Today we will talk about why New China chose to completely revolve towards the Soviet Union, pro-Soviet and anti-US.
First of all, although China and the Soviet Union are both socialist countries , and the ruling party also has the consistency of ideology , this does not necessarily mean that the Soviet Union will definitely support the Communist Party of China.
Because the core content of the Sino-Soviet Friendship and Alliance Treaty signed by the Kuomintang government and the Soviet Union in Moscow in August 1945 is: the Kuomintang promised the Soviet Union's rights and interests in Northeast China, while the Soviet Union promised to cooperate only with the Kuomintang to exclude the Communist Party. That is to say, in August 1945, on the eve of the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japan, the Soviet Union had actually chosen to support the Kuomintang rather than the Communist Party for its interests in Northeast China.
In August 1945, the Kuomintang government signed the Sino-Soviet Friendship and Alliance Treaty with the Soviet Union
Secondly, although the United States is anti-communist, it has an ideological conflict with the Communist Party of China. But this actually does not prevent the United States from winning over China in order to fight against the Soviet Union. In fact, the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States in 1979 was a joint check and balance between the Soviet Union.
1979 China-US established diplomatic relations
So if you want to answer why the new China chose to pro-Soviet and anti-US, you actually need to answer the other two questions first.
First, did New China have any chance to choose at that time?
Second, who is the most beneficial to the new China?
first talk about the first one. In short, at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, New China had the opportunity to choose pro-Soviet and pro-US. Because at that time, out of the need for , the United States and the Soviet Union were trying to win over the new China and hope that the new China would stand on their side.
From the perspective of the Soviet Union, because Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, in January 1942, the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union and China led 26 countries to sign the "Declaration by United Nations" (Declaration by United Nations), forming a world anti-fascist and anti-axis united front. In order to adapt to the new situation of the anti-fascist war, and unite Britain and the United States to fight against Germany, on May 15, 1943, Communist International announced its dissolution. The Soviet Union no longer led and supported the Communist Party of various countries in the name of the Communist International to carry out the world proletarian revolution. The Communist Party of various countries no longer serves as a branch of the Communist International. Instead, it becomes an independent political party. We need to deal with the problems we face independently. At the same time, at the Yalta Conference in February 1945, the Soviet Union had promised to no longer support the anti-government armed struggle of the Communists of various countries after the war, but instead advocated the participation of the Communists of various countries in parliamentary politics and elected the government.
January 1942 "Joint Declaration on United Nations"
That is to say, in fact, since mid-1943, the Communist Party of China has been unable to directly obtain support from the Soviet Union in the name of domestic armed struggle.
and " Sino-Soviet Friendship and Alliance Treaty " was agreed upon by the Soviet Union at the Yalta Conference, and the specific realization of the Soviet Union's interests in China. In short, the Soviet Union demanded that all Russia lost in China during the Russo-Japanese War in and its control over Outer Mongolia as a condition for the Soviet Union to participate in the war against Japan. At the same time, because the signing party was the government of the Republic of China, the Soviet Union also made clear commitments to support the Kuomintang in rejecting the Communist Party.
Yalta Conference
However, the Kuomintang government at that time believed that the "Yalta Conference" sold out China's sovereignty in order to persuade the Soviet Union to participate in the war, which China could not accept. Therefore, the Sino-Soviet Friendship and Alliance Treaty began negotiations in June 1945, but there was no result because the National Government of has always refused to sign.
The Soviet Union actually completed all preparations for combat against Japan before July 30, 1945. But because the Chinese National Government has always refused to sign the contract, the Soviet Union has always remained silent and put pressure on the National Government. Until August 6, the United States dropped the first atomic bomb in Hiroshima .
The first atomic bomb dropped by the United States on Hiroshima
Stalin was extremely angry at the time because if Japan had surrendered to the United States because of the atomic bomb, the Soviet Union would have no reason to send troops.The Yalta Agreement, which the Soviet Union used to send troops to fight against Japan in exchange for post-war interests, was theoretically unrealized. Therefore, the Soviet Union believed that the United States might not abide by the " Yalta Agreement " and excluded the Soviet Union. Stalin immediately decided that he could not wait for the Chinese government's signature and decisively sent troops at midnight on August 8.
Soviet troops to fight against Japan in the Northeast
On August 9, the second atomic bomb exploded in Nagasaki. On August 10, Japan proposed a surrender to its allies through the neutral country pipeline. The Soviet Union threatened that if the National Government did not sign a contract, it would consider the possibility of cooperation with the Communist Party. Four days later, the National Government signed the contract on August 14. On August 15, Japan announced its surrender.
The United States dropped the second atomic bomb in Nagasaki
Although Chiang Kai-shek was finally forced to sign the Sino-Soviet Friendship and Alliance Treaty under tremendous pressure. However, because of his exclusion from the Soviet Union during the negotiations, the Soviet Union clearly realized that Chiang Kai-shek could not believe it. The Soviet Union believed at the time that if Chiang Kai-shek became a Chinese dictator, he would definitely use the power of the United States to fight against the Soviet Union. Soviet interests in China will be gradually eroded until they are all lost.
In the northeast reception of the Soviet Union provided great help and support to the People's Liberation Army
So although the Soviet Union signed a contract with the National Government, although the treaty promised to give all assistance to the National Government, the reception of the area in the recovery area only cooperated with the Kuomintang. However, in the actual operation of receiving the Northeast, the Soviet Union began to lie to disobey, set up obstacles to prevent the Kuomintang from receiving the meeting, and secretly provided great help and support to the Communist Party of China. The Soviet Union's position actually became to cooperate with the Kuomintang on the surface, but to actually support the Communist Party on the surface.
The Soviet Union was worried that the Kuomintang would pro-US expel the Soviet Union
Jiang Ching-kuo When analyzing the reasons for the sudden change in Soviet attitude, he believed that the Soviet Union's main concern was that after the Kuomintang army entered the Northeast, it would support the interests of the United States in the Northeast. Therefore, it deliberately caused chaos, which prevented the Kuomintang from accepting the Northeast smoothly.
Chiang Kai-shek misjudged the situation
, and Chiang Kai-shek also said in his diary on November 7: "Russia's conspiracy is extremely vicious! He refuses to admit all the promises, first promises and then breaks the promises. From then on, he can only treat the Northeast as the saying goes, "A dead horse is a living horse."
This shows that Chiang Kai-shek should have never foreseeed the change in the Soviet position at that time and misjudged the situation.
Simply put: First of all, the dissolution of the Communist International in 1943 and the Yalta Conference in 1945, the Soviet Union had already promised not to support the armed struggle of the Communist Party of China. Secondly, the Sino-Soviet Friendship and Alliance Treaty once again made it clear that the Soviet Union would choose to exchange interests with the Kuomintang and exclude the Communist Party. But the Soviet Union changed its mind at the last moment. Because of concerns that Chiang Kai-shek might be pro-US and de-Soviet, he chose to secretly support the Communist Party.
It is obvious that the reason why the Soviet Union bet on both sides at that time was that risk hedging for interests. If the Kuomintang wins, the interests of the Soviet Union will be guaranteed by a treaty. But if the Communist Party wins, if the Communist Party cannot protect the interests of the Soviet Union, what reason does the Soviet Union have to support the Communist Party?
After the founding of New China, the Communist Party of China proposed to modify the old treaty signed by the Soviet Union and the Kuomintang, and the New China should re-construct a treaty with the Soviet Union. But Stalin refused. We insist on retaining the provisions of the Sino-Soviet Friendship and Alliance Treaty. From this we can see that the Soviet Union should have believed that if the Communist Party wins, the Soviet Union's interests in China stipulated in the treaty will not be lost. Compared with the Kuomintang, the Communist Party is obviously more trustworthy and more in line with the interests of the Soviet Union.
But if we look at the results, the New China government and the Soviet Union signed the " Sino-Soviet Friendship Alliance and Mutual Assistance Treaty" on February 14, 1950 and announced the abolition of the "Sino-Soviet Friendship Alliance Treaty" signed by the Kuomintang government in 1945. According to the agreement of the new treaty of the New China Government, in short, except that Outer Mongolia's independence has become a fait accompli, the New China Government basically took back all the sovereignty of the Northeast without reservation, and the Soviet Union just got nothing.
. The reason for this situation involves the US position. In short, it was because the United States wanted to win over China and isolate the Soviet Union at that time, so China had bargaining chips to bargain with the Soviet Union. In order to prevent China from turning to the United States, the Soviet Union had to give up its rights and interests in China obtained in the Sino-Soviet Friendship and Alliance Treaty.
Because the Soviet Union initially did not agree to abolish the Sino-Soviet Treaty signed with the Kuomintang government. Stalin's reason at that time was that the basis of the old treaty was the Yalta Agreement. The interests of the Soviet Union stipulated in the Yalta Agreement also include , Kuril Islands, and Southern Sakhalin Island. If any changes occur, it may provide legal excuses for the United States and the United Kingdom to amend the terms of the treaty involving the Kuril Islands and South Sakhalin. Therefore, the Soviet Union's opinion was: to retain the original Sino-Soviet Treaty and not to change any clauses of the treaty. So at that time, the Sino-Soviet negotiations in which New China tried to regain its sovereignty in Northeast China were in a deadlock.
At that time, the United States was keenly discovered the conflicts between China and the Soviet Union and took action. On January 5, 1950, President Truman issued a statement saying that Taiwan is China's territory stolen by Japan and should be returned to China. The United States has no ambitions for Taiwan or other Chinese territories. We are not prepared to interfere with the current situation in China. The US government is not ready to get involved in China's civil war.
President Truman
A week later, on January 12, 1950, US Secretary of State Atcheson delivered a speech entitled "China's Crisis" at the National News Club. It publicly claimed that the Kuomintang was not defeated on the battlefield, but was abandoned by the Chinese people. Once again, the US Far East defense circle does not include the Korean Peninsula and Taiwan. And accused the Soviet Union of attempting to occupy four regions in northern China. In other words, the United States has clearly released the signal of giving up Taiwan and North Korea in exchange for the exchange to win over China and prevent China from turning to the Soviet Union.
U.S. Secretary of State Acheson
And the Soviet Union was also extremely alert and responded strongly to the behavior of the United States. China has repeatedly demanded that it publicly make statements in the name of the country to express its position against the United States. However, China deliberately ignored the Soviet Union's request and only made an unofficial interview with reporters in the name of the then-General of the News Agency, Hu Qiaomu. He also deliberately hinted to the Soviet Union that China is preparing to respond to the signals from the United States and is also preparing to contact the United States.
News Director Hu Qiaomu
It should be said that China's strategy has worked. On January 26, 1950, the Chinese delegation submitted a new Sino-Soviet Treaty Plan to the Soviet Union. In short, China's new plan proposed almost completely overturns the contents of the old treaty. In addition to Mongolia's independence, New China has basically regained all sovereignty in the Northeast. On January 28, the Soviet Union responded to the Chinese delegation and basically agreed to China's plan. On February 14, 1950, the New China Government and the Soviet Government formally signed the Sino-Soviet Friendship Alliance and Mutual Assistance Treaty. New China completely turned to the Soviet Union.
February 14, 1950 The New China government and the Soviet government officially signed the Sino-Soviet Friendship Alliance and Mutual Assistance Treaty
It should be said that the United States showed goodwill to the New China at that time. The main reason for wooing China was the need of the Cold War strategy and wanted to isolate the Soviet Union. But the new China chose to align with the Soviet Union against the United States. , in fact, is the established basic national policy. Because, long before the founding of the People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong put forward three basic principles of diplomatic policies in the first half of 1949. It is the so-called "starting the stove", " clean the house and then treating guests to " and "one-sided". The so-called "starting a new fire" means not recognizing the old diplomatic relations established by the Kuomintang government with various countries. The so-called "clean the house and then treat the guests" means not recognizing the privileges of imperialism in China. The so-called "one-sided" means completely turning to the Soviet Union and socialist camp .
It should be said that Mao Zedong was a timely insight into the changes in the situation, seized the opportunity to judge the situation, and fully utilized the United States' strategy of trying to win over China to check and balance the Soviet Union, put pressure on Stalin, and finally successfully abolished the " Sino-Soviet Friendship and Alliance Treaty " signed by the National Government, and regained the sovereignty of the Northeast.The Soviet Union weighed the pros and cons under the dual pressure of the United States and China, and chose to give up the interests of the Northeast in order to avoid China turning to the United States.
. For the second question, is pro-Soviet and anti-US the most beneficial choice for China? It should be said that in terms of the situation at that time, it was undoubtedly the most favorable choice.
New China was founded
Because if you choose the United States, what you might get is that the United States will not interfere with China's liberation of Taiwan. But at the same time, the Soviet Union will definitely not give up its Northeast interests. Compared with Northeast Taiwan, it was undoubtedly more important to the New China at that time. What's more, for the new China, Sino-Soviet relations should have been the most important international relations that overwhelmed Sino-US relations at that time.
It is precisely because China chose to completely turn to the Soviet Union that the strategic pattern of Far East and the Pacific region has changed. So when the Korean War broke out in June 1950, it gave the United States reason to believe that the Korean War was not just a civil war in North Korea, but a plan by the Soviet Union and China to join forces to change the strategic pattern of the Far East and the Pacific region. North Korea, Taiwan and Southeast Asia should be part of this strategic plan. The United States must take decisive actions, otherwise it will cause a series of "domino effects", which will endanger the United States' strategic interests in the Western Pacific.
June 1950Hank War broke out, so the United States also timely adjusted the so-called North Korea and Taiwan that were not within the US Far Eastern defense line and resolutely intervened in the Korean War. And on the second day after the outbreak of the Korean War, the 7th Fleet was ordered to enter the Taiwan Strait , bringing Taiwan into the protection of the United States.
The second day after the outbreak of the Korean War, the 7th Fleet drove into the Taiwan Strait
History has since turned and headed in another direction.
