Is Russia's conquest by Mongolia a blessing in disguise?
Medieval Mongol Whip the world, the largest, most extensive, and most destructive conquest in the world so far.
Along the way, the Mongolians used their arrogant breaking rings to ravage all the civilizations of Eurasian continent .
Oriental Southern Song , persisted for more than half a century, and finally fell into decline.
Central Asian Arab civilization suffered a heavy blow and finally escaped after slave soldiers rose up and civil strife in Mongolia.
Western Christian civilization also suffered heavy blows under this thunderous blow.
The worst of this is the Slavic civilization in Eastern Europe. Under the iron hoof of the Mongolian army, they surrendered for more than 200 years, so that many Russians today have many taboos about that period of history.
and many people say that Russia today has something to do with the West, which is related to this past conquest.
(Mongolian Conquest)
So what attitude does the Russian historical community hold on to the conquest of Mongolia today?
They were divided into two factions and quarreled with each other.
The school said: The conquest of the Mongols made the Ross culture, which had not yet been completely Westernized, infect the genes of Eastern and Western cultures, and changed from a not-so-pure Western country to a country with entanglement between Eastern and Western cultures.
This has also become the root of Russia's embarrassment today. Neither the East nor the West depend on it or it is pure.
Another faction refuted this statement, believing that the conquest of the Mongols did not have that serious impact.
In their opinion, the root of Russian culture having both Eastern and Western characteristics is not the Mongols, but the Byzantine Empire , and the influence of Orthodox religion. The two factions of
have a greater influence on Mongolia, and the other believe that Byzantine has a greater influence on it.
Academician of the former Soviet Academy of Sciences Okparadnikov is even more interesting:
After the Mongolian conquerors invaded Russia, the principalities centered on Moscow united to fight against the invaders. It objectively promoted Russia's unification, and at the same time created conditions for the establishment of a unified and powerful Russian state after the demise of the Mongolian Khanate in Russia. From this point of view, the Mongols made the greatest contribution to the largest Russian Federation in the world today.
They didn't make a conclusion. I'm not a little bitch, right, but the only thing I can be sure of is that the influence of the Mongolians on Russia was not as great as I imagined.
This can be seen from the Mongolian administrative style.
(grassland ethnic group)
historian Meng Sen Mr. 4 said this:
Since its history, the Yuan Dynasty has been the most unsuccessful system. I got it immediately and cured it immediately...
has no way of thinking about the law of long-term stability.
The meaning of this sentence is : The Mongols never care about how to consolidate their rule. They believe in their own force. They rely on force to conquer the world, and also rely on force to sit in the world. As for institutional construction, what is that?
Among the Mongolians, except for the Yuan Dynasty established by Kublai , which was not purely the imperial examination system and civil service system, the governance methods of other Khanates were simply messed up.
(Kublai stills)
This method gives Russia the opportunity to revive culture and move to the West, which is too relaxed.
First: When the Mongolian Golden Horde ruled Ross, the indirect rule was implemented, and the Grand Duke of the Duchy of Vladimir was entrusted. As the agent ruler, as long as the tax is paid on time and in accordance with the volume, he would not care about the matter. This allowed the Ross people to continue to develop their own culture.
Secondly: Mongols have a relaxed attitude towards religious beliefs. The state religion of the Golden Horde is not the original immortal heaven (the god worshipped by Mongolian nature), but the Islam that he believed in during the process of moving westward. The Mongols made Islam a state religion, but did not give up shamanism and immortality.
itself is a diverse religion, and they are also particularly tolerant of Orthodoxism. The beliefs of the Ross people have not changed, which gives them a bond to maintain civilization and ideology .
Last: Although the Ross, who had always believed in Orthodox Church, was conquered by Mongolia, their long-term habits made their political system and state composition similar to the Byzantine Empire. The Eastern Rome style was not lost when it was conquered. Instead, after integrating the culture brought by Mongolia, they learned the humanistic form and social system of the East. The biggest learning result of
is the Eastern centralized system .
In short: After being conquered by Mongolia, the Ross people, who experienced the culture of the Byzantine Empire, came into contact with the centralized culture from the East. This culture finally helped the Principality of Moscow to transform from a corner into the largest country in the world, and also became the reason for Russia's later prosperity.
all the above said are good!
(European era)
But this Mongolian conquest certainly had some bad things for the Ross people.
That is missing the great era in Europe!
What were the Europeans doing when the Ross people were conquered by the Mongols?
answer is: in the process of Renaissance and Reformation.
All this has further developed commercial civilization and has also allowed new technologies to emerge one after another, which has promoted the later era of navigation. In contrast, the Ross people have been seeking to survive under the iron hoof of Mongolia.
This has caused a generation gap between Russia and Europe.
When the Ross finally broke away from the Mongol rule in 1480, European countries were brewing the great sailing era.
At that time, Russia lags behind Western Europe for more than a hundred years and is a perfect European country.
(the development of new routes)
But it doesn’t matter if you fall behind, as long as you are willing to catch up! If
cannot be developed, then grab it and fight it.
The Ross people who have experienced the training of Mongolia have not learned other abilities, but have learned a lot of fighting skills.
So a story of an apprentice's counterattack on the master began.
A story of the rise of a great power has begun. The key figure of
is the founding Tsar: Ivan III .
The life of Ivan III is a legend.
This legend has its hardships when it was young.
Luck in my prime.
God's help when he is timid.
Ivan III's father Vasily II is a ill-fated figure. He was captured by Kazan Khanate in his early years and became blind at the age of 21 (blind), which made his son Ivan III very difficult!
was only 12 years old. Because my father was a blind man, he had to go to the army to be an assistant (guidant) and participated in wars again and again, which also made Xiao Yifan's life very precocious.
(Russian court)
After 10 years of training, my father passed away, and the 22-year-old Ivan became the Grand Duke of Moscow.
Newcomers usually have three fires!
But after military training and knowing that my father's hardships Ivan III has nothing to do with the three fires, but he is cautious.
has no other reason.
The Principality of Moscow was not easy at that time. There is the Conqueror Khanate on
, and there is a large number of Ross Principality around it. It looks like they are all brothers and they recognize themselves as the boss, but in fact they are all tigers and wolves.
Although Ivan III was cautious, he was a well-deserved hero. I know well that I understand what I want to do.
First: He wants to complete the integration of the entire Principality of Ross and let the Ross people unite into one country.
Secondly: He wants to fulfill his ancestors' long-cherished wishes and let the Ross completely get rid of the rule of the Golden Horde.
Last: He wants to inherit the last wishes of his ancestors and let the Ross, who had once occupied Eastern Europe, become the main force in Europe again. The three goals of
are Ivan III's ambitions.
(formerly Kiev Rus)
This also made him, who had just taken office, aim at his brother countries. As soon as
came to power, he used money to bribe the two small principalities upstream of Volga River , and took advantage of the situation to control the entire Volga River Basin.
Then he targeted the wealthy Novgorod .
The Principality of Novgorod has long been engaged in trade with the Hansa Alliance in the North Sea of Western Europe, with a developed economy and strong combat effectiveness, but it has a fatal injury.
is too high to make the food self-sufficient.
This was a big problem in the Middle Ages, and it also made them unable to cut off their ties with the countries of the Ross.
For this reason, Novgorods have long followed the Principality of Moscow as their boss, but although they surrendered, they have two ambitions.
, in addition to being close to the Principal of Moscow, also has a good relationship with Poland -Lithuanian Federation.
's reason for doing this is to rely on the diplomatic checks and balances pattern that is backed by the great powers and preserve one's independence among the Ross Principles. This made Ivan III very dissatisfied and gave an excuse to send troops.
In 1471 AD, Ivan III, with thousands of soldiers from the powerful Duchy of Moscow, attacked the Duchy of Novgorod, and the two sides fought a battle in the Shelong River.
The Principality of Moscow, which had no advantage in military strength, won a great victory, but caused more than 30,000 Novgorod soldiers to die in battle, making the Principality of Novgorod frightened.
(Novgorod Trading Road)
In theory, this is a good thing. If you take advantage of the victory, you will not worry about not being able to destroy the Duchy of Novgorod.
Many nobles also suggested : Your Majesty continue to fight, isn’t it good to completely make them surrender?
But at the critical moment, the wise Ivan III chose to stop. He was smart and knew that he really wanted to annex the Duchy of Novgorod ruthlessly.
will have two serious cases.
First: Their subjects were dissatisfied, causing constant turmoil
Second: The Polish-Lithuanian Federation behind them will send troops to intervene and expand the scale of the war, which is not worth the loss.
So Ivan III chose to recruit and support, and asked Novgorod to cut off relations with the Politic Federation. As long as you agree, your life will be the same.
Under such political wisdom full of trade-offs, the Novgorods believed that Moscow Grand Duke was a reliable person.
The upper layer of Novgorod also split.
Many people say that if you follow the Principality of Moscow and let Ivan III be the leader.
pulls and beats, and after using both soft and hard, Ivan III gained the support of some people and nobles of Novgorod, and also laid the groundwork for the later merger.
bought two principalities, and the war made Novgorod surrender. Ivan III's wish to unify the countries of Ross progressed very quickly.
(Medieval Commercial Market)
Then, a woman who helped him dominate appeared.
She is Sophia, the last princess of the Byzantine Empire, a woman who gave Russia the vision of fighting for the world!
After the roar, Constantinople, the strongest fortress in the medieval period, was destroyed, and the last emperor of Eastern Rome, Constantine XI , died in a desperate battle.
The emperor died in battle, which does not mean that the empire has no descendants!
Constantine XI's younger brother fled with two sons and one daughter, Roman , seeking asylum from the Catholic Church.
When I saw the Eastern Brothers suffering, although the sects were different, the Pope kept his past grudges and raised the last orphan.
has been raising this for ten years, and it has arrived in 1463. The 14-year-old princess can get married.
When he saw that the princess was at the age of marriage, many European wealthy families broke the threshold because although Byzantium was destroyed, he was still Eastern Roman Empire .
This makes the down-and-out Roman princess a fragrant bun. As long as she gets married, she will be given the title of Roman heir.
But the Pope did not agree to the proposal of the nobles and the king, and even the princess did not agree.
They have been waiting, waiting for a suitable person.
This person is Ivan III!
After another 6 years of waiting, we finally waited for news that Maria, the daughter of the original wife of Ivan III, of Tver's grand duke, died.
(Ivan III)
In short, Ivan III became a widower.
When he heard this news, he had long hoped that by marrying the princess, the Grand Duke of Moscow should believe in Catholicism and resist the attack of the Ottoman Empire, Pope Siscott IV, who immediately took action.
hopes to marry Sophia to the Principality of Moscow, hoping to use a marriage to complete the mission of resisting the Ottoman Turkish Empire and to merge the Orthodox and Catholicism.
This wife who fell from the sky is so noble.
There is no reason why Ivan III did not accept it. As for the Pope's calculations, Ivan III knew it very well. For this reason, he specifically made a request for : The children born to Ivan III and Princess Sophia cannot inherit the position of Grand Duke of Moscow.
The meaning of this is that I know your abacus. I try my best to resist Ottoman Türkiye, but there are no more.
Why did Ivan III be so disgusted!
It turns out that after the demise of the Byzantine Empire, the Roman Catholic Church and the Constantinople Orthodox Church reached a reconciliation, and the two factions merged, and from then on no distinction between you and me.
But the Ross people were not convinced.
I have believed in Orthodox Church for so long, and I will disappear if I say nothing.
So they decided to work alone and carry the banner of Orthodox Orthodox Church, which made the Pope, who was committed to sectarian unification, feel unhappy.
(Portrait of the Pope)
All this marriage with hidden foreshadowing.
When the request was found, the pope was a little hesitant. If the church merger could not be done, this matter would not seem to be cost-effective!
When the Pope hesitated, the ambitious Sophia became anxious.
told the Pope : Get me married soon, as long as I get married, I have a way. This saying is about the Pope is moved.
As such, a delicate last Roman princess galloped thousands of miles with her carriage, from the warm Mediterranean Rome, came to the cold Moscow with her mission.
When he arrived in Moscow, he had only one belief in his heart, letting his husband help him take revenge, let Constantinople return to the arms of my descendants, and let all humiliation go with the wind. Behind this belief, a great country was suffering.
(Ottoman Empire)
That is the Ottoman Empire!
. The ones she came with were also a large number of Greek and Roman scholars, craftsmen, as well as books, materials, artworks and the extremely precious Byzantine Empire double-headed eagle emblem.
and other things are very important and have very meaningful.
First: Scholars and craftsmen brought knowledge and technology to Russia.
Next: Books, materials, and artworks are all the crystallizations of Western Europe's thousand-year wisdom and humanistic art. If a seed falls, it is equivalent to sowing the hope of civilization in Russia.
Last: The meaning of the double-headed eagle emblem is never an ornament, but the glory and past of the Byzantine Empire, and it is also a man’s expectation for his husband and the country behind him.
recreates Rome and creates a glorious empire.
(Princess Sophia)
Upholding the ambition to revive the empire, Princess Sophia became Ivan III's life mentor.
On Talent: Born in the Byzantine Empire, she grew up in Rome and received a completely different education from Ivan III.
On the horizon: The princess who intoxicated Western culture is not on the same level as Ivan III, who grew up eating ice and snow in the north.
On the tricks: Although Ivan III's political wisdom is not bad, the situation is small. Princess Sofia in the big picture has allowed Ivan III to understand the world and sublimate political wisdom.
Just like Princess Sophia's brainwashing rounds, the elm-wood lumps will become sperm, let alone this wise grandpa.
The two had a good relationship after marriage, and Princess Sofia also deeply influenced Ivan III. After drinking vodka , he kept imagining the future of the country : defeating Ottoman Turkey and achieving a new Roman Empire that spans Eurasia and fits the double-headed eagle emblem!
What is the name of this empire? It's called "Third Rome".
The couple's crazy dream made Ivan III incorporate the double-headed eagle emblem into the Ross logo, and also made himself add a different name "Caesar". After modifying it, it became the "Tsar".
(Two-headed Eagle National Emblem)
Then, he continued to expand his territory!
said before that in 1471, Ivan III made them surrender by entering Novgorod and gained a group of supporters. But there are supporters, and there are many opposition parties!
When they saw this situation, the already weak-willed pro-Polish faction immediately became sluggish. They chose to accept the merger because of the previous Huairou measures in the war, and the Novgorod people had no objection to the merger.
This round of merger directly doubled the territory of the Principality of Moscow, greatly advancing Ivan III and integrating Ross.
(Golden Horde)
Then you will face the former suzerain kingdom of the Golden Horde!
The Golden Horde has actually been paying attention to the development of the Principality of Moscow, but has no energy to care about it.
They are overwhelmed by internal turmoil!
The Mongols expanded extremely rapidly and made the world empire in a short time. However, they were backward in their cultural system. Although they created the world empire, they did not have many ways to stabilize their rule.
The Yuan Dynasty disappeared in just a hundred years, and the Golden Horde was not much stronger. When the Duchy of Moscow rose in the 15th century, the Khanate of the Golden Horde continued to fight and split into several Khanate countries.
The original core of the Khanate became the Great Horde and inherited the power to collect taxes from the Ross people.
The Mongols split, so the Ross people certainly didn't blame them. After Ivan III took office, he almost never paid taxes to the Mongolians. Sometimes when I remember it, I get some local specialties and send them over, which is similar to sending them to beggars.
(not afraid of you)
This made Ahma Khan, the Great Horde, very dissatisfied, threatened Ivan III by force: Do you need to deal with it?
Ivan III's response is very interesting: Love comes, wait for you!
The tough Ross people made the Mongols who had lost their ancestors' courage wither. After a double counterattack, the Mongols were defeated and they did not dare to fight.
After a while, they watched the development and growth of the Principality of Moscow, and became increasingly worried. After worrying about
, the proud Mongolians actually formed an offensive and defensive alliance with the Boli Federation.
When I saw the Mongols like this, Ivan III also followed suit and found the enemy of the Great Horde Krim Khanate , forming an offensive and defensive alliance.
Sifang formed two groups to fight.
(post-war situation)
Just when the fight was about to be beaten, Ivan III did something, which completely angered the Khanate of the Great Horde.
Ahmahan, who was angry and angry, led his army to the Ugra River in 1480 and stationed there, waiting for reinforcements from the Poli Federation.
When Ivan III saw the fierce Mongolians on the other side and the reinforcements they might have, the long-standing shadow of the Mongolians made him nervous and his calves trembled a little.
This trembling will inevitably lead to unstable standing if you hit too much.
Then Ivan III did something shocking.
He actually slipped away from the front line with his followers.
After he returned, he hesitated for a long time, wondering if he should send an envoy to apologize and let the Mongols retreat.The news of
has spread, causing rumors all over the city. Many nobles on the main site have persuaded Ivan III to say that it is time to be in peace talks, aren’t you looking for a blow?
can only go to the dark side now, and live to the death, so they go up to the Orthodox bishop, middle to nobles, and down to the common people, and encourage the grand duke to go to the front line.
As for the soldiers on the front line, they are even more successful.
They stood by the river and fought back and forth with the Mongolians, and delayed the battle to the cold winter.
Winter is coming, food is scarce, and clothes are gone for cold protection. What's more fatal is that their ally Krim Khanate did not send troops because of constant domestic unrest. The war was dragged down like this. After a few months of confrontation, the unbearable Ahmahan broke up semi-peacefully with the Ross who had been subordinate to them for 240 years on Singles' Day on November 11, 1480.
(Confrontation by the River)
After breaking up, Ahma Khan's tragic fate was not over. On the way back, he was sneak attacked by Siberian Khanate . As for the Great Horde he ruled, he was also destroyed by the Krim Khanate shortly after.
The lucky Ivan III won the Ugra River standoff battle with the courage of the Ross.
After this battle, the Rossians completely got rid of their subordinate relationship with the Mongols, and made Ivan III the first emperor in Russian history with this achievement.
After Emperor 2, Ivan III brought the world ambition to Russia, the wisdom and technology brought to Russia by a princess of a fallen country, and the Byzantine gene that has been passed down for thousands of years.
As for the influence of the Mongols on Russia, there are many benefits or disadvantages?
That means the husband has reason, and the mother-in-law has reason.
So does everything happening today have anything to do with this history? The answer is of course there is!
What do you think about this? You can speak freely!
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