Speaking of the Hakka people, I must be familiar with them, but the Hakka people are not a nation, but a branch of the Han. According to historical records, the Hakka people can be traced back to the Western Jin Dynasty, and after five migrations, the final Hakka system was formed.
The migration of Hakka people in Guangdong has "encroached" the interests of the natives of Guangxi
During the migration process of Hakka people, most of them were distributed in coastal provinces of China. For example, Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian. In the process of Hakka migration, more Hakkas migrated to Guangdong.
Although it is said that in ancient times, population was respected, but for feudal society, it was not a good thing for the population to exceed the local burden. For example, because too many Hakkas gather in Guangdong, it has increased the burden on Guangdong, and Guangdong people have to migrate to other regions.
In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the population of Guangdong experienced a sharp increase. Assuming that the population index of 1685 (the twenty-fourth year of Kangxi) is regarded as 100, by 1851 (the first year of Xianfeng) it is 2559, The population has increased by more than 20 times in a few hundred years . This has increased by more than 20 times, and a large part is the "data" of the guests.
Due to population growth, in the farming society, more land is naturally needed. However, the growth of cultivated land in Guangdong cannot keep up with the population growth.
For example, compared to 1685, in 1851, the area of arable land in Guangdong area only increased by 13.7%. But taking the population growth of more than 20 times as mentioned above, while the area of cultivated land has increased, the average area of cultivated land has been greatly reduced.
Population, arable land area and per capita area
In 1685, the per capita industrial and arable land area in Guangdong could reach 27 mu per person, but in 1780 (Kangxi 45th year) At that time, the per capita arable land area was just over two mu. After the 19th century, the per capita arable land area has been less than two mu.
However, with the production capacity of ancient people, if you want to survive, you must reach 4 mu of cultivated land per capita. No matter how productive the land is, it must reach more than three mu per capita. The food in Guangdong is not enough, how to solve it?
Either a large population of Guangdong is migrating outside, or it is “importing” food from other regions. The Cantonese have tried both methods.
First, let me talk about population migration: Population migration is divided into lower-level poor and upper-level rich. The poor are forced to migrate, and the rich do business and expand the market.
At that time, due to insufficient food, the lower-class people in Guangdong went bankrupt. After the bankruptcy, farmers and handicraftsmen had to go to Guangxi, Taiwan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, and Shaanxi to make a living.
But because of their lack of financial resources, even after the past, they can only be hired by local landlords to develop mountainous areas. There are also some people who gather to develop on their own and engage in the "entrepreneurial" career of pioneering wasteland and trading.
土客枪斗
After living in Guangxi, some Hakkas made a fortune through their own efforts and became local landlords or merchants. There is an example of as proof:
The Hakka surname Qiu in Guixian County, Guangxi, can collect 1050 denier per year for bare land rent. Another example is the Hakka Wen surname in Guixian, Guangxi, who can collect 950 deniers of land rent every year. The surnames He and Zhu in Niuyun Village can receive land rent ranging from 300 to 1,000 deniers per year.
In addition to this group of poorest people who became rich and became landlords, there was also a group of people who were originally wealthy businessmen who migrated from Guangdong to Guangxi. Merchants can do business anywhere, and the same goes for Guangxi.
The saying "无东不成市" was circulating in Guangxi at that time, which is enough to show that Guangdong businessmenThe role of Guangxi. How to reflect the business behavior of Guangdong businessmen in Guangxi? We can start with the Yuedong Guild Hall built by Guangdong merchants in Guangxi.
With the continuous increase of Guangdong merchants in Guangxi, the landmark building of Guangdong merchants, the Yuedong Guild Hall, is constantly being built. For example, Rongxu Yuedong Guild Hall in Kangxi 53 years, Dawuxu Yuedong Guild Hall in Kangxi 61 years, Jiangkouxu Yuedong Guild Hall in Qianlong 56 years, and Yulin County Yudong Guild Hall in Jiaqing 9th year.
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2. Let’s talk about imported food: As I said earlier, in order to solve the local burden in Guangdong, some people migrated out, and some others did. It is to "transport" the food from outside to Guangdong. And this part of the businessmen in Guangxi took on the work of “transporting” grain.
For example, in 1754, a famine occurred in Guangdong, and merchants in Guangxi sold the local rice grains to Guangdong. In the mid-Qianlong period, many companies appeared in Guangxi, specializing in transporting rice, peanuts, beans and sugar from Guangxi to Guangdong for sale.
Although this move has enriched the businessmen, it has suffered the people. Because of the commercial plundering of the indigenous people of Guangxi by the Guangdong businessmen and the exploitation of usury. Over the long term, there has been a sharp contradiction between the two.
Guangxi native and guest weapon fighting, fighting a great Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement, fighting out a group of overseas Hakkas.
In fact, in addition to the aforementioned exploitation by landlords and merchants, the Guangdong Hakka's migration to Guangxi also encroached on the interests of local natives (indigenous Han people). The local natives have a very hostile sentiment towards the Hakka who have migrated. There is an example of as evidence:
The Hakka Qiu surname of Guixian, Guangxi, was a pauper when he first came to Guangxi. He was able to make a fortune because he lent money to the local natives, and if the natives could not pay, he would take the land as mortgage. In this way, a large amount of land resources were quickly accumulated.
In 1908, there was also a civil war. It was the officers and soldiers at the time to suppress
. This kind of thing would naturally arouse hostility, and as time goes on, the hostility becomes stronger. It's getting deeper, but the bigger problem is still to come. As Guangdong Hakkas continue to make their fortunes in Guangxi, the Hakkas in Guangdong wanted to go to Guangxi even more after seeing them.
However, the Hakka people who went to Guangxi earlier had already reaped enough benefits and had a sharp conflict with the local natives. As a result, the Hakkas from Guangdong who later went to Guangxi were squeezed out and suppressed by the local natives without knowing what they were doing, and the conflicts intensified.
In order to protect their own interests, the Hakkas from Guangdong have formed a united subject regardless of class differences. There were battles with the Han nationality in Guangxi, the Zhuang nationality and other natives. There is an example of as proof:
In 1842, a local and guest weapon fighting occurred in Yangwan County. The cause was local natives who were dissatisfied with the exploitation of foreign Hakka loan sharks, and finally killed them. The end of the death of 59 guests.
Because of the frequent occurrence of soil and passenger weapon fighting, such a situation occurred at that time. In order to be able to win in the weapon fight, basically every village is allotted weapons and equipment. The following is a summary of some examples of civil and armed combat:
So why did the civil combat promote the Taiping Rebellion? In fact, if you look closely at the worship of God in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, you will find that many of them are Hakka.
For example, among the six kings of the early Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement, five of them were Hakka, even Hong Xiu. So why do the Hakka people "like" to join the worship service? Give an example to understand.
In October 1850, Wen Ayu, a wealthy Hakka businessman, was about to take the local Han daughter as a concubine, and was met with a joint resistance from the local natives. As the scale of the resistance expanded, a large-scale battle was finally triggered.
At the beginning, because the rich businessmen were richer, they had the advantage. However, as the scale of weapon fighting increased and more and more Han people joined in, wealthy Hakka merchants were at a disadvantage. In the end, Wen Ayu's entire home was burned. There were countless examples of similar exclusion at that time.
Therefore, after being suppressed, guests from Guangdong are yearning for the equality concept proposed by the God-Worship Society, and more and more guests have joined the God-Worship Society. With the addition of a large number of Hakkas, the Jintian uprising was like a prairie fire, which moved the whole body.
So at the beginning of the Jintian Uprising, how much did the Hakkas account for? At that time, including family members, Jintian Uprising involved more than 20,000 people, and there were nearly 14,000 Hakka people. They were:
Farmers and miners from Zijing Mountain, the number between 2000 and 3000. There are fewer than 3,000 followers from Guiping, Pingnan, Wuxuan and Xiangzhou. There are more than 1,000 miners from Guixian County and more than 5,000 farmers from Luchuan and Bobai. And nearly 5,000 Hakka people were defeated in the fighting.
To sum up: The local and guest fighting occurred because a large number of Guangdong guests encroached on the interests of Guangxi natives. After a long time of accumulation, the contradictions between the two sides intensified, resulting in battle after battle.
But due to the large number of indigenous people, a large number of Guangdong guests were suppressed. At the same time, the emergence of God-worship gave the suppressed Hakka a hope that everyone is equal, which in turn promoted the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement.
However, there are still such a large number of people who have been forced to go to sea because of the failure of the battle between the soil and the guest. And these people are scattered in Southeast Asian countries, and they have become "oversea" Hakkas.
In the next article, we will specifically write about how tragic the battle of the local guest is. If there is no accident, it will be released tomorrow at noon. Remember to pay attention, so that the push will be more timely.
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