Everything started with hardships, and China's early revolutionary practices also experienced many hardships.
August failure is an event that cannot be avoided by the failure of the early revolution.
Chairman Mao specifically mentioned this incident in both articles "Why can the Red Regime in China exist" and " Jinggangshan Struggle ".
and also mentioned a person - Du Xiujing.
At that time, the failure of August once became the label of Du Xiujing.
When mentioning Du Xiu Jing, you will think of the failure of August; when mentioning the failure of August, the responsibility lies in the failure of August.
Whether at that time or later, some people have explored the reasons for the failure in August.
Du Xiujing's responsibility is absolute, but the severity is different.
928, what was the end of Du Xiujing, who caused the failure of the Red Fourth Army in Jinggangshan in August?
failed in August
On November 13, 2007, the centenarian Du Xiujing died in Hunan University of Arts and Sciences .
He has fought side by side with older generation proletarian revolutionaries such as Chairman Mao, Zhu De, and Chen Yi and others.
But because of the failure in August, his life took a major turn.
1907, Du Xiujing was born in Cili County, Hunan Province.
Affected by the current situation, Du Xiujing devoted himself to the revolution early and joined the Communist Party of China at the age of 18.
In March 1928, Du Xiujing had served as Secretary of the Liling County Party Committee, Secretary of the Anyuan Municipal Party Committee, and Member of the Xiangdong Special Committee.
According to the needs of revolutionary work, he has gone to Jinggangshan four times.
At the end of June of the same year, Du Xiujing came to Yongxin to convey the instructions of Hunan Provincial Party Committee , and Red Fourth Army returned to Hunan .
The Red Fourth Army is an important force that has been preserved after the failure of the Great Revolution in and the Provincial Party Committee is also particularly focused.
Chairman Mao organized personnel to discuss the feasibility of this instruction.
The result is that the Red Fourth Army stayed in Yongxin is more conducive to the current situation, and most of the people attending the meeting agreed with this decision.
According to the democratic decision-making system within the party at that time, the Red Fourth Army could continue to be stationed in Yongxin according to collective decisions.
Du Xiujing, as a person who conveyed the instructions of the provincial party committee, had objections to this decision.
Not long after, the battle started again. Zhu De, Chen Yi and Wang Erzhuo were ordered to lead the 28th and 29th Regiments into Hunan for combat.
The war won, but the final result was very surprising.
Hu Shaohai and the 29th Regiment led by Gong Chu are unwilling to return to Yongxin.
The predecessor of this unit was the Third Division of the Yizhang Peasant Army, and almost all the soldiers came from the southern Hunan region.
It is hard to leave the hometown, and the soldiers are even more homesick because they cannot adapt to the arduous environment of Jinggangshan.
Du Xiujing noticed the soldiers' changes in their thoughts, and without analysis and judgment, he encouraged the soldiers to return to southern Hunan.
From the perspective of Du Xiujing at that time, he was here to convey the instructions of the provincial party committee to ask the Red Fourth Army to return to southern Hunan.
But he could not change the collective decision of the Red Fourth Army Military Commission, and the soldiers' ideas were in line with their minds.
If the Red Fourth Army did not return to southern Hunan as required, it means that his mission was not completed successfully.
He never thought about it and reported to the Hunan Provincial Party Committee the actual situation of the Red Fourth Army truthfully! The idea of returning to Hunan Province spread rapidly among the 29th Regiment's soldiers.
Zhu De and Chen Yi also dealt with this situation after learning about it.
, but did not stabilize the morale of the 29th Regiment.
The Red Fourth Army returned to Yongxin according to the original plan.
At this time, the soldiers of the 29th Regiment had already been disintegrated and the march was slow.
The idea of fighting back to Hunan was like a flood and beast devouring the soldiers of the 29th Regiment.
The disarray of army morale is a taboo in marching, not to mention that there are enemies around you.
So Zhu De decided to ask Du Xiujing to return to Maoping to ask Chairman Mao for instructions.
Unfortunately, Chairman Mao had already gone to Yongxin and was not in Maoping.
Yang Kaiming, secretary of the Hunan-Jiangxi Border Special Committee, after listening to Du Xiujing's statement, agreed to the Red Fourth Army to return to southern Hunan according to the instructions of the provincial party committee.
Du Xiu quickly conveyed the latest instructions, and the troops began to march towards southern Hunan. The soldiers of the
29 regiment were in an instant and they worked very hard when attacking Chenzhou .
Just as soon as Chenzhou City was occupied, the soldiers of the 29th Regiment couldn't wait to "rob" their property and prepare to go home, completely ignoring the overall situation of the war and the instructions of their superiors.
At this time, the enemy's reinforcements had arrived, and the situation faced by the 28th Regiment and the 29th Regiment were very serious.
Zhu De decided to retreat immediately.
After experiencing the failure of the Great Revolution, China's revolutionary cause fell into a trough, and some soldiers were originally pessimistic about the revolutionary situation.
The enemy currently ordered a retreat, which made some soldiers think of becoming deserters.
The 29th Regiment who took the lead in withdrawing from Chenzhou City most of the soldiers directly became "birds and beasts", leaving the 28th Regiment alone to fight.
The result is that more than half of the 28th regiment suffered casualties, and the chain reaction is that Yongxin and Ninggang successively lost.
Most of the 29th regiment soldiers who brought their wealth home did not escape the killing of the enemy.
The impact of August failure is far more than that.
28 Regiment Battalion Battalion Commander Yuan Chongquan , after seeing the defeated Red Fourth Army, he had the idea of surrendering to the enemy.
Wang Erzhuo, who was the chief of staff of the Red Fourth Army and the commander of the 28th Regiment, decided to persuade Yuan Chongquan.
However, Yuan Chongquan was determined to betrayal and directly killed Wang Erzhuo and others.
The Red Fourth Army suffered heavy losses after this failure, and the party also summarized the lessons of the failure in August.
Reasons for failure
Failure is the mother of success. Although the lessons of failure in the early revolution were painful, they also have warning significance.
August failure exposed that the troops' ideological construction work was not done well at that time, and the soldiers did not have firm ideals and beliefs in their minds.
Unity in thought can ensure unity in action.
, especially in the early revolutionary period, the cultural quality of soldiers was generally not high, and the work of ideological and political education was particularly urgent.
later, the ideological establishment of the Party determined on Gutian Conference also learned this lesson.
Democratic centralism is an advantage of the Party, but the construction of this system has only matured after continuous improvement.
The Hunan Provincial Party Committee instructed the Red Fourth Army to return to southern Hunan, which was a decision that did not combine reality.
This is related to the mechanical implementation of the central “left” policy of the Hunan Provincial Party Committee.
When there is no conclusion on whether the Red Fourth Army will return to Yongxin or fight back to Hunan, it is Yang Kaiming's final instructions.
And the basis for Yang Kaiming to make this decision was also to comply with the instructions of the provincial party committee.
Therefore, the wrong decision of the Hunan Provincial Party Committee is also one of the reasons for the failure of August.
The Military Commission of the Red Fourth Army is naturally unforgivable.
After receiving the instructions from the provincial party committee at the beginning, the Red Fourth Army held a special meeting and did not implement the instructions from the provincial party committee.
This also complied with the regulations at that time.
But when the soldiers of the 29th Regiment had ideological problems, the Red Fourth Army did not stick to the collective decision.
Although he followed Yang Kaiming's instructions, the Military Commission of the Red Fourth Army, as the leading body that is most familiar with the actual situation, did not play its due role.
And when the problems of the 29th Regiment became increasingly serious, the Military Commission of the Red Fourth Army did not make effective responses.
not only shows that the ideological and political work of the Red Fourth Army has not been done properly, but also shows that the organization's measures are not targeted and effective.
Let’s talk about Du Xiujing, which is closely related to the failure of August.
He arrived in Yongxin as a special commissioner of the provincial party committee.
His mission is to convey the instructions of the provincial party committee and supervise the implementation of the instructions of the Red Fourth Army.
When the Red Fourth Army decided to continue to stay in Yongxin, he did not report this actual situation to the provincial party committee in time, but instead focused on how to complete his tasks.
After the 29th Regiment's soldiers were shaken, Du Xiujing, as a special envoy of the provincial party committee, did not play his due role in stabilizing the morale of the army.
On the contrary, in order to complete the task, he supported and encouraged soldiers to return to southern Hunan.
From an organizational perspective, Du Xiujing is a comrade who executes organizational orders without fail.
, but it is too rigid and lacks flexibility during the execution process.
From a subjective perspective, Du Xiujing lacks the ability to analyze and judge the actual situation.
Due to the lack of independent thinking and responsibility, when he asked Yang Kaiming for instructions, he naturally reported from his own perspective.
If it were Zhu De or Chen Yi to ask Yang Kaiming for instructions, the result would be unknown.
failed in August, and Du Xiujing was responsible for it.
He neither reported the situation to the provincial party committee, helped the provincial party committee adjust its strategic deployment, nor did he abide by the collective decision of the Red Fourth Army.
As a special commissioner of the provincial party committee, he did not play the role of uploading and sending.
When the soldiers of the 29th Regiment were shaken, he arbitrarily mobilized the soldiers.
So when future generations mention the failure of August, they will think of Du Xiujing.
Personal Destiny
After the failure in August, Du Xiujing also realized his mistake and made a special review.
Although Chairman Mao pointed out the shortcomings of Du Xiujing in his article, he did not completely deny Du Xiujing.
When the organization decided to reorganize the Hunan Special Committee, Du Xiujing served as secretary.
The struggle situation is ever-changing. The Hunan Special Committee was besieged by the enemy. Du Xiujing escaped and went to Shanghai.
Shanghai was the location of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China at that time and was also the location of the Hunan Provincial Party Committee.
organized and adjusted Du Xiujing's position and served as a member of the Hunan Provincial Party Committee and a member of the Standing Committee of the Hunan Provincial Party Committee.
But when he was carrying out his mission in 1930, Du Xiujing disappeared after being attacked by an enemy.
years, Du Xiujing did not obtain any contact with the party organization.
It was not until 1937 that Du Xiujing found the party organization in a newspaper in Hong Kong.
organization arranged a job for Du Xiujing, but the eight-year gap made many people suspicious of him.
And the 8 years at that time were also the most difficult 8 years for the Party.
Xiang Ying has always maintained a skeptical attitude towards Du Xiujing.
Although some people questioned it, Du Xiujing's work was still carried out as usual.
938, Du Xiu joined the party organization again after being tested by the party organization.
But what was surprising was that Du Xiujing once again lost contact with the party organization.
During his infiltration into the 70th Army of the Kuomintang, few people know what Du Xiujing did specifically.
When I was interviewed in my later years, Du Xiujing seemed unwilling to mention it and always passed by.
When the civil war officially started, Du Xiujing disappeared.
There is a saying that the Hunan Provincial Party Committee has a document that undercover agents cannot contact the party organization.
No matter what the specific reason is, it is a fact that Du Xiujing once again separated from the party organization.
From August 1938 to August 1949, Du Xiujing lived in hiding his name.
After returning to his hometown Cili , Du Xiujing also did some things.
Du Xiujing secretly established a party organization in his hometown and absorbed a group of outstanding party members.
The party organization established by Du Xiu was recognized by the organization.
However, the local party organization dared not easily draw conclusions about how to determine Du Xiujing's personal matters and had to wait for the central government's instructions.
Du Xiujing can only continue to wait for news from the organization in his hometown.
At that time, there were many important matters in the central government that needed to be dealt with, and Du Xiujing's affairs were shelved.
During this period, Du Xiujing taught in his hometown middle school and did the work of teaching and educating people.
In 1950, Du Xiujing met Jian Xianren who returned home.
Jian Xianren Xiang Huang Kecheng, who was then Secretary of the Hunan Provincial Party Committee, explained the situation of Du Xiujing. After
, Du Xiujing once again served as an observer in the provincial party committee.
In 1962, Du Xiujing returned to his hometown again and served as the vice principal of a school.
With the sudden change in the domestic political environment, Du Xiujing's life once again caused a stir.
Because Chairman Mao had "criticized" Du Xiujing in both articles, he became the target of public criticism.
Du Xiujing became a "traitor" and a "counter-revolutionary".
The weathered Du Xiujing became more difficult in his later years.
In addition to mental destruction, he is over 60 years old and has to do hard work such as herding cattle.
Du Xiujing was a comrade who had been going all the way from the early days of the revolution. He had experienced too many life and death tests, so no matter how bad the situation was, he was still living tenaciously.
976, domestic politics returned to Qingming Festival, Du Xiujing's suffering ended, and he retired.
In the days that followed, Du Xiujing lived actively with an ordinary mindset.
By 1985, Du Xiujing once again submitted an application for joining the party to the party organization .
Maybe he doesn't want to leave regrets in his life.
In August of the same year, after careful consideration by the party organization, Du Xiujing, who was already 78 years old, joined the party organization again.
In view of Du Xiujing's previous work history, the organization also appointed him as a member of the Standing Committee of the Hunan Provincial CPPCC.
After retiring, Du Xiujing enjoyed department-level treatment.
Du Xiujing, who has experienced the changes of storms, finally lived a stable life in his later years.
However, until Du Xiujing passed away, the organization did not give a conclusion about Du Xiujing.
After all, it was too long, and there were very few people in the know at that time and there was a lack of information.
The truth can only be sealed in history forever.
Going to Jinggangshan four times, leaving the party twice, and joining the party three times, Du Xiujing's life was very tortuous.
928, the Red Fourth Army in Jinggangshan encountered a painful August failure.
This is a major loss in the early stage of the revolution and also a pain point for Du Xiujing throughout his life.
Although Du Xiujing continued to struggle on the road of revolution, he left the party twice for a long time and made his life open high and end low.
In his later years, Du Xiujing was criticized for the failure in August.
Back then, he was a man who fought side by side with Chairman Mao and Zhu De and other older generation proletarian revolutionaries on Jinggangshan. In the end, the organization did not make a conclusion on his life. When
is it?
is life?
However, after joining the party for the third time, Du Xiujing finally lived a stable life.
In 2007, Du Xiujing passed away, and some mysteries will never be answered.
References:
【1】Wang Meilian and Yang Shaohua: "Insighting Mao Zedong's Political Ability from the "August Failure" Incident"
【2】Wang Junqi: "Historical Enlightenment of "August Failure"
【3】Zhou Youen: "Recognizing the Responsible Issues of Du Xiujing in "August Failure"
【4】Li Longfen and Wang Zuyuan "Analysis of the Reasons for "August Failure"
【4】Li Longfen and Wang Zuyuan "Analysis of the Reasons for "August Failure"
