and the drone can do the rest.
XAG Technology, which works side by side with DJI, has also been constantly innovating in recent years. Tong Wei, senior director of public affairs at XAG Technology, told reporters that XAG’s 2022 agricultural drones can be equipped with XAG’s three major mission systems: Ruipun, Ruibo and Ruitu to achieve fully autonomous farmland surveying and accurate mapping on various complex terrains. Spraying and intelligent seeding; innovative split platform design completely separates the drone flight platform and operating system, making it easier for drones to be replaced, transferred, transported and maintained. The optimization of flight control and operating system allows drones to operate stably and efficiently in weak and no-network environments.
Benefiting from the continuous advancement of drone technology, in Shihezi, Xinjiang, new farmer Chen Gongxu introduced multispectral drones to 5,000 acres of cotton fields last year. As long as you control the drone to fly around the cotton field, you can obtain a multispectral map of cotton growth, thereby judging the cotton growth in different areas, and then generating a variable spraying prescription map. More precise operations not only achieve a 5% increase in production, but also Let smart agriculture turn from ideal to reality.
Flying defense operation site.
"Through the combination of aerial photography drones + agricultural drones + terminal analysis and management software, farmland and crop conditions can be monitored in real time, and crop growth and nutritional analysis can be realized, as well as precise variable fertilization and pesticide application." Cheng Zhongyi, head of DJI Agriculture Smart Flying Training Said that drones make precision agriculture and digital agriculture within reach.
With the compatibility upgrade of the sowing system, the application scenarios of drones are constantly being explored and extended - sowing and fertilizing in rice fields in Heilongjiang, pollinating in pear orchards in Shanxi, feeding feed in lobster fields in Jiangsu... From the field Crops have expanded to fruit trees, tea and other cash crops. Drones with "one specialty and multiple functions" are showing their talents in agricultural production and have become a farming tool for new farmers.
Director of the International Joint Research Center for Precision Agriculture Aviation Pesticide Technology Lan Yubin believes that UAVs are closely integrated with modern technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data and cloud computing and are currently used in remote sensing monitoring, precision plant protection, Intelligent spreading and other aspects have been applied on a large scale, showing a "goose effect" in the development of agricultural artificial intelligence technology, which has effectively promoted the development of my country's intelligent agricultural technology.
"From a global perspective, my country is leading the rapid development of the drone industry. In terms of flight control, ultra-low altitude pesticide application and other technologies and industrialization levels, my country has taken a leading position in the world and has been exported to Europe, the United States, Japan, Southeast Asia, etc. In more than 20 countries and regions, drones have become the technological signature of China’s agriculture,” Wang Zhiguo commented.
It is worth mentioning that when the epidemic first broke out in 2020, in Hua County, Henan, farmers were unable to carry out normal farming due to village and road closures.Henan S&P Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd. has established more than 20 rural service stations in Huaxian County. Farmers at home only need to place orders through the S&P Agricultural App, WeChat, etc. to inform them of their work needs, and the S&P webmaster will contact them through an unmanned system. The work was completed by machine, and the service was fully online and zero-contact, fully guaranteeing spring plowing during the epidemic. Drones are expected to play a greater role in future anti-epidemic and production protection.
attracts more young people
also faces serious low-price competition
Two years ago, Chen Song, who used to work as a videographer for a well-known video website in Beijing, returned to his hometown and started engaging in drone flight protection services. From the city to the countryside, from a photographer to a "new farmer", the reasons for this change were firstly Chen Song's previous hobby of playing aerial photography drones, and secondly the high salary offered by his hometown to recruit pilots. Now he has purchased 5 drones and formed an air defense service team with several pilots, traveling across regions and regions all year round.
Control the plane with the tap of a finger and drive around in a pickup truck. The cool new career has attracted many young people like Chen Song to join agriculture. In April 2019, drone pilots were listed as one of 13 new occupations by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and other three departments. The popularization of agricultural drones has brought emerging jobs and jobs such as pilots and drone instructors to rural areas. More decent career options, using the power of technology to attract more young people to return to rural areas.
"High salary" is another major aura of Feishou. Baidu related searches often show reports of "earning two to three thousand a day" and "monthly income easily exceeding ten thousand". However, behind the glamor, the increasingly fierce low-price competition also makes many Pilots and flight defense teams are faced with the dilemma of making a profit. Just like a besieged city, many people want to get in and many people want to get out of this industry.
Chen Song told reporters that it is indeed very hard to do this business. It is normal to get up at two or three in the morning, rush to the working field first to make various preparations, and start working at dawn. When you’re busy, you often don’t have enough food, so prepare some bread and sausages for a bite. The last time I finished it was at 11 o'clock at night. I didn't eat all day and went back to the hotel and fell asleep. I had to get up and work again the next day. Last summer in Inner Mongolia, the mosquitoes that landed on his body can be described as "layers". Toilet water and DEET did not work. On a hot day, he could only be fully equipped with only his eyes exposed.
Chen Song is not afraid of hardship, but this year’s operating price is as low as two or three yuan per acre. Taking into account the losses of food, accommodation, people and vehicles for cross-regional operations, his earnings are much less. Coupled with the impact of the epidemic in various places, the transition The assignment was full of uncertainties, which made Chen Song want to quit.
"It's difficult to make money just doing flying skills. Sometimes you have to rest for several days if you don't have any work. If you change jobs again, long-distance transportation, food and accommodation expenses for cross-regional operations, plus customers' price reductions, the cost investment is very high." in According to veteran pilot Wu Minggang, 2017 and 2018 are the golden years for pilots. It is normal to earn one to two thousand yuan or even several thousand yuan a day. His highest record is to operate more than 2,000 acres a day, and his income is really considerable. But as more and more drones and pilots join in, the prices are getting lower and lower, and it is getting harder and harder to make money. Many people have sold their drones and changed careers. Not many like him have persisted.
The first-season rice operation season in Heilongjiang is short, and many large households have bought drones at very low prices. This made Wu Minggang start to look for other options. Last year, he moved to Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, and partnered with friends to establish a plant protection service company. With 8 people and 8 drones, he received a service order for a farm of 50,000 acres, and also contracted 2,000 acres of land. In this way, we can do work all year round. We carry out plant protection and fertilization operations for rice and wheat more than a dozen times a year. A drone can earn a gross income of more than 200,000 yuan a year. “If the plant protection problem is solved for the big players, other services will be easy to intervene!” Wu Minggang said that with plant protection services as the entry point, the sowing, transplanting and harvesting links of the 50,000-acre farm are also entrusted to them. The company's pilots are multi-talented and are also agricultural machinery operators. They work four to five months a year and can earn up to 60,000 to 70,000 yuan.
As the founder of a benchmark flying defense service organization in Suihua City, Heilongjiang Province, Liu Xiufeng has also been cornered by low-price competition.Relying on good results and word-of-mouth, and cooperating with manufacturers to implement a pesticide-carrying operation model, his Qiu Huifeng Agricultural Service Co., Ltd. gradually gained a foothold, and then achieved a breakthrough by expanding the service chain. In 2021, the company dispatched more than 140 drones to complete 2.4 million acres of order operations, and also undertook full custody services for 300,000 acres of farmland. Now Liu Xiufeng prefers to call himself a professional "agricultural service person". Hundreds of the company's Famous pilots are also positioned as more versatile "farmland guards."
The pilots of Qiu Huifeng Agricultural Services Co., Ltd. are also almighty "farmland guards".
"The investment for a drone and a vehicle is about 100,000 yuan, and it requires at least 50,000 acres of work a year to earn money from labor. It is difficult to survive by relying on plant protection services alone, and it is also difficult for new people to make money." Liu Xiufeng said frankly that plant protection services are in urgent need. If we can steadily provide good services and achieve good results in the local area, we will definitely have a lot of potential. However, profitability still depends on diversified services.
Since 2016, XAG has trained more than 80,000 pilots. Tong Wei believes that in the northern field crop market, farmers purchase more by themselves, and the price of aerial defense operations has dropped. This is the result of full competition in the industry. If aerial defense is used on trees of high-value cash crops, aerialists will have higher bargaining and profit margins. How to provide farmers with more diversified and higher-value services is also the direction of future transformation of the aerial defense industry and the aerial defense industry. Those general-purpose pilots who master and integrate agricultural machinery, agricultural technology, agricultural supplies and other resources will be able to develop more new business forms and models in the aerial defense industry, and provide value-added services such as "plant fertilizer" packages and farmland hosting services, etc., will be more Have a competitive advantage.
Safety is the top priority
Standard supervision is urgently needed to promote healthy development
During the interview, the reporter was deeply impressed by the details described by a pilot. In the early years when drone spraying was promoted, herbicides once drifted to the ground in the wind. There was pesticide damage in the soybean field next to him. From then on, he kept cash in his car. If the pesticide was not sprayed properly, he would pay the farmers directly. Nowadays, veteran pilots can completely "avoid lightning" by relying on experience and technology. In recent years, pesticide damage accidents caused by flying have also been greatly reduced. However, pesticide damage caused by fog droplet drift, especially herbicide drift, is still a major problem in drone operations. The biggest risks and pitfalls.
Among them, the lack of plant protection knowledge among flyers is the most direct reason. "A qualified pilot must not only be proficient in drone control technology, but also master basic knowledge of crop cultivation, pesticides, pests and diseases, meteorology, etc." Researcher Guo Yongwang pointed out that the vast majority of current pilots lack agricultural production and pests and diseases Prevention and control knowledge and experience are "able to fly" rather than "able to fly", which is far from the standardization and professional requirements.
At a time when the shortage of agricultural labor in our country is becoming increasingly prominent, the booming drone industry is becoming an important driving force in promoting the process of agricultural modernization, and the future prospects are also worth looking forward to. However, vicious price competition, uneven pesticide quality, lack of plant protection knowledge, and insufficient profitability are all problems that need to be solved for the sustainable development of the industry.
When I was doing research in Heilongjiang last year, I often saw small advertisements posted on telephone poles that drone spraying pesticides cost four yuan per acre. Some farmers rode motorcycles and went to the fields with a drone. This scene made people sad. Guo Yongwang was worried. He analyzed that this price is already lower than necessary costs such as machine depreciation, battery loss, transportation and labor. Low-price competition is not only detrimental to the healthy development of the industry, but will also inevitably affect the quality of work, resulting in reduced prevention effectiveness and increased risks of chemical accidents. big. In fact, in some northern field crop areas this year, the price of aerial control operations has been as low as 2 yuan per acre.
In addition, many industry insiders pointed out that there is currently a lack of norms and standards for drone operations, and the relevant laws and regulations for industry supervision and management are obviously lagging behind. There is a lack of corresponding basis for the assessment of operation quality and the arbitration of operation disputes.
Flying defense operation site.
The agricultural drone industry has become an inevitable trend. Standardizing and strengthening supervision is the top priority to ensure the healthy development of the industry, and all parties in the industry are also actively promoting this.In recent years, the National Agricultural Technology Center, the National Aviation Plant Protection Science and Technology Innovation Alliance, the Plant Protection Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Heilongjiang and other provinces have conducted more than 40 joint experiments on major pests and diseases to screen the optimal combination and use of drones, pesticides and auxiliaries. Optimum operating parameters. In 2018, companies such as , Bayer, and other companies took the lead in jointly releasing the "Operation Standards for the Safe Use of Pesticides by Plant Protection UAVs" in conjunction with the National Aviation Plant Protection Science and Technology Innovation Alliance. In 2019, the China Pesticide Industry Association released the group standard "Operation Specifications for Safe Application of Pesticides by Plant Protection UAVs". Starting in 2020, with the help of the 4.28 Global Flight Defense Safety Day, many units in the industry launched a safety flight defense initiative and conducted centralized safety training online. In addition, in 2021, the National Agricultural Technology Center, together with , Syngenta, , DJI and other companies, jointly conducted 1,997 training sessions on safe medication for flight prevention, training 26,000 pilots, and jointly promoted the safety and standardization of flight prevention.
Guo Yongwang suggested that specifications and management methods that meet the actual needs of agricultural production and are highly applicable and operable should be introduced as soon as possible, industry standards for drone pesticide application and sowing operations should be formulated, and agricultural drone operations should be gradually standardized. It is necessary to fully mobilize various forces, establish a scientific and complete pilot training system, scientifically formulate pilot grade standards, and implement differentiated and precise management of pilots. At the same time, it is necessary to organize relevant departments such as industry, academia, research, and promotion to carry out research on key technologies for drone applications, focusing on the research and development of pesticide varieties and anti-drift technology suitable for drones, and special spray systems suitable for herbicides. A particularly important point is to make full use of the Internet and big data to build an information service and management platform for drone operations; increase government procurement of services, create a number of professional drone service organizations, and lead and standardize social service behaviors. ; Develop a relatively uniform charging standard for drone operations at the provincial level to eliminate vicious competition, ensure the quality of operations, and promote the healthy and orderly development of the industry.
"The rise of new agricultural business entities, high land turnover rates and changes in the agricultural input market under the new situation are all providing favorable conditions for the development of the drone industry, and its future prospects are very broad." Wang Zhiguo believes that the next step is in the unmanned aerial vehicle industry. In terms of machine-like ground flight, real-time variable spraying technology, special pesticides for aerial control, and more commercial crop aerial control drug solutions, research and development need to be strengthened to better meet the needs of agricultural production.
Lan Yubin told reporters that "spraying on demand" is the future goal of my country's agricultural drones, which requires solving key technical issues such as low-altitude remote sensing monitoring and identification of pests and diseases, development of supporting spraying systems and real-time image processing. Ultimately, The application of precision agricultural aviation technology that integrates agricultural monitoring, collection and pesticide application operations.
"Agricultural drones still have a lot of room for improvement in the field of sowing and fruit trees. It is expected that the operating area will still maintain a growth rate of more than 50% in the next three years. my country's fruit planting area and output are both the first in the world. If it can reach the level of field crops "The penetration rate of aerial control of fruit trees is huge," Cheng Zhongyi said. Orchards have the characteristics of tall fruit trees, thick canopies, and steep terrain. To achieve good operating results for agricultural drones, continuous technical research is needed. There is a long way to go.
(Except for the signature, all pictures are provided by the interviewees)
Author: Wang Tengfei, reporter of Farmers Daily·China Agricultural Network
[Copyright Statement] The copyright of this article belongs to Farmers Daily and may not be reproduced without authorization.
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