th generation The last generation was Houzhou . There was a relatively strong emperor in the Houzhou Houzhou Shizong Chai Rong . Economic development is good, the people are well maintained, the key is that it is still very capable. Such a fierce emperor actually gave him time to develop an empire, but he died early and passed the throne to the children at home - the seven-year-old Chai Zongxun . Fearing that the little emperor would not be able to convince the public, his general Zhao Kuangyin took the throne to sit for the little emperor. He was afraid that others would say that he told everyone that the emperor should be forced to sit in Chenqiao. Since then (960 ) Song Dynasty was established. After becoming emperor, Zhao Kuangyin was still good to the Chai family. After all, he felt a little embarrassed to steal other people's jobs. The little whirlwind Chai Jin , which enjoys various preferential rights in " Water Margin ", is suspected to be a descendant of the Chai family.
Before the establishment of the Song Dynasty, Chai Rong had already beaten up the small countries around one by one. Those who could destroy the country would destroy the country, and those who did not destroy the country would also be afraid of being beaten, so the foundation and start of the Song Dynasty would be pretty good. After the Song Dynasty took over the market, it was also quite successful. In 979, basically unified the Central Plains and South territory, and in the north, Yanyun Sixteen State , which was sent by Shi Jingtang , could not come back because it really couldn't beat Liao Kingdom . Both sides were tired when fighting, so in 1005, the Liao and Song dynasties signed the " Tanyuan Alliance ", agreeing that the two sides would not fight anymore and use the Baigou River as the border. Song dynasties gave Liao 100,000 taels of silver and 200,000 pieces of silk every year. There will be no longer large-scale wars between the two sides in the next hundred years.
It has not been long since the Liao Kingdom solved the problem. In 1038, Xixia Li Yuanhao proclaimed emperor. A war broke out between Song and Xia for several years, but it still couldn't be defeated. But it was okay, just lose money, and we were at peace after losing money. It was during this period that , the Song Dynasty, Liao Kingdom, and Xixia were three-legged and three-legged , which was equivalent to the expanded version of the "Three Kingdoms".
1115 The younger brother of the Liao Kingdom Jurchen Wanyan Agu rebelled and established Jin Kingdom , destroyed the Liao Dynasty in 1125, and in 1127, the Jingkang Incident was launched to destroy the Northern Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty was driven to the south and was called Southern Song . In 1206, the younger brother of the Jin Kingdom Mongolian Temujin rose, 1227, Xixia was destroyed by Mongolia ; 1234, Jin was defeated by Mongolia under the attack of the Southern Song Dynasty and the north and south of Mongolia in Caizhou. 1279 , Southern Song was also destroyed by Mongolia .
The historical period of "Song" includes: Song Dynasty (960-1279); Liao (907-1125); Jin (1115-1234); Western Xia (1038-1227).
This period was an era of high prosperity in commodity economy, culture education, and scientific innovation in China's history. Chen Yinke said: "The culture of the Chinese nation has evolved for thousands of years and has been created in the Zhao and Song dynasties." Some scholars in the Western and Japanese historical circles believe that the Song Dynasty was a period of Renaissance and Economic Revolution in Chinese history.
Workers:
Although the Song Dynasty was weak in politics, it had great economic development. Production in the south was prosperous, and agriculture, handicrafts and science and technology were all at the advanced level in the world at that time. The national registered population reached more than 100 million, and its growth rate was rare internationally at that time. According to the number of households in the third year of Yuanfeng, the north accounted for about 37.3% and the south accounted for 62.7%. The center of population has moved to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River . At the end of the Song Dynasty, due to war, our country's population once again declined sharply. to (1291 AD) recorded national registered population declined to 59.85 million, more than 40% lower than the peak population in the Song Dynasty.
Labor tools:
The Southern Song Dynasty Zeng Zhijing wrote three volumes and two volumes, recording ten new agricultural tools such as plows, thunders, chariots, straw hats, steaks, steaks, mortars, mortars, buckets, pots, steamers, and Cang Yu;
The Jiangnan paddy field farming tools in the Song Dynasty were equipped, which was beyond the reach of . There are , , and the seedlings are . The tools for crushing soil include bridges, sharpening and clover. After the grain harvest, rice Yangjing uses Yangfan .
The plow played a major role in agriculture in the Song Dynasty.In order to solve the difficulty of insufficient oxen plowing, the Northern Song government promoted plowing twice in the fifth year of Chunhua (994) and the second year of Jingde (1005). The emergence of new tools for
has also led to a significant growth in crop yields. Generally, farmland can be harvested one stone per mu every year, while Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions can reach two to three stones a year. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Zhenzong introduced drought-resistant and early-ripening rice seeds from Chameng and distributed them to Jianghuai and Zhejiang. They were later the early rice steep rice in the south, also known as Chameng rice and yellow indica rice.
Labor Objects:
1. Land
Daxing water conservancy in the Song Dynasty, large-scale land reclamation, and focusing on the improvement of agricultural tools, agriculture has developed rapidly. Many new fields appeared in the Song Dynasty, such as terraced fields (appearing in mountainous areas), silt fields (fields used for silt formed by river water erosion), sand fields (silt on the seaside), and fields (making wooden rafts on the lake and laying mud into land). This greatly increased the arable land area in the Song Dynasty. In the second year of Zhidao (996), the national arable land area was more than 3.125,200 hectares, and by the fifth year of Tianxi (1021), it increased to more than 5.247,500 hectares.
2. Mining and smelting
During the Northern Song Dynasty, the scale of mining and smelting of gold, silver, copper, iron, lead and coal was quite large. The important iron smelting center in Liguojian, northeast of Xuzhou, has 36 smelting smelting and about 4,000 miners. Xinzhou, Jiangxi and its surrounding areas are rich in copper and lead. "They often raise more than 100,000 people, and pick them up day and night to obtain tens of millions of kilograms of copper and lead." In the Fanchang iron smelting site in Anhui, there are scrap iron piles with a height of about 2 meters and an area of 750 square meters, reflecting the scale of smelting at that time. On the basis of the expansion of the scale of mining and smelting, the number of products has increased significantly. Taking copper and silver as an example, at the time of , Song Shenzong, , he taught copper more than 14 million jin and silver more than 200,000 taels. According to the government's tax rate of 200, it can be inferred that the annual output of copper is more than 70 million jin and silver is more than 1 million taels, and the output is several times higher than , the Tang Dynasty . In addition, mining and smelting technology has also made great progress.
3. Handicraft
3. Handicraft
During the Northern Song Dynasty, handicraft production made great progress, and Bian embroidery and Song embroidery were particularly famous. At that time, the scale of various handicraft workshops and the meticulousness of internal work exceeded that of previous generations.
Wool weaving industry is mainly distributed in the northwest region, and the textile industry is very popular in Sichuan, Shanxi, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan and other places.
The development of cotton weaving industry is the most important achievement of the textile industry in the Southern Song Dynasty. At that time, the most developed areas in the cotton textile industry were Leizhou (now Haikang, Guangdong), Huazhou (now Hua County), Lianzhou (now Hepu, Guangxi) and other places. Cotton textiles include various processes such as skewers, , yarn, weaving, etc. Textile tools include iron rods, slingshots, spinning wheels, looms, etc. The Li people of Hainan Island can use looms to produce cotton cloth with interwoven patterns with colorful threads, and sell them to Guangdong and Guangxi.
Southern Song ke[kè] silk "Butterfly Camellia"
Official kilns and folk kilns of the Song Dynasty bloomed all over the country. The production areas of the Song Dynasty mainly included seven famous porcelain kilns: Ding Kiln (Quyang, Hebei), Ru Kiln (Ruzhou, Henan), Jun Kiln (Yuzhou, Henan), Guan Kiln (Kaifeng, Henan), Gedi Kiln (Longquan, Zhejiang), Jingde Kiln (Jingdezhen, Jiangxi), Jian Kiln (Jianyang, Fujian), and many large and small porcelain kilns distributed in various places. The porcelain produced is exquisite and has its own characteristics. Song Dynasty porcelain became an important trading item on the Maritime Silk Road and was sold overseas.
Ge kiln double-ear incense burner
Longquan kiln green glaze halberd tripod furnace
4. Shipbuilding industry
4. The main ruling areas of the Southern Song Dynasty belonged to water towns, and transportation mostly used ships, so the shipbuilding industry was very developed. The only ships built are sea boats, and there are inland boats . The main shipbuilding bases include Lin'an, Jiankang, Pingjiang, Yangzhou, Huzhou (now Zhejiang), Wenzhou , Mingzhou , Quanzhou, Guangzhou, Tanzhou , Hengzhou , Ganzhou , etc. These places have official shipbuilding workshops that can build large ships. The "Guanghuo" made in Guangzhou can "float the South China Sea to the south, the boat is like a huge room, the sail is like a cloud hanging in the sky, the rudder is several feet long, and a boat is hundreds of people, and a year of food is accumulated."
5. Commercial
5. Commercial
The urban commodity economy of the Song Dynasty was particularly developed. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, there were 46 cities with more than 100,000 people. Including Kaifeng , Luoyang , Yingtian (now Shangqiu ), Daming, Hangzhou, Zhenjiang , Suzhou , Jiangling ( Jingzhou ), Guangzhou, Chengdu, Fuzhou, Tanzhou (now Changsha), Quanzhou, etc. The population of Kaifeng Prefecture, the capital of the Song Dynasty, reached more than one million, and there were more than 6,400 stores. The Song Dynasty broke the system of zoning in the Fangshi City, and stores could be opened at will, and night markets and Xiaoshi also appeared.
Southern Song Dynasty There are many big cities, such as Lin'an, Jiankang, Zhenjiang, Pingjiang, Quanzhou, Guangzhou, Jiangling, Tanzhou, Chengdu, etc., all of which are becoming increasingly prosperous. Among them, Lin'an is not only the political center of the country, but also the largest commercial city. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Lin'an had developed into a metropolis of more than 1.2 million people, and the city's business and sales were booming and extremely prosperous.
"Imperial City of the Southern Song Dynasty" Chaotianmen partial map
The rural markets of the Southern Song Dynasty developed rapidly. Guangzhou, Zhaoqing Prefecture , and Huizhou alone, there were more than 80 markets. The cities and towns between villages and cities developed on the basis of the market also emerged in large numbers. Trade in the market mainly existed between the Song and Jin, Song and Southwest ethnic groups, and was managed by the government and tax was levied.
Southern Song Dynasty Li Song "People's Picture"
6. Overseas Trade
6. Overseas Trade
During the Song Dynasty, the economic development of the southeast coast was relatively rapid, providing a material foundation for foreign trade. In order to solve the financial difficulties, the Southern Song government vigorously advocated officials and coastal merchants to induce foreign trade to China for trade. Therefore, foreign trade has unprecedented development. There are more than 50 countries and regions that trade with the Southern Song Dynasty. Guangzhou, Quanzhou and Mingzhou are still important trade ports, especially Quanzhou, which has replaced Guangzhou and become the largest foreign trade base. In addition, there are also h in Lin'an, Wenzhou (now Zhejiang), Xiuzhou (now Jiaxing), Jiangyin (now Jiangyin, Jiangsu) and other places. tml1Shibo Department , responsible for foreign trade.
Production relations :
Rural tax and service system in the Song Dynasty roughly continued the two tax laws in the late Tang Dynasty, but increased the tax tax, while the labor service was very heavy, causing a burden on the people. Therefore, Wang Anshi reformed , the exemption law was implemented.
Two tax laws refer to the rental and mediocre method that mainly collects grains, cloths and other physical objects, and changed to Money , Two times a year htmlm l1 tax. The two tax law changed the "rental and mediocre" according to the practice of people , and implemented the tax standard for property as the first year of Jianzhong (780) of Emperor Dezong of Tang Dynasty.
The two tax law in the Song Dynasty was upgraded. The Tang Dynasty was taxed according to the amount of assets , while the Song Dynasty was taxed according to the land area ;
industrial and commercial tax:
industrial and commercial tax:
industrial and commercial tax:
industrial and commercial tax: ml4 3% of living tax, 2% of over tax;
In the fiscal revenue of the Song Dynasty, starting from the third emperor, Song Zhenzong, the income from industrial and commercial tax exceeded the agricultural tax. During the period of the Song Dynasty, Shenzong of the Northern Song Dynasty, the proportion of agricultural tax dropped to 30%, and from the period of Chunxi to Shaoxi (1174-1194), the non-agricultural tax was astonishingly close to 85%.
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