Fu is a literary form that was popular in the Han Dynasty. It developed from the Chu Ci, and experienced three stages of evolution: Sao Fu, Han Dynasty Fu, and Lyrical Fu. It can be said that Han Fu was popular in the Han Dynasty for more than 400 years. Although its content and emotions have changed, it has always played an important role in the literary world of the Han Dynasty. The military views of scholars in the Han Dynasty and the military training in the Han Dynasty provided valuable subject matter and ideological content for the creation of Han Fu. This was also an influence of military culture on Han Fu. Military science and literature influence each other in a certain sense and are not simply separated. Among the Han Fu, the ones with heavier military elements are the Kyoto Fu and School Hunter Fu .
1. Writing about the military in Kyoto Fu
Kyoto Fu takes the city capital as the object of creation. It first came from the discussion of the location of the capital, especially the Han fu writers of the Han Dynasty. They not only described the architectural appearance and architectural style of the city, but also used military theory to analyze the role and influence of their own capital theory in the description process. From a military perspective, they analyzed the terrain, products, customs and other important factors that affected the location of the capital. Therefore, they contained military concepts in the process of creating Kyoto fu, which was also an important criterion for classifying Kyoto fu as military fu.
. Geography Writing of Kyoto Fu
As a genre of Han Fu, Kyoto Fu has the most in-depth research and application of geography , and the geography in it is naturally used in literary creation. At the same time, as a military consideration, this kind of geography also incorporates military factors, so when making a geographical overview, Kyoto Fu naturally permeates the writing of military concepts.
The Guanzhong area had developed agriculture. Han Fu writers often mentioned the importance of this geographical factor to the dynasty in some Kyoto Fu works. Han Fu writers believed that the most important thing for the prosperity of the dynasty was the view in " Xijing Fu " that "where there is fertile soil, there is ease, and where there is barren soil, there is work. This is related to the land."
They believe that the fertile land in the Guanzhong area can greatly increase the people's food production, and its production is enough to make the people not worry about hunger and can work with peace of mind. The stability of the people's basic material needs also indirectly provided the dynasty with a large amount of food tax revenue, which greatly enhanced the dynasty's strength.
In addition, "the sharp weapon for defending the country" is also the comment on the natural defense capabilities of the Guanzhong area in " Lun Du Fu ". Zhang Heng made such an evaluation of the Guanzhong terrain in his "Ode to Xijing": "On the left, you can see the heavy dangers of Weihan and the peach forest fortress, decorated with Erhua, giant spirits, high palms and far feet, and the meandering river, and traces of it are still there. On the right, there is the Longdi Pass, which separates Huarong, Qiliang, Qianyong, and Chen Bao's crowing chicken." This is Zhang Heng describing the steepness of the Guanzhong area and the excellent terrain defense system in the Guanzhong area where "one man can guard the pass and ten thousand men cannot open it".
Based on the steep terrain of Guanzhong, the rulers of the Guanzhong area in the past dynasties not only set up passes on the few roads that can enter Guanzhong, but also constantly improved the defensive infrastructure of the passes to prevent the invasion of foreign enemies. In addition, the terrain around the Guanzhong area is also extremely steep, which prevents the Guanzhong area from falling into an embarrassing situation where it is surrounded by enemies on all sides and has no danger to defend like the Central Plains area.
It is precisely because of the unique geographical defense advantages of Chang'an in Guanzhong that " Western Capital Fu" wrote "The left is occupied by Hangu and Erxiao, indicating the Taihua and Zhongnan The mountain. The dangers of Baoxie and Longshou on the right are connected with the Honghe River, Jingchuan, and Weichuan. If the defense is blocked, the world will be at a loss.” Ban Gu believes that the mountains and rivers in the Guanzhong area provide a strong guarantee. For a dynasty, the existence of the capital is undoubtedly an important factor in the continuation of the dynasty.
. Discussion of the King's Way in Kyoto Fu
The "King's Way" thought not only played an important role in dynastic rule, but also had an influence that cannot be ignored in the military field.In an era full of intrigues and intrigues, such as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, morality was excluded, so much so that there was a saying that "the spring and autumn war without justice". However, this does not mean that morality is useless on the battlefield. On the contrary, when the military strength of both sides is equal, morality is often the key to the outcome of the battle.
If "hegemony" is an important means to strengthen a country and its army, then in the eyes of many military strategists, the idea of "kingdom" is the central idea of subduing the country and the army, and is an important means to consolidate the strength of the country and the three armed forces. The Jingdu Fu of the Han Dynasty also discusses the site selection of Luoyang from the perspective of kingship.
The main discussion point of Kyoto Fu is Chang'an or Luoyang which city is more suitable as the capital site. The reason why Guanzhong Chang'an was chosen as the capital was because of the dangerous mountains and rivers and fertile land as the backing; One of the important reasons why Luoyang was chosen as the capital was that Luoyang was located in the "center" of the world: the moral gathering place. This is also a military concept in Kyoto's thought of Fuwangdao: ruling the country in the middle.
"Judging the country from the center" in a sense refers to the military concept of relying on the theory of benevolent government to rule the people of both the government and the public. It also maintains the ruling position through the "Tao" that all people in the world aspire to. Although dangerous mountains and rivers are conducive to military offense and defense, this does not mean that you can sit back and relax if you are in a favorable terrain. If the dynasty implements virtuous governance and governs the country with benevolence, then Luoyang's threat from all directions can be transformed into the advantage of defending from all directions. This will not only facilitate the dynasty's inspection of the world, but also facilitate the local area's tribute transportation.
2. School Hunting Vocabulary contains military writing
School Hunting Vocabulary, which is based on the school hunting activity. The reason why school hunting poems are another representative theme of Han Fu’s military writing is that the main subjects of hunting activities in the works are sergeants of the Han Dynasty or Han scholars who have already had military experience. These hunting subjects reflected their profound military literacy and military skills in the hunting process, so the military color of school hunting poems is stronger and purer.
The armies of the Han Dynasty were diversified and well-distributed. They used chariots and cavalry for charge, bows and crossbows as weapons for long-range strikes, and horseback shooting for guerrilla warfare. In the school hunting activities of the Han Dynasty, this variety of tactics was used many times to hunt prey, so as to carry out military tactical training and improve tactical skills. This has also been described and described many times in school hunting poems.
. Cavalry’s riding and shooting tactics
The assessment of riding and archery in school hunting in the Han Dynasty was divided into two types: "riding" and "shooting". "Riding" In the cavalry tactics of the Han Dynasty, most of the tactical goals were achieved through frontal assaults and side attacks. If the cavalry was in frontal assault, the cavalry troops would need to advance and retreat in an orderly and uniform manner, which mainly focused on the word "stable"; while side attacks required the cavalry to take the initiative in terms of speed and flexibility, and pay attention to "fast".
In the Han Dynasty, Fu Jia vividly described the tactical effects of these two tactics, such as the flexibility of maneuvering and the speed of lightning: "Yi red lightning, left behind Brilliant. Chasing monsters, out of the universe. Shooting owls, flying oaks." There is also the power of the hunting of chariots and cavalry and the overwhelming march of the mountains: "the chariots and cavalry are thundering, the sky is moving, the land is separated, and the merciful merchants are fast and slow."
"Shooting" is the art of bow and arrow shooting in the Han Dynasty, and it is one of the important assessment subjects for the armies of the two Han Dynasties. The army of the Han Dynasty attached great importance to the shooting skills of soldiers, and also systematically classified shooting and hunting: Geshe and long-range shooting. Geshe was for shooting birds in the sky, and long-range shooting was for shooting wild beasts on land.
These two shooting methods often appear in school hunting activities, so there are also a lot of descriptions of shooting and gun hunting in school hunting poems. These Han Fu writers highly praised and praised the soldiers' superb shooting skills in their works, such as "Zixu Fu" says; Give it away, use it as a gift. Flying white swans, driving geese together. Under the double pigeons, black cranes are added.
. Infantry killing skills
The infantry killing skills of the Han Dynasty army are another weapon of war besides mounted shooting skills. Compared with Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples, the Han people in the Central Plains mainly make a living by farming, so most Han people are not good at riding horses, but when it comes to infantry combat, the individual infantry ability during the Han Dynasty can be said to be the world's top level. General Chen Tang of the Han Dynasty once commented that the Han army had the ability to "one Han can defeat the Five Hus " .
The powerful infantry combat capability of the Han army is not only the historical accumulation of the long-term infantry combat career of the ancient Chinese army, but also the ideological results of the improvement of infantry training by military strategists of past generations. The infantry killing techniques of the infantry of the Han Dynasty are described in the Han Fu of the Han Dynasty. The infantry killing techniques of the Han Dynasty can be seen from the way the infantry hunted prey at that time. They can be roughly divided into three types: encirclement killing, blade killing, and pursuit .
surrounded and killed. The military organization of the Han Dynasty inherited the military system of the Qin Dynasty and was divided into military organizations of Wu, Shi, Team, Guan, Qu, and Department. Among them, "Wu" refers to the five-person combat system. Encirclement and killing are also infantry combat techniques commonly used in this combat system. In the school hunting activities of the Han Dynasty, the infantry's encirclement and killing technique became to capture the prey by surrounding it, which was also a common hunting method.
blade kill. Blade killing mainly refers to the skill of infantry fighting with weapons. The brilliance of this fighting skill lies in the excellence of the weapons. The more sophisticated the infantry's weapons and equipment, the stronger their combat capabilities. During the Han Dynasty, iron smelting and forging technology developed rapidly, and even steelmaking was also popularized. Therefore, the weapons and equipment of the Han Dynasty's army, including armors and weapons, were basically replaced by iron products.
chased. The pursuit of Han infantry is not simply about killing the enemy, because killing people mercilessly may lead to an uncontrollable situation in which a dog jumps over the wall. Therefore, there is a concept in Chinese military art of "don't chase the enemy when you are poor". However, if you don't pursue the enemy, you will not be able to eliminate the enemy's effective strength, which will still pose a huge military threat to your own side.
And the Han infantry showed their advanced pursuit art: Play hard to get . The hard-to-get pursuit is a psychological pursuit technique. This pursuit technique not only consumes the enemy's physical strength and combat effectiveness, but also greatly damages the enemy's morale and greatly offsets the enemy's mentality of risking their lives.
, Chariot soldiers Chariot formation tactics
Chariot soldiers in ancient China were a popular type of arms in the pre-Qin period, and they were also the main force among all arms at that time. During the Spring and Autumn Period, a country's military strength was judged by the number of chariots it owned. Some military powers were called "thousand-horse kingdoms," where "horse" was the number of chariots. The reason why chariot soldiers are regarded as the standard of a powerful country is related to their powerful destructive power and defensive power.
In the school hunting activities of the Han Dynasty, the Han chariot soldiers drove chariots to form a chariot array, forming an offensive and defensive formation. The driving skills in this process can be praised as miraculous. When forming a defensive chariot formation, the chariots and soldiers will gather the chariots to form a huge chariot formation, while maintaining a slow and synchronous advance. Yang Xiong's " Feather Hunting Fu " says: "Hui chariots are lightly armed, Hong Jie is hunting, Yin Yin is Zhen, those who are buried on the edge of the mountain, and those who are extremely far away are all on the plateau."”
The chariots driven by the chariots and soldiers were driving side by side. The chariots kept a distance and were connected to each other. The huge array of chariots drove slowly, forming a overwhelming momentum of Mount Tai, making it impossible for the enemy to attack. In the past The famous general of the Western Han Dynasty Wei Qing relied on this formation to resist and severely damage the Xiongnu army. This is the power of the chariot formation
Conclusion
From the descriptions of Kyoto and school hunting in Han Fu, we can see that Han Fu. Scholars had a profound understanding of the military environment surrounding the Han Dynasty and the military strength of both the enemy and ourselves. For example, the discussion on the location of Chang'an and Luoyang in the Kyoto Fu and the description of Han army hunting in the School Hunting Fu all reflected the military concepts and experiences of the Han scholars themselves.
Writing about the military field in Han Fu is not only an expression of one's own military understanding, but more importantly, they use it to reflect the powerful military power of the Han Dynasty, reflect their own pride in the power of the dynasty, the emperor's desire to recognize his own opinions, and also use it to reproduce the culture and martial arts of China.
