1890 to 1900, these 10 years are of great significance to the United States. The old road in the United States has come to the head, to carry out strategic transformation, and lays the foundation for the United States to dominate.
now many people say that China is infrastructure madness, but the title of 1890 belongs to the United States.
was the world's first in the world at the time, but at the same time, the United States still faced a severe economic crisis , with unemployed workers as high as 3 million, and more than 600 banks went bankrupt. Large railway companies closed .
Many people think that the economic miracle of the United States has reached the bottleneck period. In order to explain this crisis historian Turner invented a " border theory "?
is the entire North American continent as a reserve in the past. westward movement , constantly expanding the boundary, each expansion will bring new vitality to the country, population flow, investment opportunities, and now the western United States has expanded to the Pacific Ocean without space without space. It's right.
Turner asked questions, but did not give solutions. At that time, the world pattern had been determined. If the United States tried to continue to expand the frontiers, he would have to invade imperialism, which would cause international disputes. In order to solve this problem,
, another historian Malaysia stood out. He once served as Dean US Navy Academy . The "Impact of Sea Power on the French Revolution and the Empire", "The relationship between Haiquan and the 1812 War " and " Naval Strategy " together constitute his theory of sea power.
Malaysia believes that the US economy has fallen into decline because the outbreak of production capacity caused by the second industrial revolution has caused unequal production capacity and demand, excess capacity, and the domestic market cannot digest huge steel output. Workers are unemployed. The banks of the project and loan to the railway company are implicated, and the economic recession has occurred.
Mahan believes that the root cause of the economic crisis is that domestic consumption cannot keep up with the growth of production, so it is necessary to open up overseas markets.
used to explore overseas markets to occupy the colonies. The typical example is that Britain occupied India and transformed India into the production and consumption area of tea.
Malaysia believes that the United States cannot do this. The first American does not agree with the colonies;
is second. It will confront the old empires.
Malaysia believes that there is no need to develop the colony, and only need to expand the international influence.
Malaysian theory must be divided into two steps, the first adjustment of domestic policies, and the second adjustment of international strategies.
1890 Before the US tariffs were full -faced protectionism, all imports and exports were high tariffs. This tax system not only protected the domestic market that was not occupied by foreign markets, but also ensured that domestic products were preferentially supplied to China.
But now the domestic market is saturated, protectionist has lost its meaning. Foreign products can no longer threaten domestic companies in the United States, but they can still stimulate vitality.
also needs to stimulate exports to solve the problem of overcapacity. Mutual reforms were carried out on the basis of doctrine.
, such as low -end cotton or overcapacity, reduce tariffs, high -end cotton is not saturated, then continue to protect.
will reduce tariffs on the country if other countries reduce tariffs on the United States.
As of 1892, most of the Latin American countries and the United States signed a mutually beneficial agreement to form an American -centric economic and trade network. In order to continue to release production capacity in
, after the first phase of the United States was opened, it shifted from protectionism to fully open, and the import tax was reduced by 18%in 1893. From
to 1895, the total export volume is like opening a flood. Generally, due to the huge international market, the American technology industry has made high progress, participating in international competition, and even changed the American commodity structure. It has transformed from a large agricultural export country to a major industrial exporter.
has finished trade and said politics. Since 1895, the US government reforms diplomatic institutions, expand the number of diplomatic bureaucrats, concentrate foreign decision -making power, and vigorously intervene in various foreign careers.
US diplomacy has begun to be conscious and plans to serve wealth and overseas trade expansion.
finishes politics, let's talk about military. In 1880, the US Navy's strength was not as good as Chile, ,
, but in 1890, the US Navy determined the strategy of shifting from offshore defense to ocean offensive. The main ship, then the famous Big White Fleet was formed. In the first 10 years of
, the strength of the US Navy became the world's top level.
's preparations for politics and military are ready. The United States adjusts its international strategy and begins to expand imperialism. First of all, the United States abandon the competition in the Atlantic Ocean and Old Empires, but looks at Latin America and Pacific.
, Japan, actively sought Hawaii after the Meiji Restoration . In order to avoid post -troubles in the United States, he swallowed Hawaii in 1898. After World War II crushed Japan, and directly set Hawaii to a state in the United States.
Latin America has many pro -British and Spanish regimes. From 1895 to 1896, Venezuela border issues on the United States and openly counseled in the United Kingdom
was taken in the United Kingdom. The US policy has been forced to change from hostility to reconciliation against the United States and continues to this day.
In 1898, the United States declared war on Spain and occupied Cuba and Philippine . The Spanish forces were driven out of Latin America and the Pacific. What are the characteristics of
new imperialism established in the United States?
first does not occupy the land in large quantities, only occupy strategic land, and replace it with a point;
is second. In terms of navy thinking, the ocean was an extension of the land before, and after the transformation, land provided a guarantee for the ocean.
is third, emphasizing equal opportunities.
is the biggest benefit for the United States because of their productivity for the United States. For the United States,
is only a future trading outpost. The importance is not the resources but the portal value. It is the number one thing in the United States. At the highest peak overseas market, it only consumes 10%of the United States.
's willingness to maintain a world empire and the United States is far lower than Britain, and the British that loses overseas will become a second -rate country, and even the United States can still be extremely self -contained even if it is not the world empire.
1890 to 1900 was the ten years that were not lively in the history of the United States, but these 10 years laid the tone that the United States advanced from a regional powerful country to the world Empire.
has seen a lot of familiar shadows from this. The capacity of overcapacity, the industrial surplus to be upgraded, and need to be transformed.
China, like the United States, is facing a period of strategic transformation, but that's it, the United States cannot copy the road of Britain, and China naturally cannot copy the United States. Finding our own way will go well.
