The beautiful allusion of the night rain in Bashan is today believed to be from the Tang Dynasty poet Li Shangyin's "Night Rain to the North". Li Shangyin came to the Shogunate in Sichuan to join the army and communicated with relatives and friends, expressing his thoughts and sustenance in the prison. In the poems, the "rising autumn pond" refers to the ponds that have risen due to rain, but the classic saying "Bashan night rain", which is passed down to later generations, really describes the misty and romantic scene of rain at night? In the past, many people disputed whether Li Shangyin wrote this poem on his way through Chongqing, and there is another explanation for the meaning of Bashan Yeyu.
The Night Rain to the North in the textbook
1. Li Shangyin's arrival in Sichuan and the background of "Yeyu to the North"
Qing Dynasty poetry critic Ye Xie commented in his masterpiece "Original Poems": "Li Shangyin's seven unique features are profound and well-worded. There is nothing like a hundred generations.” As everyone knows, Li Shangyin’s poems are characterized by obscure meanings, such as "Ye Yu Ji Bei", "The return date is not yet due, Bashan night rain rises in the autumn pond. Why should we cut candles in the west window together? But when it rains in Bashan at night.” It has always been presumed that this is Li Shangyin's work written in Sichuan to his wife or friends in Chang'an, but Li Shangyin is already in his old age in Sichuan.
In the fifth year of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (851), Li Shangyin received an invitation from Xichuan Jiedu Envoy Liu Zhongying to serve in the shogunate. Li Shangyin had just suffered a major blow, and his wife Wang passed away in the spring and summer of this year. Wang is the daughter of Li Shangyin's important benefactor, Wang Maoyuan, and Wang Maoyuan is a good friend of Wuzong Prime Minister Li Deyu. Li Shangyin turned to Wang Maoyuan to become his son-in-law, which is considered to be a betrayal of the other important benefactors, Linghuchu and Linghusu. After Xuanzong ascended the throne, Linghuwei became influential and cut off his old friend Li Shangyin's favor. In the second half of his life, Li Shangyin could only travel to various places to make a living as an assistant.
Liu Zhongying’s Jiannan Road Dongchuan Jiedu made the shogunate located in Zizhou (now Santai County, Mianyang City). It was customary to take Daba Mountain as a wide area in the land of Dongchuan. There are some speculations that Li Shangyin entered Sichuan this time. The route did not follow the traditional Guangyuan and Mianyang old Shu Roads to Zizhou Santai, but from Yuzhou and Chongqing, because Li Shangyin's position was in Xuzhou. In September of the third year of
(849), Li Shangyin was invited by Wuning Military Commissioner Lu Hongzheng to serve in Xuzhou. Lu Hongzheng admired Li Shangyin very much, but it was only more than a year before Lu Hongzheng died of illness in the spring of five years in Dazhong. Following the death of his wife Wang's illness, Li Shangyin should return to his place of origin when burying his wife, because Li Shangyin seems to be the son-in-law of Wang Maoyuan's family. Li Shangyin was very kind to the Wang family and wrote a lot of poems, which also shows that he values and misses his wife. Wang Maoyuan is from Puyang, Henan, and Wang should have been at home. Even if it is believed that Li Shangyin claims to be a distant relative of Li Tang's clan (like Li Bai, this kind of statement cannot be verified), he is not the son-in-law of the Wang family, but Li Shangyin's hometown is also in Xingyang, Henan. Later, Li Shangyin went south to Nanyang and entered Sichuan from Hubei and Chongqing, which was a relatively convenient route. Just on the way, he wrote "The Night Rain to the North" in Chongqing, the land of Bashan Mountain, in the autumn of October or November.
Portrait of Li Shangyin
Of course, there are many views that support Li Shangyin's old Shu Road to enter Sichuan from Shaanxi, because there are also poems to prove it in terms of time and place, that is, "Going to Dongshu after Mourning the Injury to Sanguan Yuxue" ". When Li Shangyin was in Dasanguan north of the Qinling Mountains, it was already snowing in late autumn. "Leaving the army far away from the sword, homelessness and clothing. Sanchi snows off the pass, and dreams of the old mandarin machine." The poem is full of imagination about the road ahead, and regards entering the shogunate to join the army as joining the army, because the Jiedu Envoy is a unity of military and politics. It is a fact that the shogunate may encounter military operations at any time in the feudal towns, and overall, this statement may be closer to the truth.
Li Shangyin entered Sichuan for four years, which is the last few years of poetry's life. His poems are more refined and beautiful, and the meanings become more obscure and introverted. He is unwilling to let people understand his true state of mind easily, and after his wife's death, his interest in Buddhism has deepened. In the life of the Higashikawa Shogunate, he often missed his dead wife, and it is reasonable to write such a poem. The image of "Bashan Night Rain" is more romantic and poignant. So, does Li Shangyin describe the general Bashan Mountain scene out of habitual imagination in his poems, or has he actually been to Chongqing?
2. Evidence of Li Shangyin's visit to Chongqing
Even if he denies that Li Shangyin entered Sichuan from Chongqing, he has been to the Liu Zhongying shogunate in Dongchuan Jiedu for four years, but there is still evidence of his visit to Chongqing, because he still has the "Bajiang" in Yuzhou. Poems such as "Liu" and "North Bird" can be used as circumstantial evidence. In the second year of
in Zizhou (the sixth year of middle school, 852), Xichuan Jiedu Envoy Du Tie was transferred to Huainan Jiedu, and he was sent to Dongchuan.Liu Zhongying bid farewell. Du Tie is the brother of Du Mucong, a great poet who is as famous as Li Shangyin, and the grandson of Du You, who married Princess Qiyang, the daughter of Xianzong. This is the second time that Du Tie served as the Huainan Jiedu Envoy (it was already done in Wuzong Huichang). Du Tie set off from Chengdu to Huainan by water, and took Luzhou and Yuzhou along the Yangtze River across Dongchuan. As a member of the party and a distinguished family of Du Tie, Liu Zhongying should do his best to be a landlord, so he asked Li Shangyin to follow Du Tie's messenger to see him off.
Liu Zhongyingda Li Shangyin is twenty years old. His father is Liu Gongchuo. He is the elder brother of the famous calligrapher Liu Gongquan. He has a large collection of books throughout his life and has a prominent family background. Liu Zhongying also likes to collect books. He was also a cadre who supported Li Deyu back then. He was indeed very good to Wang Maoyuan's son-in-law Li Shangyin.
Statue of Li Shangyin
The reason why Liu Zhongying sent Li Shangyin to the representative to see him off, with a personal affair of taking care of Li Shangyin. It is said that Li Shangyin and Du Tie may be cousins. There has always been this rumor. There is mainly a poem "Five-character lyric poem forty rhymes for Du Qixiong Pu Shexianggong (Du Tie)". The last few lines of the poem: "Return Date Over the old years, travel dreams around the disabled. Weak plants and talk about the Chinese people, and the declining family depends on the foreign brothers. If you want to sing the song, you can't sing the tears." As we all know, poetry did act as a relationship and friendship in the real life of the Tang Dynasty. , Various "social" functions for flattering. Li Shangyin referred to him as his maternal brother in his poem, which led to some speculations about the relationship between the two.
Actually, there is no obvious evidence that Li Shangyin and Du Xie are related to each other. After Du Tie became famous, it is certain that Du Tie has relatives with Du Mu. Du Tie is nine years older than Du Mu, and Du Mu is ten years older than Li Shangyin. In other words, Du Tie is nineteen years older than Li Shangyin. His maternal grandfather's surname was Li, and his name was Li Ze. This is evidenced by the "Etaph of Li Fujun, the Governor of Longxi," written by Li Ao, a well-known talent who promoted the ancient prose movement. (Li Ao is a descendant of Li Chong, a famous official of the Northern Wei Dynasty) . However, there is no direct historical data to connect Li and Li Shangyin's family.
Li Shangyin is circulated as a descendant of Li Tang's clan, and there is no evidence to prove it. The reality is that Li Shangyin’s family background is very ordinary. The great-grandfather is called Li Shuheng, his grandfather is called Li Si, and his father is called Li Si. Li Shangyin’s family has no obvious relationship with his grandfather. Judging from various speculations in Zhang Caitian’s "Yuxi Birth Chronicle Meeting", the only possibility is that a certain wife of Du Shi’s father, Du Shifang’s surname is Li, or Li Shangyin’s distant aunt. This kind of obscure relatives is possible. Li Shangyin and Du Tie are connected.
In fact, Du Di was a court steward, and he has always had a prominent position. Du Tie’s actual talent is of course not great, but his life has been unanimously praised by Wen Zong and Wu Zong: “getting the status of a minister”, the implication is that Du Ting is neither considered the Li Deyu faction, nor the Li Zongmin and Linghu Chu faction. Relatively neutral. Of course, he has no actual contact with Li Shangyin at all, but Liu Zhongying, out of taking care of Li Shangyin, hopes that Li Shangyin will seize the opportunity and may be able to get support in the future. Therefore, Li Shangyin took the opportunity to write the poem on his way off. In reality, Du Xie is a neutral faction, but Li Shangyin’s background is very sensitive. He was once close friends of Linghu Chu and Linghuxiang, and the son-in-law of Wang Maoyuan, a supporter of Li Deyu. Means closeness?
Du Tie descended east from Chengdu along the Tuojiang River into the Yangtze River, Li Shangyin descended from the Fujiang River to the Jialing River, and then went up the Yangtze River in Chongqing. The two finally met at the boundary stone on the south bank of the Yangtze River (now the boundary stone in Banan District, Chongqing). Li Shangyin’s "Recovering the Prime Minister of Hedong Gongxiang Guojing Zhaogong Qiyi" wrote: "Today, I will be sent to a special person, and the cloud will say goodbye... Fucheng takes Juixia Road, and the east refers to Guangling.... Today, the judge of Jiedu Li Shangyin is sent to Yu Yu. The state and Jieshou are here, and the command hall will pass them. Fu Wei bows to the ancestors. Temporarily stationed in Zhengfan." "Jieshou" is supposed to be the "Jieshi". After Li Shangyin returned to Zizhou, he could walk on the dry road. He walked westward from Yuzhong. He was confused about his future. He visited the ancient local temples in Chongqing and wrote a series of poems, including the famous "Night Rain to the North".
Li Shangyin's poems book page
Of course, Li Shangyin was disappointed. On the one hand, he was indifferent to fame and fortune in Dongchuan, and he was lingering about the scenery and Buddhist temples. At the last moment, he even wrote a letter to Lu Jun, who had been shot at the left by Ren Shangshu from Hedong Jiedu (Dazhong 9th year, 855), when Linghuhu was in the court and Lu Jun was not formally worshipped. Li Shangyin took the liberty to write a letter asking for help, similar to Du Tie’s mentality, Lu Jun alsoI was very dissatisfied with Li Shangyin's speculative psychology and didn't care about it. Or, Lu Jun did not pay respects after entering the dynasty this time, so he was not very concerned about presiding over affairs, and often said that he was sick and ignored.
This year, Liu Zhongying was also transferred to another position, first as the official secretary, then as the salt and iron transshipment agent. Li Shangyin was unable to find a noble person to support. It was because Liu Zhongying was in charge of salt and iron affairs, he arranged for Li Shangyin to promote salt and iron. Although the grade was low, salt and iron were an important source of finance in the late Tang Dynasty. Guaranteed, last two or three years. Li Shangyin returned to his hometown of Xingyang, Henan Province because of Liu Zhongying's change of appointment as Shangshu of the Criminal Ministry, and soon died of illness.
3. Is "Bashan Night Rain" written in reality or fantasy?
Many people admire Li Shangyin’s romantic style of writing, and some even doubt whether Li Shangyin has been to Chongqing. They think that Bashan in the poem is just a general term, because the area under the jurisdiction of Dongchuan Jiedushi is indeed Including Yuzhou.
There were rumors in the past that Li Shangyin wrote when he went to Jinyun Mountain in Beibei, Chongqing during his stay in Zizhou. In the Ming Dynasty, Cao Xuequan researched in the "Shuzhong Scenic Spots" that Jinyun Mountain in Beibei, Chongqing was called Bashan in ancient times. It has been a place of interest since the Southern and Northern Dynasties. There are often many literati and scholars, and the night rainfall in Beibei accounts for about the annual precipitation. The amount is more than 60%.
Chongqing Fotuguan
combined with Li Shangyin's experience in Sichuan and seasons, writing in the middle of the five years on the way to Sichuan is more realistic. Although night rain is a common natural phenomenon in the Bashan area, but on the other hand, the "rain" encountered by Li Shangyin is still a special situation specifically specified. It is said to refer to the ancient temple of Fotuguan in Yuzhou. The peculiar "Night Rain Stone".
Fotuguan is the west gate of the ancient Yuzhou city. There are famous Buddhist stone carvings from the Tang and Song dynasties on the mountain. The highest place has indeed built ancient temples as early as the Tang Dynasty, and there is a strange "night rain stone" outside the temple. It is shaped like a stalagmite, and the weather is dry during the day and wet and flowing at night, which is a unique local wonder. "Fotu Night Rain" was one of the twelve scenic spots in Yuzhou until the Ming and Qing dynasties.
It was indeed autumn when Li Shangyin visited Yuzhou, Chongqing. After his wife Wang died, Li Shangyin's trust in Buddhism deepened, so he often wandered around Buddhist temples. On the way to Sichuan, as Li Shangyin's mood changed, his experience at Fotuguan Temple should be a turning point. The poem not only writes that it rains in the autumn night and "the rising autumn pond", but mainly stays at the "night rain" and encounters the strange scene that makes him more emotional. Li Shangyin's delicate and sensitive psychology can be connected to his wandering life experience at any time, which makes people think about it. During the next four years in Sichuan, Li Shangyin had close contacts with local monks. He also donated money to publish Buddhist scriptures, and even thought of becoming a monk.
Later, the ancient temple where the Buddha figure was closed was specifically called Yeyu Temple. Of course, this name was not from the Tang Dynasty, it was indeed after Li Shangyin. Perhaps it is based on the spectacle of Yeyu Stone and the influence of Li Shangyin's poetry that at least the name of Yeyu Temple was born in the Song Dynasty. It is not excluded that there is an emotional connection to commemorate this great poet of the late Tang. The "Chongqing Fuzhi" in Ming and Qing dynasties agreed that Li Shangyin's "Night Rain to the North" was written in Yuzhong Buddha Tuguan, whether it is the Ming Chenghua version or the Qing Daoguang version. When there were frequent wars, Yeyu Temple was destroyed several times.
According to the record of Yeyu Temple in the "Chongqing Cultural Relics", the temple was last rebuilt in the eleventh year of Daoguang in the middle of the Qing Dynasty (1831). It faces south and has a hanging mountain roof. Wearing bucket structure. The location of Yeyu Temple is probably in the current Chongqing Yuzhong Vocational Education Center, but it has disappeared now.
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