From the perspective of Ming Dynasty , Qing Dynasty actually ruled Jilin, Heilongjiang and the vast territory south of through the " Nibchu Treaty ", which was simply winning perfection. But the feudal era was not actually stagnant. East Asia is the "selected place" on the earth. After the Qin system took shape, China's dynasties followed the " Matthew effect ". It is a major historical trend to become larger and larger. If later generations do not have pioneering achievements in the previous dynasty, it is an original sin. So from this perspective, who was at a loss when looking at the Treaty of Nebchu in the Qing Dynasty?
The bottom line of demarcation between China and Russia
Nebchu Treaty is an unequal treaty that both China and Russia think in later generations. Because the people of both sides think that the border area stipulated in the treaty is a loss. Of course, there is another view that it is a treaty signed successfully by China after the war with Russia under the same national strength. Therefore, based on this understanding, the Treaty of Nebchu is an equal treaty. From this viewpoint, the standard for identifying equality and inequality seems to have become the status between countries and whether they are coerced. But shouldn’t the principle of “equality and inequality” be the damage to the national interests of the country?
Kangxi Emperor and Soetu Central monarchs and ministers of the Qing government actually represented China at that time, how should this negotiation with Russia be carried out in Nebchucheng? He gave three plans, which profoundly influenced the boundary line of in the northeastern region of Qing dynasties in later Qing dynasties. The optimal solution is to "take the Yenisei River in Siberia as the boundary"; the second solution is: "take the Baikal and Lena River as the boundary, and the boundary rivers and lakes shared by both the Baikal and Lena Rivers"; the second solution is to take the city of Nebchu as the boundary. Everyone knows the results later, but everyone doesn’t know the bottom line of Russia and why this is the case.
I don’t know if it is in harmony. The Russian side claims to be a generation of heroes also formulated three national border division plans for the envoy. The optimal solution is of course "Heilongjiang is bounded, and to the north of Heilongjiang belongs to Russia, and to the south belongs to China"; the second solution is "Breya River occupies the middle and upper reaches of Heilongjiang, and China retains places such as Sakhalin Island and Vladivostok"; the worst plan is to use the southern mountains of the Khingan Mountains as the boundary.
From the plan to divide national borders between China and Russia, we can know that at that time, both China and Russia actually had an adventurous mentality and did not have the absolute confidence of themselves. Everyone has a state of asking for a lot of money and paying it back by land. Emperor Kangxi's national border plan was even directly divided into Central and Siberian regions. You should know that even the most wilderness among the Jurchens did not graze in that area. I really don't know how dare he dared it. As for Peter the Great, he was even more cruel. Siberia has been regarded as the thing in his pocket. Is it just a few thousand people's expedition team?
The Treaty of Nebuchu in the equality view
Why do we say that China and Russia have such a bottom line plan for demarcating national borders, and they will still be negotiated like that back then. In fact, the world situation facing China is too complicated. There is a saying that China has entered modernization since the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, but people don’t know it. Most experts in modern Chinese historiography regard the Treaty of Nebchu as an equal treaty between China and Russia. So what is the reason for this high-sounding reputation?
Many people regard the Treaty of Nebchu as an equal treaty between China and Russia, and are actually based on the Treaty of Hong Kong signed after the failure of the Opium War between China and Britain. During the Opium War, China was defeated, betrayed and humiliated and seek peace, and accepted the British's demand for cedes of Hong Kong Island and compensated 21 million silver dollars. This is of course an unequal treaty, and the Chinese people regard it as a great humiliation.So what were the conditions of the Treaty of Nebchu back then? Before the signing of the Treaty of Nebchu, China and Russia also broke out in two consecutive wars in Yaquesa city , both of which ended with China's victory. The general background of the signing of the Treaty of Nebchu is that China has not been defeated. Since there is no such claim, it doesn’t matter if it is forced to humiliate and seek peace. Moreover, after the signing of the Treaty of Nibchu, China did not humiliately pay "large amount of compensation". As for the statement of cede land, it is still to be discussed and is the biggest criterion for identifying equality in the treaty.
Soetu, the representative minister of Emperor Kangxi, voluntarily concluded this treaty with the Russian side. There is no understanding of land ceasing, because Siberia is considered to have never actually controlled since the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Whether in the early or late years, this was a homeless land. In the view of equality, it was believed that the Treaty of Nebuchu solved the Northeast problem and ensured that the Qing Dynasty used troops to Junggar, the northwest, thus set the two lines, making the land of China safe. Since the signing of this treaty, the northeast frontiers have been safe for more than a hundred years. Therefore, the Treaty of Nebuchu should be an equal treaty, but is it really the case?
discusses the Treaty of Nebuchu again
0 The biggest debate in the Treaty of Nebuchu is actually the issue of northern territory. In general historical perspectives, it is believed that that land is neither actually controlled by China nor actually controlled by Russia. So from this perspective, we will find that Russians obtained tens of millions of square kilometers of land from the Treaty of Nebchu. Although it was not very effective in the pre-industrial era, what is the ultimate upper limit of a country? Do you really know? The ultimate upper limit of a country is its territory. Modern countries have long lost the opportunity to expand at will in ancient times, so how high the upper limit of modern countries depends on how wide the land area is.
The Treaty of Nebuchu made the vast Siberia in the original unbordered land gained by the Russians, so it took more than 100 years for Russia to explode in the century. China completely lost this land under the command of Kangxi, the group of people in the Qing Dynasty. So what we came later was to be rude and gradually declined and even perish in the midst of desolation. The Nibchu Treaty supported by this grand historical view is an unequal treaty. I feel that China's losses are much greater than that of Russia, so Kangxi's cedes territory was the first for the Qing emperors.
The second view on whether the Treaty of Nebchu is equal is that "China and Russia divide up Mongolia's land." Based on the principle of free discussion, I don’t know where the reason for this view came from. However, in terms of the nomadic Mongolians in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, although the entire Siberian territory was not the place where they fixed the troops and governed, the Mongols had already started to nomadic on the ground in Lake Baikal and even further north since the time of the Huns. Judging from the division of nomadic areas and the migration history of the Mongols over 2,000 years, most parts of Siberia did belong to the Mongols and various Tatars at that time.
After the 17th century, the Mongols began to decline under the strong blows of the Ming Dynasty and the Later Jin of . It was a decline that no longer rose, because the emergence of the hot weapon made the Mongols become good at singing and dancing. The later point is that the Manchu and Mongolian family policy implemented by the Qing Dynasty in Mongolia made Mongolia return home. The long-term marriage brought Mongolia into its own leadership, but Mongolia is still quite large. Even after hundreds of years of destruction, the survival of the Mongolian descendants in Central Asia and North Asia is still as solid as a rock.
nibuchu compared with the current and later generations
Lake Baikal and Central Siberia further north are actually the nomadic areas of Khalkha Mongolia , because they could not defeat junggar Mongolia, they were forced to migrate south.A clever view in the analysis of the Treaty of Nebchu is that it is believed that the signing of a peace treaty between the Qing Dynasty and Russia is a kind of act of division, which is neither a severance of China nor a damaging Russia's interests. It is because the two sides know the strength of each other after several battles, and know that they cannot do anything to both sides, and then divide the settlement of the nomadic areas of Siberia and Mongolia in the north. Based on this view, the Treaty of Nebchu is indeed equal, but does the facts and most people really think so?
If you go to see the Treaty of Nebchu between the Qing Dynasty and Russia in this world, it will indeed appear that it seems that it is a Mongolian nomadic area for peace, but are there people in history who look at problems more long-term? This kind of people actually exist. Although Soetu and Tong Guogang of the Qing Dynasty brought the Kangxi plan, they both left a scope of operation for later China. Soetu once proposed the Yenison River as the boundary, and although the Russians later agreed to sign a treaty, they had to do it because of the emergency of the Black Sea War. Both China and Russia have their own urgent military issues that need to be resolved. The Treaty of Nebuchu proposed to use the city of Nebuchu and the outer Xing'an Mountains as the boundary. The north of the outer Xing'an Mountains is Russian territory, while the south is Chinese land. However, the Qing ministers such as Soetu actually had no involvement in the Outer Xing'an Mountains. How many sections are the direction of the outer Xing'anling Mountains divided into? This is actually a confusing account. The Russians made a small idea in this regard, and they defaulted to the south of the Outer Xing'an Mountains, which were directly south of the Greater Xing'an Mountains and other places.
But in fact, the direction of the Outer Xing'an Mountains has always been divided into two branches, north and south. If the Outer Xing'an Mountains were used as the boundary, then China's land area at that time was actually still to be discussed. I thought that the mountain range in the northern branch of the Outer Xing'an Mountains had reached Arctic Ocean . If these places were always owned by the Qing Dynasty and later China, I really don't know how the Northeast's economy would take off with China's extraordinary layout and economic development model. Unfortunately, it was originally a confusing account at that time. The confusing account could have the possibility of recovery in later generations, but later generations were even more incompetent than in the early Qing Dynasty, which directly led to the loss of the disputed area in the Outer Xing'an Mountains.
Conclusion
The issue of the Treaty of "Nebchu" is of course different from one's own opinion. If you say that this is an equal treaty, how should you calculate the lost territory? But if this is an unequal treaty, it seems to be another huge stain for Kangqian and Qianlong . It can only be said that based on the world view of the people in the Qing Dynasty and the monarch and ministers of Kangxi, they could only see this step. Now, of course I can see further away at that time, but I can't do it anymore.
