The term "peaceful evolution" is often mentioned on the world political stage in the last century. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe are inseparable from it.
It is a common political weapon led by the United States and is an important policy for the United States to curb China's development.
After entering the 21st century, this word seems to be rarely mentioned, but this does not mean that it has disappeared. On the contrary, its danger continues to increase with the circulation of information networks.
So, what exactly does the peaceful evolution of mean? Where does it come from? What methods have Americans used to do?
The origin of peaceful evolution
After World War II , the socialist cause around the world flourished, and the socialist camp led by the Soviet Union was unprecedentedly powerful.
As a hostile Western country, especially the United States, which always holds the idea of dominating the world, naturally cannot tolerate this situation. Therefore, 's elimination of socialism became the primary global strategic goal of the Americans after the war.
Since Truman took over White House , curbing the expansion of the Soviet camp around the world and promoting the fundamental transformation of socialist country has become the key work of the US government.
At that time, the main forces of the socialist camp were concentrated in Eastern Europe led by the Soviet Union. As long as could achieve the differentiation of a number of Eastern European countries, the Soviet Union would fall into an isolated and helpless state.
The decision-makers of all parties in the White House reached a consensus on the policy policy of using Eastern Europe as a breakthrough point and gradually eroding the Soviet Union, but there are many different opinions on what methods should be taken.
Some people believe that socialism should be fought against by tough means. capitalism has a large enough advantage around the world. as long as the Eastern European countries are fully blocked and suppressed, and at the same time cooperate with psychological warfare and propaganda warfare, there will naturally be drastic changes within socialism.
This is the policy pursued by a group of American leaders who have experienced war. They have enough confidence in the United States and the strength of capitalism, and believe that they can achieve their goals with straightforward and tough measures.
Another group of people also think that they should take the initiative, but the form is very different.
They believe that they should comprehensively expand contact with Eastern European countries and influence Eastern European countries through exchanges in various aspects such as politics, culture, and economy. will eventually make it transition into capitalist country in a peaceful way.
This is a completely different "evolution" route from the former, and it is a new policy developed based on the former, combining the international situation and a peaceful environment.
In fact, this is the prototype of "peaceful evolution" .
In 1948, the conflict in southern Jiangsu intensified, and the US government took the opportunity to intervene and tried to weaken the Soviet Union's power in disguise by supporting Yugoslavia .
First, the United States relaxed its export blockade on Yugoslavia in terms of economic conditions, and then gave its import and export trade the same treatment standards as the EU and other countries, and finally even upgraded to direct material support.
Yugoslavia's ability to confront the Soviet Union has significantly enhanced its ability to confront the Soviet Union after receiving the assistance of the United States. At the same time, the Americans also saw a wonderful way to split the Soviet camp.
Since then, the White House has made huge adjustments to Yugoslavia's foreign policy. In order to ensure that its "basic political system has undergone fundamental changes", Americans abandoned the previous containment policy and went to a completely opposite path.
When President Eisenhower was in power, he not only fully inherited the aid policy pursued by Truman, but also began to push this policy to more Eastern European countries.
Although the Eisenhower administration still claims to implement an "offensive policy" against Eastern Europe, under the various diplomatic propositions that are just plain diplomatic, the US government's support and assistance to Eastern European countries are hidden.
In addition, Eisenhower began to advocate that carry out political wars, psychological wars, and propaganda wars, attempt to create tensions within Eastern European countries, stimulates opposition forces in various countries, and even overthrows the communist government.
However, this policy proposal has been controversial once it was launched. Even many people in the United States believe that this will spread war terror in Europe, forcing premature uprisings in Europe, and eventually causing trouble and infringe on the interests of the United States.
But even in this case, there are still many people in the White House standing on Eisenhower's side. Perhaps such a policy still has many disadvantages, but they value the benefits it brings more.
So until 1956, Eisenhower's policy proposals have always been the basic policy pursued by the United States towards Eastern European countries.
After 1956, with the relative easing of US-Soviet relations and the changes in the internal situation in Eastern Europe, the disadvantages of this policy began to be highlighted. The US decision-makers began to consider improving it on the original basis. The "peaceful evolution" policy was officially proposed during this period.
In June 1956, the United States officially introduced the latest cultural foreign policy, which emphasized that raised dissatisfaction and protests with the government by enhancing the pursuit of freedom and welfare of the people of Eastern European countries, and ultimately achieved the goal of weakening the authority of the Soviet government. The
file supplements the content of "peaceful evolution", expands it to various fields, and even proposes many specific measures.
At this time, the policy of "peaceful evolution" has matured theoretically, and the four words "peaceful evolution" have also begun to appear frequently on the world political stage.
So, What kind of means does Americans have to implement a peaceful evolution policy that lasts for 70 years?
means of peaceful evolution
Peaceful evolution ultimately means that promotes qualitative changes within the socialist countries through non-violent means, , and the first and most important thing about this change is the change in 's ideological consciousness.
Therefore, the first thing Americans do is to speed up the infiltration and change of ideological in Eastern European countries.
Americans pay great attention to the role of broadcasting. They even believe that broadcasts Western culture to the people of Western European through broadcasting, which is far more important than directly placing missile in their territory.
As Nixon said: "If we fail in the ideological field, then all our weapons, technology, cultural exchanges, and economic advantages will be meaningless."
So, Americans have used radio and radio television as important weapons from the beginning, and they have tried to spread ideas and culture from the West to Eastern Europe.
At the same time, Americans will also use the radio to fan the flames, spread rumors and confuse the public, and even openly support national unrest.
Whenever there is a stir in Eastern European country, the American broadcast will immediately extend there, trying his best to encourage the local people to "know rise up ", with a gesture of fearing that the world will not be in chaos.
In addition to broadcasting, the most effective thing is manual direct publicity, especially celebrities who enjoy a high reputation in the international community.
In 1982, the US State Department took to strengthen academic and cultural exchanges as one of the main ways to promote the change of the Communist Party’s regime, and began to send a large number of American scholars, experts, and professors to visit and exchange in Western European countries.
At the same time, the US Treasury Department allocated $3 billion to support foreign students and scholars to study in the United States.
Facts have proved that this measure played a very important role in promoting the subsequent drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Because, it is a group of intellectuals, scholars and experts who play the backbone and lead the way in which they lead the changes in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.
Of course, the most important religious ideas infiltrate Americans also did not let them go.
In most Eastern European socialist countries, religion occupies an important ideological guiding position.
In Polish , more than 90% of the population is Catholic; in Hungary, Catholics and Protestants account for 80% of the total population.
In order to make full use of the powerful influence of religion, Americans even manipulated the election of the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church - The Pope's coming to power in October 1978 is the most distinctive example.
You should know that 450 years before this, the candidates for the Pope Holy See were all among the Italians.
The emergence of the Polish pope has extraordinary significance for the spread of Western capitalist ideas, and it also has a strong impact on the belief and consciousness of religious believers in Eastern European countries.
For example, the "Resolution on Implementing Political Diversity and Trade Unions" and the "Polish Government and Catholic Relations Law" passed in June 1989 are the products of the Polish Workers' Party's pressure from the Catholic Church.
With the transformation of the ideological level, the next work of Americans seems to be much simpler.
For more than 40 years after in World War II, Western countries led by the United States have always insisted on to send economic support to Eastern European countries through economic and trade aid. This is undoubtedly a very difficult policy for Eastern Europe, which has relatively backward economy and relatively low living standards.
Many countries have received assistance from Western countries openly and secretly, but the price they paid is the loss of political sovereignty.
President Nixon made a request: "Foreign economic assistance must be based on the realization of the American political strategy."
Based on this, Eastern European countries need to introduce multi-party politics and develop private ownership economies in exchange for so-called economic support.
Americans regard political diversification, multi-party system , and private ownership economy as the main weapons of peaceful evolution. Through this series of measures, the Communist Party's dominance over Eastern European countries has been greatly reduced, and the national operation track has gradually shifted towards capitalism without realizing it.
Of course, even if cannot achieve its goal through this step, Americans have other measures, such as the "human rights" they have always claimed.
The United States has always been good at implementing the so-called "human rights protection" measures around the world under the guise of "human rights", but in fact it is to seize benefits and promote global hegemony.
In the peaceful evolution, Americans will naturally not forget their specialty.
Starting from 1974, the US government will link the aid to the immigration issues in the eastern Soviet areas and the most-favored-nation treatment issues. openly borrowed the name of "human rights" and used various means to sanction those Eastern European countries that "no human rights" and took the opportunity to put pressure on the socialist government.
After Reagan came to power in 1981, he directly began to promote "human rights diplomacy", putting a gorgeous cloak on political and diplomatic infiltration and subversion activities.
It has to be said that a series of peaceful evolution policies of the US government have all played a very good role.
The subsequent upheaval in Eastern Europe and the collapse of the Soviet Union are inseparable from the American methods.
After this series of major events that changed the world pattern, there were few socialist countries in the world. At this time, the ambition of the United States naturally extended its hand to China.
The United States' "peaceful evolution" of China
In fact, the United States has always attached great importance to its prevention and suppression of China. When formulating a policy of suppressing communism, it also followed the order of "Europe first and then Asia".
Later, with the establishment of the New China in 1949, the White House decision-makers regarded the Chinese revolution as part of the Soviet expansion and took the lead in the blockade of China.
During the Cold War, the United States adopted a series of measures such as armed blockade, political isolation, and economic suppression to curb China's development, and established multiple bilateral and multilateral military alliances in East Asia, and even launched the Korean War and the Vietnam War.
However, it is obvious that the various military containment of the Americans have failed.
Entering the 1960s, the United States began to try to implement peaceful evolution on China, attempting to adopt the same ideological and cultural infiltration into China.
However, during this period, Americans' focus was still on Europe, and at that time, Western world was shaking between using "peaceful evolution" and "war policy". Therefore, Western ideological infiltration during this period was not the main form of the United States blockade of China.
By the 1970s, facing the increasingly powerful China, while the United States was exhausted from dealing with the Soviet Union, could only temporarily adjust its strategy toward China and began to use peaceful evolution as the main means to deal with China.
For this reason, U.S. President Nixon's first step is to improve relations with China. Because only when the two countries resume exchanges can it be possible to use economic, political, cultural and other exchanges to transport Western values to China on a large scale.
Of course, realizing that Sino-Soviet relations have deteriorated and hoping to differentiate the two countries from them and benefit from them is also a situation that Americans want to see.
Reagan After President came to power, the policy of peaceful evolution became his strategic means to subvert the socialist country. He regarded the battle between thought and will as the decisive factor in the struggle between capitalism and socialism.
Reagan used public opinion media tools such as "Voice of America" to launch a comprehensive ideological offensive to socialist countries. During this period, China also became an important target of the Reagan administration's attack.
By the 1990s, with the repeated success of the US peaceful evolution policy in Europe, the White House also had more confidence and energy to take an offensive against China. They formulated a series of measures against China, trying to use both soft and hard methods to complete the destruction of the cause of Chinese communism in one fell swoop.
American First use popular propaganda tools and people coming to China to sow the so-called "seeds of freedom" in China; then launched a huge psychological war against China, promoted the superiority of the capitalist political system, spread the theory of socialist crisis, and tried to change the value ideas of the Chinese people through education, culture and science and technology exchanges.
Secondly, the Americans once again took out the "human rights" weapon they are best at attacking China.
Since the 1980s, the United States has been repeatedly interfering in China's internal affairs under the banner of human rights issues, and smearing China in a way that makes a name out of nothing and distorts the facts in the annual National Human Rights Report.
990-1997, the US government has attacked China on United Nations Human Rights Commission for seven consecutive years, and even created "Tibet human rights issues."
Furthermore, the United States' cultural penetration in economic aspects is also omnipresent.
After the reform and opening up , the United States used my country's economic, technological and other needs to promote the so-called "Western civilization" with material as a carrier, and tried to put pressure on our country's socialism.
But what Americans did not expect was that was quite effective in Eastern European countries, but all of them did not work in Chinese, which made them begin to doubt the correctness of the peaceful evolution policy.
So, why has the same set of peaceful evolution policies not achieved the same effect in China?
This is actually mainly because we have been on guard.
As early as the 1960s, the older generation of leaders of the CPC Central Committee paid great attention to the anti-peaceful evolution of Western countries, and repeatedly emphasized the need to strictly prevent the infiltration of Americans' ideological thoughts.
After the reform and opening up, Americans wanted to take the opportunity to carry out large-scale infiltration and attacks on my country's ideological field, trying to find a breakthrough from the new generation of Chinese people.
But under the leadership of the Communist Party, the Chinese people have long been aware of the Americans' tricks of peaceful evolution, and naturally they will not be eroded by Western thought.
After entering the new century, the peaceful evolution of the United States adopted by China will only change more and more. We must always keep a clear mind, constantly improve our ability to identify, unswervingly adhere to the four basic principles, and consciously resist the infiltration and erosion of bourgeois ideas.
Of course, The best way to prevent this is to strengthen the construction of socialist spiritual civilization . draws nourishment from China's five thousand years of history and culture, and completely defeats the US peace evolution offensive with great spiritual strength.
Conclusion
The policy of peaceful evolution pursued by Americans has been 70 years ago.
In this process, the United States has implemented various means beyond people's imagination.
But after all, peaceful evolution is ultimately serving bourgeoisie , representing the interests of the Western world led by the United States.
, a foreign policy derived from a wrong position, will ultimately not defeat socialist China and will be eliminated by history.
