At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, China set off a wave of studying abroad. First, a large number of people with lofty ideals went to Japan to study, and then a wave of studying in France began, especially in France for "work-study". The number is the largest, and when it comes to "work-study programs" more than 100 years ago, one cannot fail to mention a key figure-Li Shizeng, who opened the door to studying in France.
李石曾
Li Shizeng once had many dazzling auras. First of all, he was a prominent family, and his ancestors served as officials. His father Li Hongzao was a Jinshi in the second year of Xianfeng and the teacher of Emperor Tongzhi. Won the trust and appreciation of Cixi, he was one of the most important ministers in the late Qing Dynasty from a former official to military minister. Li Shizeng was often taken to the palace by his father when he was a child. Li Shizeng, along with Cai Yuanpei, Zhang Jingjiang, and Wu Zhihui, were also called the "four veterans of the Kuomintang."
Li Shizeng (1881—1973), formerly known as Li Yuying, named Shimon, was born in Gaoyang, Hebei, on May 29, 1881 in Beijing. He is the third son of Li Hongzao. He has read poetry since childhood. He studied Chinese culture under the famous Gaoyang Confucian Qi Sheting, and studied calligraphy under Wang Bichen. After marriage, he specialized in learning English, which can be said to have both Chinese and Western cultures.
Li Shizeng (right) took a group photo while learning English
In 1897, Li Shizeng, who was not yet 17 years old, got married with his cousin Yao Tongyi. Yao’s family is one of Tianjin’s “eight major salt merchants”. Because of the contracting of the Beijing Salt Industry Public Cabinet, the first party became rich. Both Li and Yao were in their heyday. Therefore, the marriage of Li Shizeng and Yao Tongyi was a sensation in Beijing and Tianjin.
In 1902, Li Shi once went to France with Sun Baoqi, the new minister in France. He also accompanied Zhang Jingjiang, the Commercial Counselor. Li Shizeng originally planned to study in the UK, but at that time the Qing government banned Chinese from going to the West due to the "Eight-Power Allied Forces Incident" Studying abroad, after obtaining the consent of Li Hongzhang, he worked in the French Embassy as an attaché to Sun Baoqi. During this period, he studied at the Montalton Agricultural School, the Pasteur Institute and the University of Paris, making him the number one student in France. people.
Li Shizeng (first from left) took a photo with his friends in the UK
Li Shizeng was originally a son of an official. With his family background and various relations between the ruling and opposition parties, he has the capital to study in France. It was easy for the Qing government to find an important official position, but Li Shizeng initiated and established the "Jindehui" in Paris, advocating not being an official, not owning private property, and sticking to it throughout his life. It can be said that he is the first to develop a trend. The character is really precious, and few people in history can do this.
In 1906, under the introduction of Zhang Jingjiang, Li Shizeng joined the Paris branch of the China League, and organized the "World Society" in Paris with Zhang Jingjiang, Wu Zhihui, Chu Minyi and others. The purpose of the "World Society" is: Engaged in the four undertakings of publishing, research, education and society, striving to achieve the ideals of "promoting academics" and "improving society", while the education undertakings mainly consist of "establishing schools" and "introducing and organizing study abroad."
110 years ago, in 1909, Li Shizeng and Qi Lishan opened a tofu company in the western suburbs of Paris and introduced the Chinese national quintessence to the French, because this tofu company uses a new machine method to make tofu, which is different from the Chinese tradition. Li Shizeng was also dubbed "Dr. Tofu" because of this, but his business was slumped because Westerners didn't like tofu.
豆腐公司
After the "Wuchang Uprising" broke out in 1911, Li Shizeng returned to China and organized the Beijing-Tianjin Alliance Association in Tianjin and published the "Public Opinion" in Beijing and Tianjin. The region engaged in the Xinhai Revolution.
At the beginning of the establishment of the Republic of China, Li Shizeng, Wu Zhihui and others founded the "French-study Program" in Beijing, and organized the first group of 30 French students to go to France for a "work-study program" in early 1913. They were arranged in Munda in the southern suburbs of Paris. The college makes up for French.
Group photo at the establishment of the France-Jiang Society
March 20th, 1913, try hardSong Jiaoren, who advocated and promoted constitutional government, was assassinated in Shanghai, which triggered the crusade against Yuan Shikai, known in history as the "second revolution." The First World War broke out soon, and France was caught in the flames of war. Many students studying in France fled to the southwest of France to escape and fell into trouble. Li Shizeng, Cai Yuanpei, Wang Jingwei and others organized the "Stay in France Southwest Maintenance Meeting" to help the plight Chinese students studying in France.
During the First World War, France recruited a large number of Chinese laborers from China. It was against this background that Li Shizeng, together with Cai Yuanpei, Wu Zhihui, Wu Yuzhang, Wang Jingwei, and others founded the "Work-Study in France Society" in France. Call on Chinese young people to "work hard and study frugally" to study in France, learn advanced science and technology from the West, and use their labor income to support their lives and studies.
A large number of aspiring young people in China have gone to France for work-study programs. The sharp contrast between the advancement of the West and the backwardness of China has given these French students a strong ideological and conceptual impact, allowing these students to change the Chinese society. The desire has become stronger, and many of them have had a considerable influence on the development trend of modern Chinese history.
At the beginning of 1917, Li Shizeng returned to China as a biology lecturer at the invitation of Cai Yuanpei, the president of Peking University. He taught and educated people while rushing to organize work-study programs in France. He established a "French-Chinese Education" in Beijing with Cai Yuanpei and others. The “Work-Study Society” and the “Work-study Society” successively established preparatory schools for studying in France in Gaoyang and Baoding, and sent work-study students to France.
Li Shizeng (fourth from left) took a group photo when leaving Peking University For the purpose of "talent", it was initially attached to Peking University, and later independently established. The curator was Cai Yuanpei, and Li Shizeng served as the deputy curator and taught in person.
In order to continue to expand cultural exchanges between China and France, Li Shizeng founded a private Sino-French University in Beijing in 1920 and served as the chairman of the board of directors. He hired Cai Yuanpei as the president, and established the Sino-French University Overseas Department in Lyon, France. After receiving economic support from the Guangdong military government led by Sun Yat-sen, it expanded into the Lyon Sino-French University.
In October 1924, Feng Yuxiang launched the "Beijing Coup," and the last emperor Pu Yi was expelled from the palace. Li Shi was once appointed as the chairman of the "Clearing House of the Qing Dynasty Committee", responsible for receiving and checking the cultural relics of the Forbidden City. , And at the "National Party Congress" held at the beginning of the year, both Li Shizeng and Wu Zhihui were elected as the KMT Central Supervisory Committee.
On September 29, 1925, the "Cleaning Room Rehabilitation Committee" formulated and passed the "Outline of Provisional Organization of the Palace Museum", establishing a board of directors to agree on important matters for the entire hospital. The board of directors is composed of 21 directors and 9 specially appointed members. The board of directors performs the affairs of the whole hospital, and Li Shi was elected as the chairman of the board and wrote a plaque for the "Forbidden City Museum".
Li Shizeng inscribed "The Palace Museum" plaque
On October 10, 1925, the Palace Museum was electrified nationwide to announce its official establishment, and a grand ceremony was held in Qianqingmen Square. On the first day of the opening of the Palace Museum, Beijing was filled with thousands of people. People rushed to see this mysterious palace and its collections of historical relics. The Forbidden City was turned into the Palace Museum. Li Shizeng was the founder of the Palace Museum.
In 1926, Zhang Jingjiang and Cai Yuanpei were also elected to the Central Supervisory Committee of the KMT. Because these four people are closely related and have old qualifications in the KMT, they are collectively referred to as the "four veterans of the KMT". These four people are ranked by age. They are: Wu Zhihui (1865), Cai Yuanpei (1868), Zhang Jingjiang (1877), Li Shizeng (1881).
Li Shizeng (first from right) took a photo with Wu Zhihui, Cai Yuanpei, Zhang Jingjiang and others
Jiang Jieshi was used by Cai Yuanpei before launching the "April 12 counter-revolutionary coup" in Shanghai in 1927 Presided over a meeting of the KMT’s Central Supervisory Committee in Shanghai. It was at this meeting that the “Protect the Party and Save the Nation” proposal was reached. Li Shizeng and Cai Yuanpei and Zhang JingJiang, Wu Zhihui and others are all active planners and participants in the "Qing Party", so these people should also bear the historical responsibility of the "Qing Party."
When the National Government was established in Nanjing, Li Shizeng was also one of the active promoters. Since then, China has put an end to the chaos of warlords, and the Chinese nation has tended to be unified. For this, Li Shizeng's historical achievements are also indelible.
Group photo when the Nanjing National Government was founded
Li Shizeng was also the proponent and preparatory for the establishment of the National Central Research Institute. He was the first to propose at the 74th meeting of the KMT Central Political Conference The establishment of the National Academia Sinica, and the establishment of the National Academia Sinica is also of epoch-making historical significance, because it is the highest academic research institution of the Republic of China. Its purpose is: "Practice scientific research, and guide, liaise, and reward the nation Research careers for the advancement of science and the brilliance of mankind." He has achieved academic research results that have attracted worldwide attention, and a large number of outstanding historical figures of masters have emerged.
Li Shizeng (first from left) met with Cai Yuanpei (middle) and others
And the establishment of the National Peking Research Institute is also inseparable from Li Shizeng. He is proposing the establishment of a national research institute at the same time It also proposed the establishment of a local or local research institution, which was approved by the National Government and served as the director of the preparatory committee. When the establishment was announced on September 9, 1929, Li Shi had been appointed as the dean of the National Peking Research Institute, which was the institute and department. The three-level structure of the institute consists of 10 departments including the Department of Physics and Chemistry, the Department of Publishing, and the Overseas Department, and 17 institutes including the Institute of Physics, the Institute of Chemistry, and the Institute of Biology.
The National Academia Sinica in Nanjing and the National Peking Research Institute in Peking can be described as the "two humps" of Chinese academia. They are horns to each other, propping up the sky of Chinese national science, and are among the world The academia is striving for beauty, exploring and working in the unknown fields of mankind.
At the end of the 1920s, a "National Peking University" was born. It was a loose university consortium established after Cai Yuanpei took over as the dean of the Nanjing National Government University and followed the French university district system. It was Li Shizeng who made this suggestion, and Li Shizeng was the principal.
李石曾
After the "Qiqi Incident", Peking University, Peking Normal University and Beiyang Institute of Technology moved to Xi’an and merged to form the National Xi’an Provisional University, which soon moved to Shaanxi Gucheng school was run and renamed the National Northwest Associated University, but after the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japan, it did not reopen. Instead, it was split into many universities. Northwest University was the main body. Since Peking University has only existed for more than ten years, few people know its history.
Li Shizeng did not move west with the National Peking University. Instead, he fled Peking to Shanghai with his seriously ill wife Yao Tongyi. In 1938, he took his sick wife to France for medical treatment. At that time, Yao Tongyi suffered a hemiplegia. She suffered three years of illness in France. , Died of illness in Lyon, France in 1941, and that year Li Shizeng happened to be in his sixtieth year.
Throughout the War of Resistance Against Japan, Li Shizeng stayed abroad to engage in diplomatic activities. When he hosted the "First World International Social Conference" in New York, USA in December 1942, he met and lived with Ms. Rusu, an American Jew. The two parties signed a marriage contract, signed by an old friend Zhang Jingjiang to testify, but the two did not live together for a long time.
Li Shizeng (right) took a photo with Zheng Yuxiu
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Li Shizeng returned to China and continued to serve as the dean of the National Peking Research Institute. In May 1946, he organized and served on the board of directors of the "World Book Company" in Shanghai. Chairman and general manager, and founded the monthly magazine "World". In Shanghai, she met with her long-time friend Lin Sushan. Lin Sushan had just divorced the dramatist Jiao Juyin at the time. On February 2, 1947, Li Shizeng and Lin Sushan married in Shanghai. There is a pair of Helian: "The White Shou is united to save the world, and will always love to rebuild the family." Li Shizeng called his former wife, Ms. Ru Su, before getting married, and dissolved their mere marriage.
At the end of 1948, Li Shi once went to Taiwan and served as a member of the Presidential Office. This is an idle position, similar toAlthough they are advisors in nature, all those who serve as senior officials are highly respected. Many of the Kuomintang officials who served as senior officials in the mainland were appointed as senior officials in the Presidential Office after they arrived in Taiwan.
Li Shizeng calligraphy
In 1949, Li Shizeng and his wife Lin Sushan went to Switzerland and began to travel the world, and finally stayed in Montevideo, the capital of Uruguay in South America, to engage in international cultural exchange activities. I also spent my 70th birthday there. My old friend Wu Zhihui sent a congratulatory poem, saying: "Life is rare in the past seventy years, and I like to have a beautiful wife, Fang Yuqi; Thrush raised the case and wished each other a hundred years old. Pre-problem.” But the good times did not last long. Lin Sushan died of cerebral thrombosis in Montevideo on February 1, 1954.
Li Shizeng, who once again became a lonely family, frequently traveled back and forth between Taiwan and Uruguay, and finally settled in Taipei in 1956. After being introduced by Gaoyang fellow Qi Rushan, he married Tian Baotian on July 26, 1957. It can be said that the old tree sprouted new buds. In this year, Li Shi was 76 years old, and the bride was 42 years old, and was known as the "year-old partner".
Li Shizeng took a photo with his wife Tian Baotian
Qi Rushan is 6 years older than Li Shizeng. He is the son of his teacher Qi Xuanting and a generation of opera masters. Li Shizeng and Tian Baotian’s Xitang is located here Qi Rushan’s living room. The old couple and young wife have lived together for several years. After Tian Baotian went to New York in the early 1960s, the couple began to separate. Li Shizeng also went to New York to reunite with his wife several times despite his old age.
Li Shi once wrote a poem during his 80th birthday in Taipei, which can be regarded as a summary of his life. The poem says: "In the trivial notes for 80 years, there has been no mention of benefits and fame. Miscellaneous night sounds. Air and land sailing all over the lakes and seas, sitting quietly in the morning and twilight. You know my ambition for ten years, and don’t fight for private pictures."
李石曾
1973 On September 29, Li Shi died of acute gastrointestinal bleeding in Taipei at the age of 92. He was buried in Yangmingshan, Taipei. He was the last and the oldest of the "four veterans of the Kuomintang" to pass away.
