In the 1980s, the automobile brake factory of my unit moved from Xianglai Street to Shoubaozhuang in Daxing. Due to work needs, I often provide technical services. After work, I went fishing with my colleagues at the "big bubbles" near the brake factory. At that time, I was not familiar with the official name of the big pacifier, and I only knew that there were three pacifiers here that could be raised by artificial fish.
There are many fish in the fish pond, but our skills are not as good as humans. The harvest of each fishing is not as good as that of the "fishermen" around. When I went up to inquire, I said, "We are from Haihutun, and I have been fishing here for many years!" That was the first time I heard of the place name Haihutun.
The ancients paid great attention to naming villages. "Village" and "Building" are mostly places where relatives and surnames live, while "Tun", "Fort", "Zhai" and "Battle" are related to the official government, such as military facilities. " Beijing Evening News " published an article "What explanation does the "vegetables" in the vegetable camp" a few days ago. vegetable camp is the place where vegetable growers managed by the Jiaju Vegetable Administration of the Ming Dynasty live together. So, what is the origin of the place name "Haihutun" and what is the explanation of "Haihu"?
Nanhaizi was once the Royal Garden
When it comes to the origin of Haihutun, you need to learn more about Nanhaizi's past.
Nanhaizi is also known as Nanyuan , and its history can be traced back to the Liao Dynasty. During the Liao and Jin dynasties, Nanhaizi had been opened as a site for royal hunting and martial arts practice. When the Yuan Dynasty was , Nanhaizi was called Feifangbo. The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty trained Haidongqing to catch birds and small beasts in this area covered with rivers. The Grand Secretary of the Ming Dynasty Li Dongyang expanded the capital " Eight Scenerys of Yanjing " to "Ten Scenerys of Yanjing", adding the scene of "Autumn Wind in the South Garden" in Nanhaizi. "Reading History and the Records" written by Gu Zuyu in the Qing Dynasty records: "Haizi's "Chen" says: Three miles west of Wanping, it was formerly named Jishuitan . All the springs in the northwest entered the capital, and they all gathered here. The vast ocean is like the sea, so it is named There is also Nanhaizi, which is twenty miles south of the capital. It was once a flying boulevard and there is an eagle platform. In the 12th year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty, the land was expanded, and there was a 18,660 feet of surrounding it, and it raised animals , where to plant fruits and vegetables. There are three kinds of Haizi in it. The water is inexhaustible in all four seasons and is filled with all eyes. Because there is Haizi in the north of the forbidden city, it is also named Nanhaizi. In the 12th year of Zhengde, I hunted Nanhaizi, which is this. "
"Nan" "The autumn wind in the garden" is painted in Zhengshan's foothills
The word "haizi" comes from the Yuan Dynasty, and the Mongolian word refers to lakes and pools as "haizi". During the Yuan Dynasty, there was a sea in the north of the capital, which is today's Jishui Pond. Jishuitan was originally named Jishitan. Behind the earthen mountain of the pond, there was a meteorite meteorite stone sculpture that fell from the sky and looked like a rooster and a lion. After the Yuan Dynasty established its capital in Beijing, Jishitan was renamed Haizi. "Chang'an Kehua" written by Jiang Yikui in the Ming Dynasty records: "There is Haizi in the imperial city, which is located in the Western Garden, originating from Yuquan Mountain in Wanping County, and flows into the capital with the springs in the northwest. It gathers in Jishui Pond, also known as Haizi, Desheng Bridge East Refresh Flow into the West Garden. The vast ocean is like a sea, and people call him Xihaizi. "The "Scenery of the Emperor's Capital" written by Liu Tong in the Ming Dynasty also records: "The old water pool is called Haizi, which is named after the name of the acquaintance, but the tourists do not have the name of it."
Nanhaizi is the south of the capital city The royal garden was a place for hunting for the royal palace in the Ming Dynasty. It raises all kinds of poultry and animals and plants fruit trees and vegetables. There are a series of water areas such as Yinlu Pond, Glasses Lake , Big Bamboo, Second Bamboo, Third Bamboo, etc. In the 12th year of Ming Dynasty (1414), an earthen wall was built here, with a height of 6 meters, a width of 3.3 meters, and a circumference of 60 kilometers. It raised deer, rabbit, deer, pheasant, etc.
Nanhaizi Qiuyun Photography: Huang Yongshun
In the Ming Dynasty, the functions of Nanhaizi changed greatly. Ming Chengzu In the fifth year of Yongle (1407), Zhu Di issued an edict to change Nanhaizi to "Shanglinyuan". Zhenjun of the Qing Dynasty wrote "Tianzhiyouwen" to record: "Nanhaizi was Shanglinyuan in the Ming Dynasty, and the state dynasty was because of the Read the place where Takeda hunting. After Tongzhi , the army of Shenji camp was stationed every year. When autumn goes to spring, the army is extremely prosperous. The mushrooms are produced in the real estate, which have an exotic flavor. There are also elixir deer, yellow sheep, and There are many genus like , and there are many pheasants and rabbits. " Compared with the hunting and martial arts functions of the Yuan Dynasty, Nanhaizi, which became Shanglinyuan, increased farming and breeding activities.The four departments were divided into the Foreign Breeding Department (raising poultry), the Jiaju Vegetable Department (growing vegetables), the Good Animal Husbandry Department (raising livestock), and the Linheng Department (planting fruit trees), and the "Twenty-Four Gardens" were built to raise elks. More than a thousand people were sent to stock and protect the animals in the garden. The Ming Dynasty had very specific regulations on the functions of Shanglinyuan. " Ming History " written by Zhang Tingyu of the Qing Dynasty records: "Shanglin Garden Supervisor. One person on the left and right... The supervisor is in charge of gardens, ponds, pastoral livestock, and planting trees. All animals, plants, fruits and vegetables are the ones, and the other is the one who is responsible for the matter of gardens, gardens, ponds, pastoral livestock, and planting trees. It belongs to the supervisor of the raising households and planting households, and the manager of the raising area and planting it in the time to plant it for sacrifices, guests, and palaces. "
Renamed Nanyuan in the Qing Dynasty
After the Ming Dynasty Chengzu established his capital in Beijing Every year, we have to encircle and hunt and train troops in Nanhaizi. Ming Yingzong , Wuzong, Muzong, etc. also often lead civil and military officials to hunt. "A Brief Scenery of the Imperial Capital" records: "In the second year of Tianshun , the emperor went out to hunt and personally detained the bow and arrow. The ministers, relatives and military officials rushed to shoot in response to the imperial edict, offered birds, gave wine and food, and issued birds to the officials, and were dismissed from returning. Zhengde Ten In the second year, hunting. In March of the second year of Longqing, I went to Nanhaizi. "During the Longqing period of the Ming Dynasty, Nanhaizi had gradually declined due to disrepair. The wall was destroyed by the river. The trees in the garden were stolen and sold, and the beasts were also robbed and sold. They ran around because they lost their place to live, and were in a desolate and desolate scene. Dai Jiuxuan's poem "Nanhaizi" reads: "The city is forty miles long, and the birds are hunting. The trees are planted around the walls, and the pheasants and rabbits are honored as the supreme. The inner officials guarded the city but sat and watched, and the four walls collapsed and the birds scattered. . The trees were chopped and sold pheasants were empty, and the robbers were hiding them in the sun. "
Qing Dynasty After entering the Central Plains, Nanhaizi was repaired as a royal garden and renamed Nanyuan. Although Xiyuan and Beiyuan were later built, Nanyuan was still the largest hunting ground in Beijing at that time.
Emperor Shunzhi and the four emperors after that rebuilt Nanhaizi on the basis of the Ming Dynasty, and added Huangcun Gate, Huicheng Gate, Shuangqiao Gate, Xiaohongmen , and Zhenguo Temple Gate. "Home News of the 1st Day" records: "The Nanyuan lantern is a gate of nine. The south is called Nanhongmen, the southeast is called Huichengmen, the southwest is called Huangcunmen, the north is called Dahongmen, and the southeast is called Xiaohongmen. The southeast is called Xiaohongmen. , the east is called Donghongmen , the northeast is called Shuangqiaomen, the west is called Xihongmen, and the northwest is called Zhenguo Temple Gate. "In the Qing Dynasty, four palaces were rebuilt in Nanyuan: the old palace, New Palace , Nangong and Tuanhe Palace; eight other temples were built: Ningyou Temple, Zhenwu Temple, Sanguan Temple, Niangniang Temple, Zhenguo Temple, Yongmu Temple, Deshou Temple, and Mosque. In order to facilitate the poor entry of nearby tenants, 13 corner gates were built. The corner gate was the gate outside the nine gates of Nanhaizi at that time. Now the corner gates are no longer available, leaving only a corner gate on Majiabao East Road, Fengtai as a corner gate. The place name is preserved.
After several emperors in the Qing Dynasty, the Nanyuan has become a royal garden with lakes and swamps, trees, animals and eagles, and birds gathered, no less than the Three Mountains and Five Gardens in the northwest suburbs of Beijing. " Emperor Qianlong's Hunting Picture " collected by the Palace Museum shows the dynamic moments of Emperor Qianlong and princes and ministers shooting hares in the Nanyuan hunting ground. Emperor Qianlong wrote three poems for this picture, with the signature: "Three poems are about to go to Nanyuan, and the imperial pen is written in the late spring of Yihai." " Yihai " was in the 20th year of Qianlong (1755), when Emperor Qianlong was 45 years old. age. From Emperor Qianlong's imperial poems, we can see that his hunting in Nanyuan this time was "eight rabbits among the same day", which was a remarkable record.
"The Hunting Picture of Emperor Qianlong" depicts the scene of Emperor Qianlong hunting in Nanyuan. Qing Dynasty, Lang Shining and other paintings. The Palace Museum is
Nanhaizi is not only a place for feudal emperors to hunt, but also a place for grand military parades. " Draft of Qing History " records: "In the 13th year of Shunzhi, it was decided to take action at three years old and was ordered." Since then, the emperors of the Qing Dynasty often held military parades here, with the main locations at the Killing Tiger Platform in Xihongmen and the north of Nandahongmen. two places for drying eagle table. "Draft History of Qing Dynasty" records: "In the 12th year of the Kangxi reign, the military parade in Nanyuan, the Holy Ancestor put his armor on his armor and climbed the eagle drying platform..."
1890, the Yongding River burst, and the south of Beijing was filled with a marina country, and the Nanhaizi walls were mostly in full swing. Many elks, yellow sheep and other escaped from the garden were preyed on by hungry victims.In the 26th year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1900), when the Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, it also came here to loot. Nanhaizi was devastatingly destroyed, the walls were demolished one after another, the palaces and temples were burned, and all the birds and beasts were shot and killed. During the war, the precious elk raised in Nanhaizi was also looted and left in a foreign country. Since then, this royal garden with a history of more than 600 years has been in a slump and is becoming increasingly depressed.
In the 31st year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1905), Yuan Shikai took advantage of the opportunity of the Qing government to set up a training office and sent the Sixth Town of the Beiyang Army to Nanyuan, which became a major military garrison in the south of Beijing in the late Qing Dynasty.
"Haidu" is a job in Nanhaizi
"Haidu" first came from Tang Dynasty . "Beihu Lu" written by Duan Gaolu in the Tang Dynasty records: "I heard that in the fifth year of Zhenyuan, a Haihu in Panyu violated the salt ban and avoided the crime of Luofu Mountain. He went deep into the Thirteenth Ridge and encountered hundreds of thousands of giant bamboos, and in succession, In the valley, the bamboo is twenty-one feet, with thirty-nine sections, two feet long, which is made of wu. The Haihu broke it into bamboo, and the officials were arrested and seized, so he took it back. ""Beihulu" 》Specially records strange foreign objects in Lingnan. The "haihu" mentioned in the book is a general term for coastal residents such as Panyu, Guangdong. The word "Haihu" that appears in "Keihu" has a different meaning from the "Haihu" in the royal gardens in the Ming Dynasty and later.
In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Haihu was a person who was responsible for special responsibilities such as maintaining garden walls, raising animals and poultry, and planting land for the royal garden of Nanyuan. "The Great Political Records of Ming Dynasty" records: "The Nanhaizi set up a thousand people to guard the sight of the sea, and since Yongle established its capital, it searched for hunting every year." The first Haihu was established during the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, and it was composed of some farmers near the suburbs of Beijing and Shanxi, etc. Some people who moved to the land act as the people, and at the same time, some included cleansing people were sent to Nanhaizi as seamen. There is also a detailed introduction in " Minghui Dian ": "Everyone shepherds livestock, planting fruits and vegetables, during Yongle, people from the suburbs of Beijing were used as the service. Later, in Pingyang, Ze and Lu, Shanxi, a public order was allocated to the three prefectures of Pingyang, Ze and Lu, Shanxi. Thousands of households, according to the examples of border civilians, gave them food, food rations, and small houses, and were assigned to use them together. "These different components of sea households form a special group, which is a special inhabitant in the Haizi, the imperial garden of the capital in the Ming Dynasty. .
In terms of economy, sea households enjoy certain tax and corvee exemption rights. For example, when writing " Wanshu Miscellaneous Notes " written by Shen Bang in the Ming Dynasty talked about various recruitment escaping from the court, it was said that "someone is a winery, some are jealous, some are a kitchen servant, some are female servant, some are female sedan chairwoman, some are female sedan chairwoman , Some are sea households, some are under a name, some are under a disciple, and we lead the public to work hard, and all the power is not to be servile." This means that sea households can be exempted from corvee service. Although sea households have superior exemptions in taxes and corvee service, their social status is extremely low. According to historical records, the management of the inland sea households in Nanhaizi abused the sea households in serious cases, and often forced people to die, and there were many cases of sea households running away.
The number of sea households in Nanhaizi in the Qing Dynasty also had a fixed quota. "Chenyuan Zhiluo" written by Wu Changyuan in the Qing Dynasty, when talking about the number of sea households in Nanhaizi, he said: "Set a sea household of 1,600, each of which gives 24 acres of land, and spring (sōu) and winter hunting, "According to the article "Research on the Sea Houses in Ming and Qing Dynasties", "There were fewer sea houses in the Qing Dynasty, and almost all sea houses in the Nanyuan were composed of farmers. The original number of sea houses was 1,800, but in fact it was 1,600. People. In the Qing Dynasty, there was no fixed quota for the number of sea households, and it often changed. In order to ensure that Nanyuan had enough sea households to serve, they went to Nanyuan to edit and review the strong men regularly. The elderly and young men were allowed to leave their hometowns for the people. If the sea households There are too many children, and they are allowed to leave their Haihu household registration and become ordinary households."
In addition to engaging in material production, Haihu's work scope also includes guarding, maintaining gardens, assisting the emperor in hunting and military parades. In addition, we also have to mow grass in the garden every year to supply feed to the stables of Qingfengsi and Shangsiyuan of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The remaining silver is for sale, and the silver obtained is used as the purchase of deer feed and the annual repair costs of Nanyuan. According to the "Great Political Records": "Nanhaizi set up a thousand people to guard the sea, and since Yongle established its capital, they searched and hunted every year."
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Haihu and Linghu, Tanhu, Miaohu and Yuanhu were in charge of the position of the city. Similarly, special personnel who serve the royal family enjoy various preferential policies, but their lives are also extremely difficult.Although the Ming and Qing dynasties did not clearly stipulate the social status of Haihu, their living conditions and treatment were extremely low, and the Qing Dynasty followed the Ming Dynasty in its system. After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, these "households" were liberated and reborn.
There is a special group of people in "Haihu"
Although the historical materials mentioned the number of people in Nanhaizi, the quota is 1,600 people, but these people are not the only people. Since the Ming Dynasty, there have been some special groups of people in Haihu. These people "castrate themselves" in order to be eunuchs. Unexpectedly, they could not become eunuchs and were sent to Nanhaizi to be a Haihu.
The eunuch originally just served the palace and would not serve in the local area, but in the Ming Dynasty, the eunuch's future was instantly unreal. In the early years of Yongle, Emperor Chengzu of Ming Dynasty sent eunuchs and military generals to join the town. Ming Renzong When Zhu Gaochi was in power, the areas and numbers of eunuchs left the town increased greatly. During the reign of Emperor Yingzong of Ming, eunuchs were even stationed in various provinces and towns. Eunuchs with higher status served as eunuchs in power. Very prominent. The eunuchs in the garrison were originally supervising the military of the defense zone, but the civil and political affairs in the defense zone were also under their surveillance. In addition to conducting spies such as surveillance and secret reports, they often rely on power to cross the boundaries, directly interfere in local political affairs, and use various names to plunder property. It was not until , the eighth year of Jiajing (1529) that an edict was issued to rectify it. Although the eunuchs in the garrison did not disappear, their settings were greatly reduced.
Just imagine, compared with scholars and sergeants across the country, the number of eunuchs is always very small. Scholars and soldiers want to be civil officials and generals, but they are really fighting over a single-plank bridge. As long as they become eunuchs, they have the opportunity to stand out from that small group of people and jump above the top officials. Is that true in society? Will some people want to be eunuchs? In the article "Five Towers on the Long River" published on September 6, the four brothers of the Qian family all entered the palace to be eunuchs. The third brother of the three Qian was able to guard Yunnan as eunuchs for 12 years, causing harm to the side. thing. Therefore, in the Ming Dynasty, some people hoped to achieve the purpose of being hired as eunuchs by castrating themselves, that is, private castration, and thus knock on the door to wealth.
self-castration is officially prohibited. "HTM1 Ri Zhilu " by Gu Yanwu in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties recorded: "In July of the first year of Chenghua, eleven people including Li Tang, a minor in Wei County, Zhili, castrate himself to seek advancement, and ordered him to send him to the Jinyiwei Prison He was guilty of being sent to the South China Sea to plant vegetables. Since his ancestors, anyone who castrated fire would have captured slaves, or the person who was guilty of being killed. If he died, he would have died, which would have been a serious life. He could not bear to be punished by the innocent people for being punished by ancient meat. It is also. Since Jingtai , there have been people who castrate themselves to seek advancement. Although the court temporarily punished them, they finally took them to use them. Therefore, the people in the near capital are afraid of avoiding labor service and wanting to be rich and noble, and they imitate themselves and their descendants. , go to , Ministry of Rites . Since then, over and over again, thousands of people have accumulated, and they have become a trauma for the country. "Yu Jideng's "Allusionary News" records: "In the winter of the eleventh year of Chenghua, four or five hundred people gathered in the palace. , coaxing and asking for use. Xianzong said: 'This generation is against the will of heaven and contrary to the truth, and he is dispelled by himself, and he is also gathered and disturbed. He should be punished for serious crimes. However, when he is forgiven, the Jinyiwei held him and stole him, and each of them was fifty. , escorted the Ministry of Revenue, for example, a sea-going household was assigned to serve. If someone commits another offense later, he will be executed and the whole family will be sent to the remote army. The Ministry of Rites moved the world to prohibit the appointment. "
The Ming Dynasty inner court assigned the people who were inhabited by the castration in different levels and assigned them to the ranks of the people who were inhabited by the imperial court. , those who send to Nanhaizi to act as a seaport are the lowest level. Luo Yuchen of the Ming Dynasty said: "The Ministry of Rites requested to accept more than 10,000 people who were corrupt in the capital to be the third-class: the best ones will be given to the palace; the second ones will be kept for each royal palace to make up for the vacancies; the second ones will be filled with the sea households. Everyone gets the order of eating millet and money every year. "How many people are sent to Nanhaizi to be the Haihu? "The Ming Hui Dian" records: "In the 26th year of Jiajing... Haizi served 1,596 men, each of whom consumed three dou of rice in Beijing." It can be seen that it was only the 26th year of Jiajing (1547). ), there were 1,596 people who castrated themselves in Nanhaizi. There were definitely more than 1,600 Hikaru at that time, but far exceeded this number.
Haihu lives in Haihutun
In the past, the management of the royal gardens was extremely strict. When seahus go to Nanhaizi, they must use waist card (equivalent to a work permit), and have a dedicated person to lead them. You must take the designated route when entering and leaving.At that time, the Haihu was working in Haizi and was not allowed to live in the garden, but in nearby garrisons. The settlements of these Haihuhu later formed villages, which became the name of "Haihuhuhu". "Beijing Fengtai District Place Names" records: "At that time, Haihuhu was in , Haizi, and had a residence site outside Haizi, so it was called Haihutuan."
There are many Haihu residences outside Nanhaizi, all of which are called Haihutuan." Haihutun. Because Nanhaizi is large, the seamen enter and exit from the four garden gates according to their work location, forming four seamen, namely: Haihumen outside the original Dahongmen ( Fengtai District ); the original Xiaohong Haihutun outside the gate ( Chaoyang District ); Haihutun outside the gate (Daxing District); Haihutun outside the gate ( Tongzhou District ).
These four Haihutuns are all located outside the edge of Haizi walls. There are two places that still exist as a place name: one is Haihutun, Majuqiao Township, Tongzhou, which currently has two village committees, , and village committees, ; the other is Fengtainan Third Ring Road , Haihutun, south of Muxiyuan Overpass, is the most famous Haihutun. It currently has Haihutun Community, and Haihu Xili Community is also across the Liangshui River. "Beijing Fengtai District Place Name Chronicle" records: "Haihu West is on the west side of Liangshui River, and on the south side of the South Third Ring Road. It starts from the west bank of Liangshui River in the east, reaches the planned Haihu South Li in the south, to the west to Majiabao East Road in the west, and to the north to the north South Third Ring Middle Road is opposite to Xiluoyuan residential area. In the east of the area, there are Haihutun, the residence of Haihutun in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it is named Haihutun. Because the residential area is on the west side of it, it was named today in 1958. "
To understand Haihutun in the past I specially visited Haihutun, Fengtai, where we live. In the early years, residents here had always planted vegetable gardens, all of which were descendants of the original seagoers. Nowadays, buildings have been built here, many new residents have been moved to establish Haihutun Community.
Among the four Haihu Villages of that year, in addition to the two Haihu Villages of Tongzhou and Fengtai , the two Haihu Villages of Chaoyang and Daxing became Haihu Village: one is on the east side of Xiaohongmen, Chaoyang District Haihu Village is now a village in Shibalidian Township; the second is Haihu Village outside Huangcunmen in Daxing District. It was originally located in the southwest corner of Haizi Wall, and now it is Haihu New Village on the east side of Jingkai Highway, northeast of Huangcun Town There is 1 km away from the Jingkai Expressway passing through its west side. In the past, the old residents in these four Haihu Villages had many descendants of Haihu Village. Now, Beijing’s urban construction is developing rapidly, and it is different from the past. There are few indigenous people in these Haihu Villages’ homes back then.
Haihutun Community, Haihutun, Fengtai District Photo: Huang Yongshun,
Haihutun has the mark of Haihu, and the newly built Nanhaizi Suburban Wetland Park can also evoke people's memories of the former royal gardens. Nanhaizi Suburban Wetland Park was newly built at the original site of Nanhaizi during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It has a total planned area of 11.65 square kilometers, which is close to the area of four Summer Palaces. There is a stone tablet of "Autumn Wind in the South Garden". A huge stone about 8 meters high stands on the shore of the wetland landscape lake of the Memorial Garden. On the front are the four big words "Autumn Wind in the South Garden" written by Qianlong, forming a firm relationship with the surrounding reeds that are undulating like waves. The sharp contrast of Yiru is both a stone of scenery and a finishing touch.
(Original title: What is the solution to the "haihu" in Haihutun? )
Source: Beijing Evening News Author: Huang Yongshun
Process Editor: L021
Copyright Statement: Text copyright belongs to Beijing News Group and may not be reproduced without permission. Or adapted.
