In the first two paragraphs, Lenin pointed out the explanation and research methods of "Das Kapital" and the explanation and research methods of general dialectics. Paragraph 15 summarizes this: "It can be seen that in any proposition, as if it is in a 'unit', the germination of

In the first two paragraphs, Lenin pointed out the explanation and research methods of " Capital ", and the explanation and research methods of general dialectics. The fifteenth paragraph summarizes this: " can be seen that in any proposition, as if in a "unit" ("cell"), all the elements of dialectics can be found (and should) be discovered, which shows that dialectics is inherent in all human cognition. " Because cognition is an active reflection of the objective world, the dialectics of the objective world determine that human cognition must be dialectical.

The objective world is dialectical. Marx's "Das Kapital" reveals the dialectics of the bourgeoisie society. He and Engels formulated the materialist view of history and revealed the dialectics of the entire human history. In " Dialectics of Nature ", Engels used the scientific achievements of the time to specifically discuss the dialectics of nature. Unfortunately, this manuscript was not completed, and Lenin could not see it.

But the research results here are generally reflected in " Anti-Durin Theory of ". Engels pointed out that " Nature is the touchstone for testing dialectics, and we must say that modern natural science provides extremely rich and increasing materials for this test, and thus proves that everything in nature is dialectical rather than metaphysical ." When discussing the dialectical occurrence of the organic world, he also said! " When Darwin talks about natural selection, he did not consider the reasons for the variation of individual individuals. He first explained how this individual deviation gradually became a characteristic of a variety, variant or species. "

not only pointed out the shortcomings of Darwin's theory of natural selection, but also clearly affirmed the dialectics of the biological world that Darwin's evolution theory revealed from individual to general and accidental to inevitable. Lenin also pointed out here: ", and natural science reveals to us (this is to use any very simple example to reveal) the objective nature also has the same properties, revealing the individual to general, the occasional to inevitable, the transformation and transformation of opposites, and the mutual connection between ."

can be seen that the objective world, whether it is human society or nature, is dialectical. Here, Lenin not only affirmed that the objective world and the human cognition determined by it are dialectical, but also, according to dialectics being inherent in all human cognition, he clearly stated: " dialectics is ( Hegel and) Marxist epistemology. " This is a further affirmation of the same principle of dialectics, epistemology and logic.

Dialectics is Hegel's epistemology. The absolute concept described in his "Logics" is dialectically developed, and this dialectical development is the self-knowledge of absolute concepts. This " itself constitutes its own path " is equivalent to real understanding, continuous understanding, and the path of movement from ignorance to knowledge. Lenin believed that Hegel's dialectics and logic were the same thing. The dialectical development of his logic illustrates the general process of human cognition. Marx and Engels criticized Hegel's idealism , but inherited the idea that dialectics, logic and epistemology are the same.

Engels said: " We re-materialize the concepts in our minds as reflections of real things. In this way, dialectics is attributed to the science of general laws of the movement of the external world and human thinking. These two series of laws are essentially the same, but different in expression..." This idea of ​​ objective dialectics and subjective dialectics consistency contains the idea that dialectics is epistemology. Lenin further clearly proposed that the three are the same, and emphasized and stipulated that dialectics is the epistemology of Marxism. This is a very important theoretical contribution.

Dialectics is the epistemology of Marxism. For Marxist philosophy, Lenin believed that " is not an 'face' of the problem, but the essence of the problem." that is, this is a question of correctly understanding and grasping the essence of Marxist philosophy.Marxist philosophy is a scientific and complete worldview, and is a revolutionary and critical weapon of the proletariat . It is not only for explaining the world, but more importantly for transforming the world. It requires the organic unity of worldview and methodology. To achieve this unity, we must adhere to dialectics, that is, Marxist epistemology. As Lenin pointed out, Marxist philosophy "gives the great tools of cognition to mankind, especially to the working class ."

Chairman Mao also pointed out: "The dialectical universe view of mainly teaches people to be good at observing and analyzing the contradictions of various things, and based on this analysis, point out the methods to resolve contradictions. "It can be seen that the consistency between dialectics and epistemology is indeed a problem that concerns the fundamental nature of Marxist philosophy.

However, on this very important essential issue, many Marxists do not understand, understand, and pay attention. Lenin pointed out that the philosophical superior Plekhanov in , the second international , did not notice that as for other Marxists, let alone, one of the fundamental flaws of Plekhanov's theory mentioned earlier is that it did not regard opposition unity as the law of cognition. The flaw of

shows that he does not understand dialectics, that is, Marxist epistemology. Since Plekhanov did not understand that dialectics is epistemology, he could not see the fundamental difference between the dynamic reflection theory of dialectical materialism and the intuitive reflection theory of old materialism , which confused Marx's epistemology with Feuerbach's epistemology. He said: "Marx's understanding occurred directly from Fairbach's epistemology, or if you want, it can be said that Marx's epistemology is actually the epistemology of Feuerbach , but it is more profound because Marx made genius corrections. "

This view is of course wrong. Of course, dialectical materialism's old materialism is not just " corrections ", but revolutionary change. Due to this erroneous view, since dialectics cannot be applied to reflective , when opposing idealisms such as Kant and Machism and agnostic , although he also made certain contributions, he could not completely defeat and overcome this trend of thought.

Lenin not only completed the tasks that Plekhanov did not have and could not complete in the book " Materialism and Empirical Criticism ", but also summarized this lesson in " Philosophical Notes ", pointing out that in the early 20th century, " criticized Kantians and Humeans mostly based on Feuerbach's point of view (and according to Bischner's point of view), but rarely based on Hegel's point of view."

", without studying and understanding Hegel's entire logic, cannot fully understand Marx's "Capital", especially its first Chapter. Therefore, in the past half a century, no Marxist has understood Marx! !" Lenin's " warning " fully demonstrates the extreme importance of dialectics and shows that dialectics as Marxist epistemology is a problem of the essential nature of Marxist philosophy.