NO.458 Author: Pan Wenxiao Chart: The Wind-lister
Minister in Tibet, full name is "Minister of the Imperial Inspector in Tibet", also known as "Minister of the Imperial Institution in Tibet", which refers specifically to the garrison of the Central Government in the Qing Dynasty, who was customized to the Central Government and participated in the exchanges between Tibet and the Qing government. It was established in the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), and ended in 1912, and a total of 185 years.
The Qing government’s ministers in Tibet in Bakang Street, Lhasa.
The establishment of the minister in Tibet marked the further strengthening of the Qing Dynasty's central government's management of Tibet and had a profound impact on future generations. Then what was the status of ministers stationed in Tibet in the political life of Tibet during the Qing Dynasty?
Qing Dynasty In the early days of entering the country, he was too unable to take care of Tibet affairs because he was busy consolidating the regime. But The Qing Dynasty also understood the importance of the Dalai Lama in winning over Mongolian princes and princes, so the Qing Dynasty did not dare to take Tibet affairs lightly. In 1652, the Fifth Dalai Lama went to Beijing to meet with the Qing Dynasty Emperor Shunzhi, and was treated with special courtesy from Emperor Shunzhi, and then officially named the Fifth Dalai Lama as " The Great Good and Freedom of the West, the Buddha, the World, the Buddhist Buddhism, and the Ordinary Wachila Hengla Dalai Lama ", making the Dalai Lama the religious leader of the "Mystery in the World". In the same year, the Qing Dynasty also enthroned Gushikhan as "Suanxi Wenwen and Gu Shishen".
The fifth Dalai Lama met with Emperor Shunzhi.
The Qing Dynasty's move was obviously intended to win over and pacify Mongolia by canonizing the Dalai Lama. On the other hand, also used Gushi Khan, who had surrendered to the Qing government, to balance the Dalai Lama, so as to achieve indirect management of Tibet affairs at the lowest cost.
Gushihan and the fifth Dalai Lama.
In the 56th year of Kangxi (1717), the Junggar tribe of the Eruth Mongolian invaded Tibet and killed Lazang Khan. overthrew the rule of the Heshuote tribe aristocrats in Tibet, occupied Tibet , and posed a threat to the southwest and Central Plains. At this time, the Qing Dynasty had basically completed the unification of the country and finally had enough energy to intervene in Tibet affairs. Taking this opportunity, the Qing Dynasty used the slogan of revitalizing the Gelug sect and expelling the Junggar sect and expelling the Junggar sect twice, mobilizing a large amount of manpower, material resources and financial resources to finally expel the Junggar army from Tibet, and finally placed the Tibet area under the direct rule of the Qing central government.
Qing soldiers climbed the mountain in Zhaosuge to pursue Junggar Khandawazi.
Gelug sect ancestral temple Gandan Temple in Tibetan Buddhism.
Even so, the political situation in Tibet is still unstable, while Junggar is still eyeing it. The Qing government's joint rule of Kalon finally ended in failure. After weighing the trade-offs, the Qing government decided to directly send officials to directly conduct Tibet affairs.
In the fifth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty (1727), Yongzheng issued an order to send cabinet scholar Sengge and commander Ma La to Tibet to control the political situation in Tibet. Before the two arrived in Lhasa, a rebellion broke out among the Tibetan nobles due to fighting for power and profit. The rebels even tried to attract Junggar as foreign aid to threaten the Dalai Lama's status, and the political situation in Tibet fell into turmoil again.
The yamen of the minister stationed in Tibet is southeast of Lhasa City.
At this critical moment, Kalon Polunai, who managed the Tibetan post-Tibet, led 9,000 troops to attack Lhasa, directly stabilizing the situation in Tibet. After Sengge and Mala entered Tibet, began to preside over Tibet affairs as an imperial minister and stabilize the political situation in Tibet. At this point, the ministers stationed in Tibet were initially established, and Sengge and the two became the first ministers stationed in Tibet.
The original intention of the Qing Dynasty to set up ministers in Tibet was to strengthen administrative management of Tibet and prevent the Junggar from harassing Tibet again in order to protect the Dalai Lama and thus stabilize the political situation in Tibet.The power of the ministers stationed in Tibet at this time was limited, and they only supervised Tibetan governments. The local governments were controlled by the Tibetan kings (county kings) who were enthroned.
Take the first ministers in Tibet, Sengge and Mala, as an example. He was ordered by the Qing court to command 1,500 troops to Tengri Naoer to garrison. Judging from the authority given by Yongzheng, his power, responsibilities and tasks were mainly to lead troops to guard against the Junggar, take care of and protect the Dalai Lama, and only responsible for supervision of local affairs in Tibet.
In the first year of Qianlong, the relationship between the Junggar tribe and the central government of the Qing Dynasty eased, so there was a voice in the court that the Qing army stationed in Tibet was abolished, but the county prince Polunai wrote a letter saying: "The troops stationed in Tibet in Tibet is beneficial to us." After deep thought, Qianlong agreed to Polunai's request, but only one minister stationed in Tibet .
Tokens issued to the ministers in Tibet during the Qianlong period.
In the 12th year of Qianlong (1747), Polunai died of illness, and his son Zhuermetnamzale was appointed as the prince of the county. But he did not follow the rules like Polunai. Instead, he indulged in a reckless manner all day long, showing off his might and acted in chaos, which led to panic among the upper monks and lay people in Tibet and their political situation was unstable. In order to prevent accidents, the Qing central government decided to send one more minister to Tibet to work together. Since then, one minister in and one assistant minister in Tibet were stationed in Tibet, thus forming a customized .
Although the ministers in Tibet during this period only supervised Tibetan politics, they also gave him the power to deal with it on the spot in the early days of Qianlong. In other words, although the ministers stationed in do not interfere in Tibetan politics, they can still make decisions on major issues, and even order the Tibetan king . However, the power of the ministers stationed in Tibet is limited. Even if they have the power to make decisions at camera, their status has actually been undermined by the Tibetan king. The imbalance in power has once again hidden a crisis in the political situation in Tibet.
As expected, the stability on the surface of Tibet did not last long. In the 15th year of Qianlong (1750), Tibetan king Zhuer Metnamzale challenged the central government of the Qing Dynasty and killed Fu Qing and Rabdun, ministers in Tibet. After hearing the news, Qianlong quickly ordered the governor of Sichuan Celeng to lead his troops into Tibet. After the main force of the Qing army entered Tibet, Jurmetnamzale's rebellion was quickly quelled. Qianlong felt the instability of the original system. After the rebellion was quelled, he decided to abolish the system of granting titles to the princes and increase the power of the ministers stationed in Tibet.
The Qing government’s ministers in Tibet killed the Tibetan king Zhuermetnamuzale.
After Qianlong's direct instruction, in the 16th year of Qianlong's reign (1751), Sichuan Governor Celen and others agreed on the " Tibet Aftermath Charter " and approved by Qianlong. Then the "charter" was implemented in the form of the order of the central government . The core of this "Constitution" reflects the principle that the ministers stationed in Tibet and the Dalai Lama jointly presided over the Tibetan politics. Moreover, the Qing Dynasty abolished the ruling system of secular nobles in Tibet ( Khan , county lords, and Beizi ) and replaced the religious leader (Dalai Lama) to take charge of local administration. This can prevent the expansion of family power that may form the hereditary system and endanger national unity.
officially established the Kasha (i.e., the Tibetan local government), with four Kalon three subdivinities and one monk. At the same time, in order to restrain monks and lay nobles and prevent abuse of power, a translation warehouse (secretariat) was established. The official documents and government orders of the Kashag must be reviewed by the translation warehouse before they can take effect. This is conducive to improving and strengthening the power of the ministers stationed in Tibet to directly handle local affairs. The "Tibet Post-Defense Charter" thus officially opened the period when the ministers in Tibet and the Dalai Lama jointly governed Tibetan politics.
Kasha Office Jokhang Temple .
After the promulgation and implementation of the "Tibet Post-Defense Charter", Tibet generally maintained stability for decades. It was not until the two invasions of Gurkha in 1788 and 1791 that the two invasions of Gurkha made Tibet, which seemed to be operating normally, showed political instability and management chaos. This made Qianlong deeply feel that the power of the ministers stationed in Tibet must be fundamentally enhanced in order to ensure the long-term stability of Tibet local .
Qing soldiers conquered Xiebulu in Gurkha territory.
Old Royal Palace of Gurkha, Kathmandu, Nepal.
According to Qianlong's instructions, Fukang'an and others formulated a series of measures to reform the local management system in Tibet, which compiled into twenty-nine articles. This is the "Twenty-Nine Articles on the Post-Constitution of Tibet" officially promulgated in in the 58th year of Qianlong (1793), and the ministers stationed in Tibet officially began to take charge of Tibet .
"Twenty-nine Articles of the Constitution for the Aftermath of the Tibetan Inner Canon".
After the promulgation of the "Twenty-Nine Constitutions", the power of the ministers stationed in Tibet changed fundamentally, which is to describe it in one sentence as "taking charge of the power of affairs and presiding over Tibetan politics." So what powers were granted to the ministers in Tibet after this?
The Twenty-Nine Constitutions first established the power of the ministers stationed in Tibet: "The ministers stationed in Tibet should be equal to the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama Erdeni." From the surface, the ministers stationed in Tibet seem to have equal status as the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama. In fact, this is only the equality of social and political status, not the equalization of power. The power of the ministers stationed in Tibet is far greater than that of the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama.
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before and after Tibetan are the ruling areas of the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama respectively, but they are all subject to the ministers stationed in Tibet.
The minister in Tibet participated in the ninth Dalai Lama sitting on the bed.
may be the reason why the "Twenty-Nine Articles of Association" is too tactful. During the Jiaqing period, the Qing court issued a blunt decree: "(Tibet) responds to the incident, and everything is handled in accordance with the instructions of the imperial envoy. This shows that the status of the minister stationed in Tibet is unparalleled in Tibet, which fundamentally eliminates the possibility of autocracy of local forces in Tibet.
Another more obvious example of the ministers stationed in Tibet presided over the Tibetan politics is that their has a separate power to memorialize , and the lack of power from the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama means that their full power is subject to the ministers stationed in Tibet and cannot write to speak out.
In addition, the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama were unable to be involved in the appointment and removal of local monks and lay officials in Tibet, and even the nominal nomination rights were deprived, which played a very significant role in preventing the expansion of local forces in Tibet .
The Qing government’s ministers in Tibet.
After the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama lost their administrative power, their military power was also deprived. The main military force stationed in Tibet in the Qing Dynasty was mainly the Qing army's Green Camp Army. They were mainly responsible for escorting the yamen and post stations and defending the border. Green Camp Army is the most powerful military force in Tibet. Naturally, it was led by the ministers stationed in Tibet, and outsiders have no right to call it. At that time, there was still a Tibetan army of Tibetans, , rated at 3,000. In theory, this local military force seemed to be led by the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama. In fact, the "Twenty-Nine Constitution" also clearly stated that the Tibetan army "is the guards of the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama Erdeni." However, the "Regulations" stipulate that the Tibetan army is "supervised and governed" by the generals of the Green Camp, and the generals of the Green Camp are subject to the ministers stationed in Tibet. This means that the Tibetan army is also under the jurisdiction of the ministers stationed in Tibet, and the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama do not have any power to command the military.
Tibetan army in uniform.
In addition to the military and political power, the ministers in Tibet have the financial and economic power, border defense and foreign affairs, and even the final judgment power are all taken over by them. The power of the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama has actually been undermined.
By promulgating the "Twenty-Nine Articles of the Constitution for the Post-Tibet", the Qing Dynasty attributed Tibet's political, religious, financial, military, foreign-related affairs and other powers to the ministers stationed in Tibet, so that the Dalai Lama, Panchen Lama and other monks and lay people were far behind. This made the power of the ministers stationed in Tibet reach its peak, thus greatly strengthening the management of the Qing central government over Tibet and maintaining the stability of Tibet.
In the 13th year of the Guangxu period (1887), Minister Wen Shuo in Tibet sent a letter to Jung Bahadur Rana, the governor of Palpa, Nepal.
1911, the 11 Revolution broke out, and the Qing army stationed in Lhasa was also affected. The situation in Tibet fell into chaos. Under helplessness, the Minister of Tibet, Lianyu, left Tibet through India and returned to the mainland the following year (1912). The system of Ministers in Tibet, which had been in 185 years, ended .
Although the system of ministers in Tibet finally fulfilled its historical mission after the Revolution of 1911, still made great contributions to maintaining national unity and territorial integrity , which is naturally worthy of our recognition.
Reference (slide up and down): Historical investigation of the historical status and power of ministers stationed in Tibet. Zhang Yuxin; Changes in the authority of ministers stationed in Tibet in the early Qing Dynasty. Fan Qingying
* This article is provided by the author and does not represent the position of geopolitical valley
