When it comes to the sharp decline in the population of Sichuan in the late Ming and early Qing, or "Huguang fills Sichuan", people will definitely think of "Zhang Xianzhong butchering Sichuan".
In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the ten rooms and nine empty spaces in Sichuan and Chongqing were really caused by Zhang Xianzhong?
According to Zhang Hong, a personal witness in the past, in the "Ember Remains", Sichuan’s population has plummeted, and only 30% of people died at the hands of Zhang Xianzhong.
said in the original text: "It died in the slaughter of the thief three, it died in the captive of the shaky yellow, two killed by the chaos, and the hunger died in two. Sickness.”
So, is this statement credible?
What is the truth?
01
From Zhang Xianzhong’s first entry into Sichuan to the Qing government’s suppression of Sichuan, it took nearly half a century.
In the meantime, regime changes frequently, you come and I go, and there are years of war.
Among them, Zhang Xianzhong invaded Sichuan five times and established the Daxi regime in Chengdu.
The first four times he entered Sichuan, Zhang Xianzhong killed relatively few people under the banner of the rebels.
entered Sichuan for the fifth time. Li Zicheng was defeated and Zhang Xianzhong could no longer see hope. Together with the resistance of the Sichuanese and the offensive of the Nanming army, when he evacuated from Sichuan, he saw that the Sichuanese were thinking of their home, and he was suspicious. People betrayed, so he lost his reason, ordered the extermination of Sichuan people, and dig graves.
He not only robbed the property in the tomb, but also used the coffin board in the tomb to fight. For example, when he attacked Chongqing, he was unable to attack outside the Tongyuan Gate for a long time. Finally, he ordered someone to dig the tomb outside the city and use the coffin board as a shield. The protective engineers reached the city, and eventually exploded the city wall.
According to the "Shu Broken Mirror": "Chengdu belongs to prefectures and counties, and the population is cut off for thousands of miles, and there are no bones in the inner mound."
Undoubtedly, Zhang Xianzhong's damage to Sichuan is the greatest of.
In addition to Zhang Xianzhong, Li Zicheng also attacked Sichuan and besieged Chengdu on the 20th.
And in the northeastern Sichuan region, that is, in the Chongqing area, another peasant army is active. They are the "Shaking Yellow Thirteen".
Its leaders are Shao Tiandong, Huang Long, Zhang Xian, Hu Jiusi, Yuan Tao, Ma Chao, Liu Weiming, Wang Gao, Liang Shizheng, Jing Keqin and others. There are 13 teams in total, so they are called "Yao Yellow Thirteen Houses".
02
In addition to the peasant army, the biggest murderer is the Qing army.
The Qing army attacked Chongqing and Chengdu six times, wherever they went, they burned, killed, looted, and urged grain for money.
In the four years of Shunzhi, the Qing general Liang Yixun left Chengdu and drove thousands of people in the city to Mianzhou, killing them all.
"Sichuan Ancient History Draft" records: "Thousands of the disabled people went north to Mianzhou, and they killed them all."
According to the "Sichuan General History", Kangxi pacified Wu Sangui's war Within one or two hundred miles of Fushun in southern Sichuan, all the cattle were snatched by the Qing army to carry luggage, and deserted soldiers everywhere, searching for edible and usable things, committing adultery and burning, without restriction, resulting in "no pedestrians on the road, but thorns on the road."
03
In addition to the Qing army, there are also the Nanming army. These troops are the Nanming army in name and are actually in the hands of local tycoons. Naturally, there is no military discipline. Relying on plunder for a living, and the means is extremely low.
For example, it is recorded in the "Nanchong County Chronicles" that in the fourth year of Shunzhi, a Nanming army led by Wang Xiang occupied Shunqing. At the beginning, the death-free gold medals were sold to each space. One brand requires several two, and then sold again. Bull tickets, each one costs two.
In order to protect themselves, people have to spend money to buy.
Do you think you can eliminate disasters by spending money?
NO!
Wait for this waveAfter the squeeze, they "led their cattle, plundered their people, dug their grains, burned their houses, and the people of Xuxi."
In the six years of Shunzhi, the Cao Xun department was stationed in Yazhou. Because there was no grain to levy, they even joined forces. The seeds sown by the people have been dug out.
As long as they see who has something to eat in the bowl, they will rob them directly, and then tortured them until they squeeze the squeezing out of the house.
According to the "Shu Rebellion Records", "Although the people are free from war and death from tormentors, it is very common."
Under such circumstances, the people dare not even go out. Or hiding in the forest, unable to farm, most of the farming is cut off, can only starve to death.
04
Soldiers cause death everywhere, which will naturally cause plague.
In the second year of Shunzhi, the plague prevailed in Chongqing and Liancun died.
Sichuan is also prevalent in large head plague, baryan plague, horseshoe plague, etc., causing human and flesh to eat each other, and hundreds of miles are uninhabited.
In addition to man-made disasters, there are natural disasters.
In the four years of Shunzhi, there was a severe drought in Sichuan, and in the seven years of Shunzhi, there were floods in Sichuan, and floods continued to occur in the Kangxi Dynasty.
There are still tigers.
Due to the sharp decline in population, ten rooms and nine empty villages, it is difficult to see people in a village, causing tigers everywhere.
And because of the small number of people, there is no way to protect themselves when encountering tigers, and countless people lost their lives.
It is said that Chongqing City once entered the tiger.
According to the "Li Li Zhuan" record: "Since Jiashen, the people have died half of the soldiers, half of the deserters, and half of the tigers."
can be seen. The tiger is violent.
To sum up, there are many reasons for the sharp decline in Sichuan’s population. Zhang Xianzhong should indeed bear a large part of the responsibility, but it should not be used to generalize the matter with the phrase "Zhang Xianzhong Tuchuan".
Those who participated in Tuchuan executioners, we must not forget them, and there must be no one less, and they should all be nailed to the pillar of shame in history.
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