In 1901, the vigorous Boxer Movement was declared failure, and the Eight-Nation Alliance attacked Beijing. The weak and incompetent Qing government was forced to sign the "Xin Chou Treaty" that was humiliated by the powerful.

Category：history

2025-04-30

Introduction

1901, the vigorous Boxer Movement declared failure, and the Eight-Nation Alliance attacked Beijing. The weak and incompetent Qing government was forced to sign the " Xinchou Treaty" that was humiliated.

At this point, the Qing government completely became a tool for imperialism to rule China, and China became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

Picture丨After the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty", countless revolutionary martyrs made countless efforts to strive for the great rejuvenation and independence of the Chinese nation. Finally, when the founding of New China in 1949, ended the humiliating history of more than a hundred years in our country.

However, unlike most countries that were once regarded as colonies, there is such a colonial country in South America that has not yet achieved independence. It is called the "nail house" in the colonies - French Guiana .

There are many uninformed readers who will ask, now it is already the 21st century, why is French Guiana still not independent? Could it be that the sect leader "issued it"?

But I will tell you, whether French Guiana’s independence is not because France is unwilling to "let go". On the contrary, France once "supported" its independence, but it still has no help. Why is this?

If you want to understand the reason here, you have to talk about the other two "brothers" of French Guiana, British Guiana and Dutch Guiana .

1. The Age of Discovery

In fact, as early as the mid-to-late 13th century, many European exploration teams had already begun to devote themselves to the "exploration cause". During this period, they had crossed the Eurasian continent to Asia. It can be said that these people were pioneers of the "exploration era".

Among the historical records, the most famous one is the traveler and businessman from Italy, Marco Polo, who has traveled through the entire Eurasian continent, and has also recorded this trip in detail, providing valuable experience for future generations to continue to explore.

Since the 15th century, wars have begun to break out on the European continent, affecting many surrounding countries, and various reform movements have followed.

Western European House CapitalismHouse 4 has begun to sprout. In order to support themselves in order to achieve better development, they have to "find" more currencies.

is also because of this that the long voyage of navigator Columbus will receive the full support of all ethnic groups in Western Europe.

pic丨Columbus' four long voyage routes

On August 3, 1942, Columbus led a huge fleet of ships, set out from the Port of Barros in Spain, heading towards the distance of "wealth everywhere".

During the four trips westwards, Columbus arrived at Jamaica , Puerto Rico Islands, as well as Central and South American continents.

Interestingly, when Columbus arrived along the coast of South America, he thought it was India, which is why the local residents are called " Indians ", but in fact he has discovered the new world.

1499 to 1504, Spain hired an Italian navigator named Yamerico Vispucci to continue voyages and explore.

Americo followed Columbus' route back then. When they went through hardships to reach the northern part of South America, after field investigation, they finally confirmed that this place was not eastern Asia at all, but a "brand new" independent continent.

So in order to commemorate this navigator, the continent he discovered was called " America ", abbreviated as " America ".

's discovery of the new continent and the opening of the new route of 's has prompted the world to move from dispersion to the whole, and has made the relationship between each separate continent more closely .

But at the same time, , a colony plundering activity, , is about to begin.

2. The "ill-fated" Guyana

In the northeast of South America, there is an area called " Guyana Earth Shield ". Most of the whole area is tropical rainforest and abundant rainfall. Just like its name, this is a "watery town".

When Europeans discovered this area, they were not excited because they were committed to finding golden treasures to accumulate wealth. On this land, they could be said to be "nothing except for the forest".

In fact, this is a very suitable area for growing crops, but the "people from the Old World" are not aware of this. It was not until more mainlands were discovered by people that they realized that these crops could also occupy a place in global trade.

Picture丨"Guyana Shield"

So from the end of the 15th century, this area that was once looked down upon by Europeans began to be repeatedly contested by countries such as the West, the Netherlands, France, and Britain.

The first to arrive in Guyana was Spanish . After all, Spain had first-class navigation technology at that time, but the Spanish did not pay special attention to Guyana at first. In their eyes, this place was a piece of undeveloped primeval forest and had no value.

So Guyana was at most a temporary ending point for the Spanish at that time. What they were more interested in was the vast inland areas of South America, and they wanted to go there to find more valuable treasures.

Just like that, the statement that there is a treasure hidden in Guyana spread, which attracted the attention of the three countries of Britain, France and the Netherlands. They all wanted to "occupy" Guyana in front of each other, and each had their own different "little nines".

Among them, the Netherlands has taken a favourable terrain in Guyana. They hope to build a transit station for the global trade network, , here , to promote their global trade development;

France also took a favourable terrain in Guyana, but they did not want to engage in trade, but wanted to use as a forefront to attack Spanish ships;

, and the United Kingdom has taken a favourable terrain here, and they hope to build a sugar-making colony .

At first, they all used the name of scientific research to cover up their true purpose, and then sent a large number of teams to continue to argue with each other.

1551, Dutch established a colonial stronghold at the mouth of the Suriname River and began to try permanent colonization here.

After a long period of operation, the Dutch found that the climate here was very suitable for growing sugar cane, the raw material of rum , so they began to plant it here, and also transported a large number of black slaves from Africa to force them to serve themselves.

Later, some black slaves who were unbearable to oppression chose to escape, which became the later "jungle black man".

Picture丨Ensed "black Africans"

In short, in the " Suriname region" of Guyana at that time, people of different skin colors and ethnic groups (mostly slaves), some people also called it the "little United Nations".

Seeing that the Dutch governed this area in a very good manner, the Spaniards began to unable to sit still. After all, this is the place where the Spaniards discovered it, how could it be easily given to the Dutch?

But at this time Spain is no longer as powerful as before, and the Dutch gradually became stronger naturally had no fear.

Not only that, in order to compete for sovereignty over this region, the two countries also fought hard, and the Dutch laughed to the last time.

This is actually the main reason why the Spaniards, as the discoverer, did not establish colonies in this area in the end.

The Dutch rose rapidly and by the 16th century, they had almost occupied all parts of Guyana.

At this time, France and Britain also began to move towards the path of foreign colonial expansion, and they also participated in the competition for the Guyana region.

1604, the French began to try to establish colonies in the Guyana region, but later they were opposed by other countries. Finally, with the interference of Portugal, they had to give up their plan to colonize Guyana.However, the French did not give up and finally established a colony in the Cayenne area in 1643, and through a series of subsequent battles, they stabilized their rule over the Cayenne and the surrounding areas. After

, the British also obtained part of the rule of the Guyana region from the Dutch through the many British-Dutch wars, and integrated the region in 1831.

In this way, the Guyana region, which was fought for for many years by the Netherlands, France and Britain, ended its "dividing period". It was not until the 19th century that this region gradually began to stabilize.

1802, the Suriname region officially became a colony of the Netherlands, known as Dutch Guiana ;

1816, the French Guiana officially became a colony of France;

1831, today's guyana officially became a colony of Britain, known as British Guiana .

Picture丨The "Guyana" area with different destinies

In this way, Guyana officially became a colony of other countries, and the Indians who originally lived here began to usher in colonial life.

3. "Wave of Independence"

After the end of World War II , a decolonization "Wave of Independence" swept the world. Many once colonized countries responded to the independence movement and successfully became independent from the colonial rule of the suzerain state.

The Guyana region was far away from the main battlefields of the First and Second World Wars, and was not greatly affected, or in other words, these three South American regions have achieved certain development under the colonial rule of the suzerain state.

There are many similarities between them, such as the population of each region is not large, none of which exceeds 1 million. Secondly, the population structure of each region is very complex, and most people are mixed race, which is related to the migration of a large number of slaves to this year.

Moreover, the climate and mineral resources in various places are almost the same, but these three Guyana areas were colonized by different countries, so the developments achieved are also different.

The UK's colonial policy for British Guiana is relatively " open " to achieve the elimination of the remaining "Dutch elements" in the colonies.

In British Guiana, people enjoy high freedom. They can receive religious education and enjoy most human rights. Some of the customs of the local people have also been subtly influenced by the British. At the same time, they have become the only place in South America where English is regarded as the official language.

The Netherlands' colonial policy for Dutch Guiana is relatively " strict ". In order to obtain more profits, the country of the tribe will minimize the investment they give, and often use cruel means to deal with people here.

In the eyes of the Dutch, colonization is like doing business, in order to make money.

For the French, they were not positive at first about French Guiana, and they were more interested in how to turn this place into a permanent settlement.

Picture丨"Black"slaves

So before the outbreak of the French Revolution, the French did not establish any form of government agencies in French Guiana, and they believed that nothing here is worthy of development.

It was not until 1763 that France suffered a defeat in the " Seven Years War ", which led to the loss of a large number of overseas colonies. At this time, the French remembered that they had a colony in South America and had the idea of developing French Guiana.

Although the construction process of French Guiana has been delayed, the French government has taken a lot of effort to attract more people to immigrate here.

However, even if it can be developed more, it is a colony of other countries after all. I believe no one is willing to accept such an identity. Therefore, in the later "independence wave", the people of Guyana, who had been colonized for a long time, still joined the independence movement without hesitation.

Introduction

At this point, the Qing government completely became a tool for imperialism to rule China, and China became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.