At present, mainland middle school history textbooks generally use Tan Qixiang's version of China's historical map (or slightly changed based on " China Historical Map Atlas ". Tan Qixiang's historical map is the authoritative of the mainland, but it is not the only historical map. Gu Jiegang and Guo Moruo have also drawn ancient Chinese maps. At present, many people are still drawing some more exquisite and accurate historical maps. As part of China, some scholars have also drawn historical maps. Currently, the "Map of Chinese History" drawn by the Chinese Academy of Academics and the Chinese University of Culture in 1980. This article will select the more representative maps to introduce to you.
, the ancient three dynasties map The first part of the map is the territory map, which mainly displays the territory size of each dynasty. The first picture of
is a distribution map of prehistoric cultural sites. Unlike the Paleolithic and Neolithic cultural sites maps commonly displayed in China, this map includes , Outer Mongolia . Although the sites marked on this map are not accurate and detailed enough, I agree that the sites of Outer Mongolia are displayed on the map together. After all, Outer Mongolia also falls within the scope of traditional territory. The map of the mainland has been drawn by maps of all dynasties. Maps of the Mongolian Plateau will also draw regimes on the Mongolian Plateau, such as the Huns, Turks, Uighurs , Mongolia, etc., but it is actually unreasonable to ignore them when drawing prehistoric sites.
The second map is "Yu Gong Jiuzhou Map". Yugong Jiuzhou is the basic knowledge of traditional Chinese geography , mainly geography knowledge of Warring States Period . The founder of China Map - Pei Xiu's representative work is " Yugong Regional Map ". Later, the map of Yugong Jiuzhou was drawn in all dynasties. However, the scope of Yugong Jiuzhou is limited to , the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period, so the limitations are still very large. The mainland generally displays Chinese topographic maps. Of course, I think it is better to use East Asia topographic maps.
The third map is "The Map of the Three Dynasties of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties". The territory of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties was difficult to determine because the development capabilities at that time were far inferior to those in later generations, so the regime's rule was basically limited to cities and suburbs. This map marks the different geographical locations of the three generations through three colors, and also marks important cities in the Yellow River Basin. Tan Qixiang’s Xia, Shang and Zhou maps are similar, but there is no marking range and three maps are drawn.
The fourth map is "Fethical Map in the Early Zhou Dynasty", which mainly marks the vassal states that were enfeoffed in the early Western Zhou Dynasty and the territory of the early Western Zhou Dynasty. At present, Tan Qixiang's map does not draw the scope of the Western Zhou Dynasty, but only marks the city, and this map is marked with boundaries. Judging from the map, , Chu was not drawn into the Western Zhou Dynasty. I agree with this point because the Chu State had a long confrontation with the Western Zhou Dynasty and even had a long battle, and it became king in the later period, so it was more appropriate to be considered as a regime of two forces. It is inappropriate to count Xu Yi and Lai Yi as the scope of the Western Zhou Dynasty. In addition, an error occurred in the map, which was to mark " North Korea " on the peninsula. At that time, North Korea was jizi North Korea , and it should still be in the area of Liaodong , so it was late to migrate to the peninsula.
0 The fifth map of the core area of the feudal map at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty is "Spring and Autumn National Map". This map does not select the territory of a certain year for drawing, but draws the maximum territory state achieved by various countries during the Spring and Autumn Period. Therefore, it mainly draws big countries such as Qi, Chu, Jin, Qin, Yan, Wu and Yue, and only small countries such as Zhou, Zheng, Song, Lu, and Wei. Among them, the maximum territory states of Wu and Yue Kingdom appear overlapping, so a color is drawn, except that the capital marks are different. The advantage of this map is that it is clear at a glance and can be distinguished, while the disadvantage is that it is difficult to correspond to the specific age.
"Spring and Autumn National Map" core area
The sixth map is "The Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period", which mainly marks the classic territory of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period, and does not correspond to any year.For example, Liaodong in the picture has already belonged to Yan State , Hetao Plain belonged to Zhao State , and at this time Qin State had already occupied half of the world, but Qin State on the picture has only occupied Guanzhong and Bashu. The purpose of this performance is to let everyone have a clearer understanding of the traditional territory of each country. At present, it is still difficult to find a similar map in the mainland.
The Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period
Tan Qixiang also drew a map from the Xia Dynasty to the Warring States Period, but Tan Qixiang did not represent the color of the territory on the picture, nor did he mark the boundary line of the territory. Indeed, the boundary range before the Qin Dynasty was very difficult to verify, so Tan Qixiang was unwilling to draw border lines on it. The Taiwan version basically has a rough territory range, which makes people clear at a glance, which is more suitable for the needs of the public.
2, the seventh map of the Qin Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties
is the "Unified Map of the Qin Dynasty". Unlike Tan Qixiang's Qin Dynasty map, the Taiwanese version of the Qin Dynasty map did not draw Yunnan Guizhou into the territory, but instead drew Xiangjun to the northern part of Vietnam. Tan Qixiang's Qin Dynasty map had a distinct "map opening the border" color, so he painted Yunnan and Guizhou into the territory. Of course, this cannot be blamed for Tan Qixiang, because Guo Moruo painted like this before, and Tan Qixiang only generally followed Guo Moruo's painting style. However, Guo Moruo marked Xiang County in Vietnam, and Tan Qixiang felt it was not suitable, so he marked Linchen (Chongzuo, Guangxi). According to the research, the Xiang County of Han Dynasty was indeed in Lin Chen, but the Xiang County of the Qin Dynasty existed for too short and it was really difficult to verify, so everyone's painting methods make sense.
"Unified Map of Qin Dynasty" core part
The eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh maps are "Emperoral Map of the Western Han Dynasty", "Han Dynasty Xiongnu Map", "Han Dynasty Western Region Map", and "Eastern Han Dynasty Territory Map", which mainly displays administrative divisions of Han Dynasty , as well as Xiongnu and Western Regions . Judging from the map, the Taiwan version believes that the territory of the Han Dynasty mainly includes the thirteen states, and in addition to the Western Regions part, it is similar to the mainland version. However, the map of the Western Regions is a broad Western Region, that is, all regions west of Yumen Pass, similar to the map of the ethnic and regime distribution of the Eurasian continent. The Taiwan version of the Huns map did not draw the northern boundary line, which I think is desirable because the territory of the nomadic regime cannot be determined. In addition, the Taiwanese version of Eastern Han is under the jurisdiction of the southwest of the Eastern Han , which is not as large as Tan , and the size of Yongchang County is not as large as Tan . It is difficult to verify how big it is to arrive in Yongchang County now, so it is difficult to say who is reasonable.
Han territory map
Han Huns map
Han Western Region map
Eastern Han Dynasty territory map
Eastern Han Dynasty territory map
Han twelfth and thirteenth map are "The Three Kingdoms Map" and "The Unification Map of the Western Jin Dynasty". Wei State , Western Jin has no Western Regions, while Tan Qixiang's map includes the Western Regions. According to archaeological discoveries and related historical research, the Wei State and the Western Jin Dynasty did manage part of the Western Regions, and set up Western Region Changshifu here, but it is mainly the eastern region of the Western Regions, almost east of Lop Nur , but it failed to control the entire Western Regions. Therefore, there are problems with both drawing methods, so we should combine them.
"The Three Kingdoms' Tripod Map" main part
"The Unified Map of the Western Jin Dynasty" main part
The fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth maps are "The Chenghan Map of the Eastern Jin Dynasty", "The Former Qin Map of the Eastern Jin Dynasty", "The Later Yan and Qin Map of the Eastern Jin Dynasty" and "The Map of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Northern Kingdoms". The first three mainly show the development of the Sixteen Kingdoms of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The last one is to show the administrative divisions of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the situation in the later period of the Sixteen Kingdoms. Tan Qixiang's entire map of Eastern Jin Dynasty only has one map with Eastern Jin Dynasty and , Former Qin , which is relatively lacking. In addition, neither Tan Qixiang nor the Taiwan version of the map painted the Western Regions into the Former Qin territory, which is wrong, because the Former Qin general Lu Guang conquered the Western Regions.
The eighteenth, nineteenth, twenty and twenty-one are "Southern and Northern Dynasties Pictures (I) Song and Wei)", "Southern and Northern Dynasties Pictures (II) Qi and Wei)", "Southern and Northern Dynasties Pictures (II) Liang and East and West Wei", "Southern and Northern Dynasties Pictures (IV) Chen, Qi and Zhou". The four maps show the development process of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Among them, the territory of Song and Qi appeared in the form of district maps. The difference between the four maps and Tan Qixiang's map is relatively small. The biggest difference is that Tan Qixiang's drawing range is wider and he drew border lines for Turks and Rouran .
, from Sui Dynasty to the Republic of China
0 The 20th map is "Uniform Map of the Sui Dynasty", which is mainly the administrative division map of the Sui Dynasty. From this map, you can clearly see the nine states of the Sui Dynasty. The map did not draw the area around Tuyuhun into the territory, but Tan Qixiang into the area around tubuhun. Historically, Yang Guang once conquered Tuyuhun, but before the officials sent by the Sui Dynasty took office, Tuyuhun had already restored the country, and the Sui Dynasty did not occupy the entire Tuyuhun territory. Therefore, the Taiwanese version is more reasonable.
"Unified Map of Sui Dynasty"
The twenty-third, twenty-four and twenty-five are "Ten Taoist Maps of the Tang Dynasty", "Tang Dynasty's Vocational Town Maps", and "East Asia Maps of the Sui and Tang Dynasties". The first two maps mainly reflect the zoning and situation of the Tang Dynasty in the mainland, but it is difficult to fully reflect the territory of the Tang Dynasty. For example, most areas of the Western Regions were ruled by bans and could not be displayed on the administrative division map. Tan Qixiang drew three full pictures of the Tang Dynasty, which can reflect the development of Tang Dynasty's territory , but it has a clear "map opening" color in the northwest and northeast. At present, there is no objective and beautiful Tang Dynasty territory.
26th, twenty-seventh, twenty-eighth pictures, and twenty-nine maps are the Houliang , the Later Tang, Houjin maps of the Five Dynasties period. It is very detailed.
thirtieth and thirty-one are "The Northern Song Dynasty Territory Map" and "The Southern Song Dynasty Jinxia Territory Map", and an appendix is "The Rise of Khitan". Among them, Liao Dynasty and Jin Dynasty mainly draw the core area and do not display the entire north. This is the biggest flaw of the Taiwanese version of the map, which may be due to the traditional view of the world.
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The thirty-second and thirty-third are "The Mainland China of the Yuan Dynasty" and "The Four Great Khanate of Mongolia". The Mainland China of the Yuan Dynasty is actually the administrative division map of the Yuan Dynasty, but the scope of the map is still relatively small, and the full picture of the Yuan Dynasty is not drawn, which is the shortcoming. The maps of the Yuan Dynasty drawn by Tan Qixiang all painted Arctic Ocean , which is also the result of copying the map of Chinese history. The Taiwanese version map was drawn to the area north of Lake Baikal , and the Taiwanese version of this picture is more objective. Tan Qixiang's map only painted the Yuan Dynasty, and did not paint the Mongolian Empire and the four major Khanate , which is a big omission. The Taiwan version of the Yuan Dynasty painted both North Korea and Myanmar , while the Tan version did not. The Yuan Dynasty once set up a province in Myanmar and North Korea, which indeed achieved control over the two countries.
thirty-fourth map is "Ming Dynasty Territory Map". There are two major regions on the map, some of which are the two capitals and fourteen provinces of the Ming Dynasty , and there are also a color of banishing areas, including Uszang , Northeast, South Desert, Kansai Qiwei, Myanmar Tusi, etc. The map was drawn with the most prosperous year of the Ming Dynasty, thus including Vietnam. Tan Qixiang avoided Yongle html for 2 years, probably to show "China-Vietnam friendship".
The 35th map is "The Territory Map of the Qing Dynasty". The map has two colors. Light green is an area that could be controlled from the Qing Dynasty to the late period, while brown is an area that could not be controlled from the late period.Among them, Central Asian countries, including Kazakhstan, the Indochina Peninsula and North Korea were painted in brown areas. They were once controlled by the Qing Dynasty on the surface and later left control. Among them, Taiwan Island is a light green area, indicating that Taiwan was still part of the Qing Dynasty.
The 36th map is a map of the Republic of China. The map takes a topographic map as the base map and does not draw specific administrative boundaries. This is quite surprising. After all, the provincial boundaries in modern times are clearer than those in ancient times. Maybe the map has been completed before it has been painted, and it should be a semi-finished product.
Overall, although this set of maps in the Taiwan version are not beautiful enough, they also have many advantages and can also be used as reference materials for historical reading. The mainland version of the map and the Taiwan version of the map can learn from each other and absorb the advantages of dealing with it. At present, it has been decades since the Tan version map and the Taiwan version map, and there are too many places to be corrected. The current level of mapping has far exceeded that of now. I hope that a new version of objective historical map can be released.
