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Introduction:
The Song Dynasty is now considered a dynasty that is weak and prosperous by most people. Although the Song Dynasty was unwilling to fight, the division of boundaries was unique at that time and could be said to be the prototype of modern national borders.
It was precisely because the Song Dynasty did not advocate force and chose civil officials in large quantities. This led to the idea of using boundaries to restrain the enemy in the Song Dynasty, and eventually formed a strict boundary division method that was ahead of the whole world at that time.
The boundary form of the Song Dynasty had many changes, which also shows that the Song Dynasty was not very unified in the division of boundaries, but it can be seen that the prototype of the division of national boundaries appeared. At that time, the Song Dynasty had already established the consciousness that borders, that is, national boundaries, and guarding boundaries is equal to guarding the country.
This sense of boundary ahead of the times did not exist before Tang Dynasty . Song Dynasty 's force may not work, but the division of boundaries is cross-age. Let us take the historical sightseeing bus to appreciate the boundary division and consciousness of the Song Dynasty. The formation of consciousness, guarding the boundary means guarding the country,
The reason why the border of the Song Dynasty was called the prototype of modern national boundaries was that it proposed the ideological policy of guarding the country, stubborn means guarding the country. This kind of cross-age ideas is far ahead of other dynasties. It is not the vague division of the past, but the spread of this idea to the entire people.
The Song Dynasty at that time clearly proposed that boundaries were equal to national boundaries. The Song Dynasty first proposed the theory that borders, that is, national borders, and used them to foreign enemies. In the present opinion, this behavior is almost equivalent to a Western Renaissance .
The Song Dynasty's strictness and seriousness in the borders was incomparable to feudal society in the past. The Song Dynasty's defense of the border was to defend the country, which set a precedent for later dynasties and provided a new sense of boundaries.
may be a matter of course in today's society, but at that time, countries around the world had a very vague and weak awareness of the border.
The Song Dynasty implemented this policy, laying the foundation for later dynasties and affecting the attitudes of various countries towards borders. The Song Dynasty also formulated detailed policies on the border.
Innovatives broke out in the conflict, and clear national boundaries were drawn in confrontation
During the Song Dynasty, there were frequent frictions with foreign enemies, and the one with the most frictions was Liao. The military strength of the Song Dynasty was not very weak at that time. If it was really vulnerable, the Song Dynasty would not have existed at all.
During the Song Dynasty, the border between the Song Dynasty and Liao was fixed on the boundary river, and the rulers of the Song Dynasty at that time had already begun to pay attention to the border. The border river was not recognized by Liao at first. The subsequent Song Dynasty fought many times with the Liao Kingdom, and finally signed the " Chanyuan Alliance ". The Liao Kingdom agreed to use the border river as its border.
Ouyang Xiu wrote about this incident in his poem, ""The family background is a border household, and he always has a good fortune every year. "Since the Chanzhou League, north and south have fun. Although it is said that there is no battle, the two places offer taxes and rents. Generals and officials are warned of trouble, and the temple is a distant map. Living on the boundary river, I dare not fish in the boundary river."
This poem shows that the Song Dynasty attached great importance to the border and had a serious attitude towards the border. The Song Dynasty was not useless, but only knew how to live a life of drunkenness and dream of death.
The Song Dynasty's military strength has always been at a relatively high level. At that time, the Song Dynasty was very rich, surrounded by enemy countries that were eyeing covetously. If there were no force, it would have been divided long ago.
The Song Dynasty paid great attention to the division of national borders at that time, part of the reason was that force was no longer at its peak. At that time, all the vassal states were forced to enfeoff and make it independent and become a country. Among them, Xixia and Jiaozhi are very distinct examples.
Xixia was named a vassal state by the Song Dynasty in the early stage. Later, as the national strength of the Song Dynasty gradually weakened, Xixia came up with the idea of independence.
Therefore, the Song Dynasty suppressed it by force, but eventually ended in failure. In peace talks with Xixia, the independence of Xixia was recognized and Suide City was used as the national border.
The same Jiaozhi was also unwilling to be under the Song Dynasty because of the weak national strength of the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty and Jiaozhi had a battle between Xining, and both sides suffered heavy losses. The subsequent Song Dynasty was unable to conquer Jiaozhi, and the two sides signed an agreement and divided national borders.
From these war examples, we can see that after the decline of the Song Dynasty, the enemy who could not conquer the battle mainly adopted the roundabout strategy of dividing national borders. By demarcating national borders, these hostile countries are restrained and appropriately adopted force to cooperate with the complete border division to protect the Song Dynasty.
Xixia and Jiaozhi, the Song Dynasty made peace and division of national borders smoothly for them. What truly reflects the border policy of the Song Dynasty was the war between the Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty. After the Jin destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, it continued to go south, attempting to annex the Song Dynasty in one fell swoop.
The war between the Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty also lasted for a long time. " Since Jianyan, it is an important record for the year " records that " Jin Dynasty only accepted Chu envoys, how could there be Song again?" "That is, our (Song) state is incompatible with the Jin Dynasty", indicating that the Jin Dynasty and Song Dynasty were in a war period at that time.
The rulers of the Song Dynasty always wanted to demand harmony. Jin fought many times and confronted the Song Dynasty, but found it difficult to annex the Song Dynasty.
A brief truce and peace talks occurred between the Jin and Song dynasties. Finally, after the Song Dynasty surrendered, the two sides demarcated the national boundary with the Huaihe River as the boundary.
0000000 wars occurred during the Song Dynasty, and there were many enemy countries around. The only ones that could truly threaten the Song Dynasty were the relatively powerful countries such as Liao, Jin, Xixia, and Jiaozhi, and the rest of the countries were not on the same level as Song.
The rulers of the Song Dynasty at that time realized that it would not take long to rely on force alone, but they would draw clear borders and give away some silver treasures to avoid head-on fight with these enemy countries.
"Super-in-Chief of Zizhi Tongjian Changbian Volume 229" records: "The invasion and struggle are often caused by the unclear territory of the territory. If you want to restrain the border officials from invading them, you must first understand the boundaries of the land." This statement shows that the rulers of the Song Dynasty at that time believed that the cause of the war was because the national borders were unclear, which led to the two sides fighting each other.
The rulers of the Song Dynasty avoided many wars with clear division of national borders and the annual offering of some silver. The Song Dynasty used a very low price to exchange for peace for a long time.
According to the "Suo Zizhi Tongjian Changbian", "With the customs and land, the cost of military travel is to help the military travel, and the annual amount of 200,000 pieces of silk and 100,000 taels of silver is not limited to the envoys going to Northern Dynasties, and only ordered the three officials to send them to Xiongzhou for delivery." This also reflects that the diplomacy of the rulers at that time was mainly seeking peace.
shows how high the attitude and awareness of the borders were in the Song Dynasty at that time. It also shows the unique insights and ideas of the rulers at that time.
drive away wolves and avoid tigers, and the final dance of the border
The Song Dynasty not only demarcated the border to the outside world, but also the land structure within the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty drew borders based on the economic strength of each region. The division of
boundaries mainly involves formulating appropriate tax policies based on the characteristics of each region. The divisions of the Song Dynasty at that time were relatively clear, and they were only divided into provinces and outside provinces.
The province was directly under the jurisdiction of the Song Dynasty at that time, and there were great taxes in the province. Outside the province refers to the areas under the jurisdiction of the Song Dynasty. Most of them were land occupied by barbarians, and there were no taxes outside the province.
"Song History Volume 495" The 254th Biography of the Song Dynasty recorded in detail the support policy of the Song Dynasty for land outside the province at that time:
"I am soothed and comforted the people of the Li people, and showed the court's kindness and trust, so that they could return to our province and make it easier. Those who rented taxes before the first year of Qiandao will be pardoned. Those who can return will be rented for five years. Those who have no property will be given land to farm, and those who have been rented for five years. Those who can comfort the people and recovered the land in peace will be given a difference in rewards, and those who have lost land and the people will be punished severely. In the sixth year, the King of Li people will be used to restoration and military service will be safe."
This passage shows that the Song Dynasty urgently wanted to encourage people to bravely regain land that fell into the hands of foreign enemies. Clear provisions have been made on land rewards and punishments.
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 As long as the land outside the province is recovered, taxes will be exempted.The high land tax in the province shows that the Song Dynasty rulers at that time wanted to use this to stimulate people and allow more people to recover lost land.
This clear distinction between borders can not only relieve people's emotions at that time, but also gather more people to try to regain lost land. Let most poor and sad strangers have the opportunity to give it a try, just like a modern saying, take a try, and a bicycle turns into a motorcycle.
This border policy of the Song Dynasty did not lose any damage to its own territory, and it also inspires people to have the courage to expand outward. It shows the uniqueness of the border strategy and reflects the Song Dynasty's emphasis on borders.
Although taxes are exempt from land outside the province, those lands are still much more barren than those within the province. The rulers of the Song Dynasty had a relatively high cost to establishing direct management. At that time, the Song Dynasty was more cautious about the allocation of land outside the province to land within the province.
is cautious about outside the province, but also encourages trade exchanges within and outside the province. The Song Dynasty long used various means such as immigration, war, and exchange in areas outside the province, and gradually eliminated the division of boundaries within and outside the province.
The boundary division within and outside the province has always been very clear, which played a great role in the overall economic improvement of the Song Dynasty at that time. The rulers of the Song Dynasty made the best use of land outside the province through border strategies to minimize their own risks.
The development of wild land outside the province is greater than the profit. By dividing the borders, differentiating tax collection, and differentiating management, the rulers of the Song Dynasty could almost make a fortune.
The power outside the province is relatively scattered and weak, and the Song Dynasty enthroned it. Through economic connectivity and military establishment, we will firmly control these places outside the province.
The Song Dynasty did not have too many detailed divisions within and outside the province at that time, but it paid deep attention to the boundary consciousness. The vague and open division makes economy and trade more convenient, and the clear division of consciousness makes people inside and outside the province remember their identities.
Conclusion:
The Song Dynasty adopted different frontier strategies for different situations. Clearly divide national boundaries against powerful foreign enemies, deepen the idea of borders that are national boundaries, so that both sides will not engage in battles due to vague problems, and can also drive away wolves and avoid tigers.
blurs the boundaries on the surface of weak areas outside the province, deepens the differences in consciousness, while promoting economic and trade well, deepens the clarity of both parties about their identities, and while subtly embodying the opposite side, they will not be affected.
The border strategy of the Song Dynasty opened up the past lessons for modern national borders and pointed out a path. The modern division of national boundaries also has some similarities with the border division of the Song Dynasty. The reason why the Song Dynasty was called the prototype of modern national boundaries is that it clearly expresses the idea and policy of borders that are national boundaries.
China's modernity has been wisely led by the Party, and no longer needs to numb its opponents through border strategies. China's prosperity and strength make the border a symbol of territory, and those who violate our China will be punished even if they are far away.
Reference:
" Song Dynasty "
"The Year Records Since Jianyan"
"Continued Zizhi Tongjian Changbian"
